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Монако

Монако , [a] официально Княжество Монако , [b]суверенный город-государство и микрогосударство на Французской Ривьере в нескольких километрах к западу от итальянского региона Лигурия , в Западной Европе , на Средиземном море . Это полуанклав, граничащий с Францией на севере, востоке и западе. В княжестве проживает 38 682 жителя, [12] из которых 9 486 являются гражданами Монако; [13] оно признано одним из самых богатых и дорогих мест в мире. [14] [15] Официальный язык — французский ; многие жители говорят и понимают монегасский , английский и итальянский. [c]

С площадью 2,08 км 2 (0,80 кв. миль) Монако является вторым по величине суверенным государством в мире после Ватикана . Его население в 38 367 человек в 2023 году делает его самым густонаселенным суверенным государством. У Монако самая короткая в мире береговая линия: 3,83 км (2,38 мили). [16] Княжество находится примерно в 15 км (9,3 мили) от границы с Италией [17] и состоит из девяти административных округов, крупнейшим из которых является Монте-Карло .

Княжество управляется в соответствии с формой конституционной монархии , с князем Альбером II в качестве главы государства , который обладает политической властью, несмотря на свой конституционный статус. Премьер-министр , который является главой правительства , может быть либо гражданином Монако, либо гражданином Франции; монарх консультируется с правительством Франции перед назначением. Ключевые члены судебной системы являются отстраненными французскими магистратами. [18] Дом Гримальди правил Монако, с короткими перерывами, с 1297 года. [19] Суверенитет государства был официально признан Франко -монегасским договором 1861 года , а Монако стало полноправным членом Организации Объединенных Наций с правом голоса в 1993 году. Несмотря на независимость Монако и отдельную внешнюю политику, его оборона является обязанностью Франции, помимо содержания двух небольших воинских частей .

Экономическое развитие Монако было ускорено в конце 19 века с открытием первого в государстве казино, Monte Carlo Casino , и железнодорожного сообщения с Парижем. [20] Мягкий климат Монако, его пейзажи и игорные заведения способствовали его статусу туристического направления и центра отдыха для богатых. Монако стало крупным банковским центром и стремилось диверсифицироваться в сфере услуг и небольших, высокодоходных , экологически чистых отраслях. Монако является налоговым убежищем ; здесь нет подоходного налога (за исключением граждан Франции) и низкие налоги на бизнес . Более 30% жителей являются миллионерами [21] , а цены на недвижимость достигли 100 000 евро (116 374 долларов США) за квадратный метр в 2018 году. Монако является мировым центром отмывания денег, и в 2023 году межправительственная Группа разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег подвергла страну проверке с угрозой попадания в «серый список» за провалы в финансовом надзоре и реформах по пресечению преступности и финансирования терроризма. [22]

Монако не является частью Европейского союза (ЕС), но участвует в некоторых политиках ЕС , включая таможенный и пограничный контроль. Благодаря своим отношениям с Францией, Монако использует евро в качестве своей единственной валюты. Монако вступило в Совет Европы в 2004 году и является членом Международной организации франкофонии (OIF). Здесь проводится ежегодная автогонка Гран-при Монако , один из первых Гран-при Формулы-1 . Местная ассоциация автоспорта дала свое название ралли Монте-Карло , которое проводится в январе во французских Альпах . В княжестве есть футбольный клуб AS Monaco , который участвует во французской Лиге 1 и неоднократно становился чемпионом Франции , а также баскетбольная команда, которая играет в Евролиге . Являясь центром исследований в области сохранения морской среды , Монако является родиной одной из первых в мире охраняемых морских сред обитания, [23] Океанографического музея и Лабораторий морской среды Международного агентства по атомной энергии , единственной морской лаборатории в структуре ООН. [24] [25]

История

Название Монако происходит от близлежащей фокейской греческой колонии VI века до н. э. Лигурийцы называли его Моноикос , от греческого «μόνοικος», «отдельный дом», от «μόνος» ( monos ) «один, единый» [26] + «οἶκος» ( oikos ) «дом». [27] Согласно древнему мифу, Геракл прошел через территорию Монако и прогнал предыдущих богов. [28] В результате там был построен храм. Поскольку этот «Дом» Геракла был единственным храмом в этом районе, город назвали Моноикос. [29] [30] Он оказался в руках Священной Римской империи , которая передала его генуэзцам.

Изгнанная ветвь генуэзской семьи Гримальди оспаривала его в течение ста лет, прежде чем фактически получила контроль. Хотя Генуэзская республика просуществовала до 19 века, они позволили семье Гримальди сохранить Монако, и, аналогично, и Франция, и Испания оставили его в покое на сотни лет. Франция не аннексировала его до Французской революции , но после поражения Наполеона он был передан под опеку Королевства Сардиния .

В 19 веке, когда Сардиния стала частью Италии, регион попал под французское влияние, но Франция позволила ему оставаться независимым. Как и Франция, Монако было захвачено державами Оси во время Второй мировой войны и в течение короткого времени находилось под управлением Италии, затем Третьего Рейха , прежде чем было окончательно освобождено. Хотя оккупация длилась недолго, она привела к депортации еврейского населения и казни нескольких участников сопротивления из Монако. С тех пор Монако стало независимым. Оно предприняло некоторые шаги к интеграции с Европейским Союзом .

Прибытие семьи Гримальди

Ренье I , победитель морского сражения при Зирикзе и первый суверенный правитель Гримальди Монако

После дарения земли императором Генрихом VI в 1191 году, Монако было переименовано в колонию Генуи в 1215 году. [31] [32] Монако впервые управлялось членом дома Гримальди в 1297 году, когда Франческо Гримальди , известный как « Малиция » (что переводится с итальянского как «Злой» или «Хитрый»), и его люди захватили крепость, защищающую Скалу Монако , будучи одетыми как францисканские монахи — « монако» по-итальянски — хотя это совпадение, так как эта область уже была известна под этим названием. [33]

Франческо был изгнан генуэзскими войсками несколько лет спустя, и борьба за «Скалу» продолжалась еще столетие. [34] Семья Гримальди была генуэзской, и борьба была чем-то вроде семейной вражды. Генуэзцы участвовали в других конфликтах, и в конце 1300-х годов Генуя потеряла Монако после борьбы с Арагонской короной за Корсику . [35] Арагон в конечном итоге стал частью объединенной Испании, а другие части земельного гранта были по частям включены в другие государства. Между 1346 и 1355 годами Монако аннексировало города Ментон и Рокбрюн , увеличив свою территорию почти в десять раз. [35]

1400–1800

Монако (в составе Генуэзской республики) в 1494 году

В 1419 году семья Гримальди выкупила Монако у Арагонской короны и стала официальными и бесспорными правителями «Скалы Монако». В 1612 году Оноре II начал именовать себя «князем» Монако. [36] В 1630-х годах он искал французской защиты от испанских войск и в 1642 году был принят при дворе Людовика XIII как «герцог и пара иностранцев». [37]

Таким образом, князья Монако стали вассалами французских королей, оставаясь при этом суверенными князьями. [38] Хотя последующие князья и их семьи проводили большую часть своей жизни в Париже и вступали в браки с французскими и итальянскими дворянами, Дом Гримальди является итальянским. Княжество продолжало свое существование как протекторат Франции вплоть до Французской революции . [39]

19 век

Карта графства Ницца , показывающая территорию итальянского королевства Сардиния, присоединенную в 1860 году к Франции (светло-коричневая). Территория, выделенная красным, уже вошла в состав Франции до 1860 года.

В 1793 году революционные силы захватили Монако, и до 1814 года оно было оккупировано французами (в этот период большая часть Европы была захвачена французскими армиями под командованием Наполеона Бонапарта). [37] [40] Княжество было восстановлено в 1814 году при Гримальди, только чтобы быть назначенным протекторатом Королевства Сардиния Венским конгрессом в 1815 году. [40] Монако оставалось в этом положении до 1860 года, когда по Туринскому договору сардинские войска покинули княжество; окружающее графство Ницца (а также Савойя ) были переданы Франции. [41] Монако снова стало французским протекторатом. Итальянский был официальным языком в Монако до 1860 года, когда он был заменен французским. [42]

До этого времени были волнения в Ментоне и Рокбрюне , где горожане устали от тяжелых налогов семьи Гримальди. Они провозгласили свою независимость как Вольные города Ментон и Рокбрюн , надеясь на аннексию Сардинией. Франция протестовала. Беспорядки продолжались до тех пор, пока Карл III Монакский не отказался от своих притязаний на два материковых города (около 95% княжества в то время), которыми управляла семья Гримальди более 500 лет. [43]

Они были переданы Франции в обмен на 4 100 000 франков. [44] Передача и суверенитет Монако были признаны Франко -Монегасским договором 1861 года. В 1869 году княжество прекратило взимать подоходный налог со своих жителей — потворство, которое семья Гримальди могла себе позволить исключительно благодаря необычайному успеху казино. [45] Это сделало Монако не только игровой площадкой для богатых, но и излюбленным местом для их проживания. [46]

20 век

Фотохром Монако около 1900 г.
Мэр Монако объявляет об уступках, положивших конец абсолютной монархии князя Альбера I в 1910 году.

До тех пор, пока Монакская революция 1910 года не вынудила принять Конституцию Монако 1911 года , князья Монако были абсолютными правителями . [47] Новая конституция немного ограничила самодержавное правление семьи Гримальди, и князь Альбер I вскоре отменил его во время Первой мировой войны.

В июле 1918 года был подписан новый Франко-Монагасский договор , предусматривавший ограниченную защиту Франции над Монако. Договор, подтверждённый в 1919 году Версальским договором , установил, что международная политика Монако будет соответствовать французским политическим, военным и экономическим интересам. Он также разрешил кризис престолонаследия Монако .

Брак голливудской актрисы Грейс Келли и князя Ренье III привлек внимание СМИ к княжеству.

В 1943 году итальянская армия вторглась и оккупировала Монако , сформировав фашистскую администрацию. [48] В сентябре 1943 года, после падения власти Муссолини, немецкий вермахт оккупировал Италию и Монако, и началась нацистская депортация еврейского населения. Рене Блюм , известный французский еврей, основавший балетную труппу «Опера» в Монте-Карло, был арестован в своем парижском доме и содержался в депортационном лагере Дранси за пределами французской столицы, прежде чем его перевезли в Освенцим , где он позже был убит. [49] Коллега Блюма Рауль Гюнсбург , директор Оперы Монте-Карло , при поддержке французского Сопротивления избежал ареста и бежал в Швейцарию . [50] В августе 1944 года немцы казнили Рене Боргини, Жозефа-Анри Лажу и Эстер Поджо, которые были лидерами Сопротивления.

Ренье III унаследовал престол после смерти своего деда, принца Людовика II , в 1949 году, и правил до 2005 года. 19 апреля 1956 года принц Ренье женился на американской актрисе Грейс Келли , событие, которое широко транслировалось по телевидению и освещалось в популярной прессе, сосредоточив внимание всего мира на крошечном княжестве. [51]

Поправка к конституции 1962 года отменила смертную казнь, предоставила женщинам избирательное право и создала Верховный суд Монако для гарантии основных свобод. В 1963 году разразился кризис, когда Шарль де Голль блокировал Монако, разгневанный его статусом налогового убежища для богатых французских граждан. [52]

В 1993 году Княжество Монако стало членом Организации Объединенных Наций с полным правом голоса. [41] [53]

21 век

Вид на Монако в 2016 году

В 2002 году новый договор между Францией и Монако определил, что в случае отсутствия наследников, которые могли бы продолжить династию Гримальди, княжество все равно останется независимым государством, а не вернется к Франции. Военная оборона Монако по-прежнему является ответственностью Франции. [54] [55]

31 марта 2005 года Ренье III , который был слишком болен, чтобы исполнять свои обязанности, передал их своему единственному сыну и наследнику, Альберту. [56] Он умер шесть дней спустя, после 56 лет правления, и его сын стал его преемником как Альбер II , Суверенный Князь Монако . После периода официального траура, князь Альбер II официально принял княжескую корону 12 июля 2005 года, [57] на праздновании, которое началось с торжественной мессы в соборе Святого Николая , где его отец был похоронен тремя месяцами ранее. Его восшествие на престол Монако было двухэтапным событием с дальнейшей церемонией, собрав глав государств на пышный прием, состоявшийся 18 ноября 2005 года в историческом Дворце Князя в Монако-Вилль . [58] 27 августа 2015 года Альбер II извинился за роль Монако во время Второй мировой войны в содействии депортации в общей сложности 90 евреев и бойцов сопротивления, из которых выжили только девять. «Мы совершили непоправимое, передав соседним властям женщин, мужчин и ребенка, которые нашли у нас убежище, чтобы избежать преследований, которым они подверглись во Франции», — сказал Альбер на церемонии открытия памятника жертвам на кладбище Монако. «В беде они специально приехали, чтобы укрыться у нас, думая, что найдут нейтралитет». [59]

В 2015 году Монако единогласно одобрило скромное расширение земель , предназначенное в первую очередь для размещения крайне необходимого жилья и небольшой зеленой/парковой зоны. [60] Ранее Монако рассматривало возможность расширения в 2008 году, но отменило его. [60] План предусматривает около шести гектаров (15 акров) многоквартирных домов, парков, магазинов и офисов на земельном участке стоимостью около 1 миллиарда евро . [61] Застройка будет примыкать к району Ларвотто и также будет включать небольшую пристань для яхт. [61] [62] Было четыре основных предложения, и окончательный вариант использования будет определен по мере развития. [63] Название нового района — Анс-дю-Портье . [62]

Береговая линия Монако в октябре 2023 года с новым жилым домом

29 февраля 2020 года в Монако был объявлен первый случай заболевания COVID-19 . Это был мужчина, которого госпитализировали в госпитальный центр принцессы Грейс, а затем перевели в университетскую больницу Ниццы во Франции. [64] [65]

3 сентября 2020 года первый монегасский спутник OSM-1 CICERO был запущен в космос из Французской Гвианы на борту ракеты Vega . [66] Спутник был построен в Монако компанией Orbital Solutions Monaco.

В июле 2024 года в Монако впервые за 15 лет состоялся старт последнего 33-километрового этапа 111-й велогонки «Тур де Франс»; престижное присутствие велогонки стало поводом для празднования в городе-государстве. [67]

Панорамный вид на Монако с высокого скалистого мыса Тет-де-Шьен (Собачья голова) в 2011 году. Кап-Мартен — выступ земли вдалеке, Средиземное море на юге.

Правительство

Логотип княжеского правительства Монако

Политика

Альбер II, князь Монако

Монако управляется в рамках конституционной монархии с 1911 года, с суверенным князем Монако в качестве главы государства . [68] Исполнительная власть состоит из премьер-министра в качестве главы правительства , который председательствует над другими пятью членами Правительственного совета . [69] До 2002 года премьер-министром был гражданин Франции, назначаемый князем из числа кандидатов, предложенных правительством Франции; после внесения поправок в конституцию в 2002 году премьер-министром может быть как француз, так и монегаск. [31] 2 сентября 2024 года князь Альбер II назначил на эту должность гражданина Франции Дидье Гийома .

Согласно Конституции Монако 1962 года , князь делит свое право вето с однопалатным Национальным советом . [70] 24 члена Национального совета избираются на пятилетний срок; 16 избираются по мажоритарной избирательной системе, а 8 — по пропорциональному представительству. [71] Все законодательные акты требуют одобрения Национального совета. После всеобщих выборов в Монако 2023 года все 24 места принадлежат промонархистскому Монакскому национальному союзу . [72]

Городские дела княжества находятся в ведении муниципалитета Монако . Муниципалитетом руководит Коммунальный совет , [73] который состоит из 14 выборных членов и возглавляется мэром . [ 74] Жорж Марсан является мэром с 2003 года. В отличие от Национального совета, коммунальные советники избираются на четырехлетний срок [75] и являются строго беспартийными ; внутри совета часто формируются оппозиции . [73] [76]

Члены судебной системы Монако назначаются суверенным князем. Ключевые должности в судебной системе занимают французские магистраты, кандидатуры которых предлагает правительство Франции. В настоящее время в Монако есть три следственных магистрата . [77]

Безопасность

Дворцовая стража в Монако

Более широкую оборону страны обеспечивает Франция. У Монако нет военно-морских или военно-воздушных сил, но как на душу населения, так и на единицу площади, Монако имеет одну из крупнейших полицейских сил (515 полицейских на около 38 000 человек) и полицейское присутствие в мире. [78] Его полиция включает специальное подразделение, которое управляет патрульными и разведывательными катерами совместно с военными. Полицейскими силами в Монако командует французский офицер. [79]

Существует также небольшая военная сила . Она состоит из подразделения телохранителей принца и его дворца в Монако-Вилль, называемого Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince (Компания карабинеров принца); [80] вместе с военизированным, вооруженным корпусом пожарной охраны и гражданской обороны ( Sapeurs-Pompiers ) она образует общие силы Монако. [81] Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince была создана принцем Оноре IV в 1817 году для защиты княжества и княжеской семьи. Компания насчитывает ровно 116 офицеров и солдат; в то время как унтер-офицеры и солдаты являются местными, офицеры, как правило, служили во французской армии . В дополнение к своим охранным обязанностям, как описано, карабинеры патрулируют пляжи княжества и прибрежные воды. [82]

География

Вид Монако со спутника, граница между Францией и Монако показана желтым цветом.
Le Portier строится в 2023 году.

Монако — суверенный город-государство с пятью кварталами и десятью округами, [83] расположенный на Французской Ривьере в Западной Европе . С трех сторон граничит с департаментом Приморские Альпы Франции , с одной стороны омываемым Средиземным морем . Его центр находится примерно в 16 км (9,9 миль) от Италии и всего в 13 км (8,1 миль) к северо-востоку от Ниццы . [53]

Площадь страны составляет 2,1 км2 ( 0,81 кв. миль) или 208 га (510 акров), а население — 38 400 человек, [84] что делает Монако второй по величине и самой густонаселенной страной в мире . [53] Страна имеет сухопутную границу протяженностью всего 5,47 км (3,40 мили), [84] береговую линию протяженностью 3,83 км (2,38 мили), морскую границу протяженностью 22,2 км (13,8 мили) и ширину, которая варьируется от 1700 до 349 м (от 5577 до 1145 футов). [85] [86]

Известняк юрского периода — это выдающаяся коренная порода, которая местами закарстована . Здесь находится Grotte de l'Observatoire , которая открыта для публики с 1946 года. [87]

Самая высокая точка страны находится у входа в жилой дом Patio Palace на Chemin des Révoires (район Les Révoires ) с шоссе D6007 ( улица Moyenne Corniche ) на высоте 164,4 м (539 футов) над уровнем моря . [88] Самая низкая точка страны — Средиземное море. [89]

Ручей Сен-Жан — самый длинный водоём, около 0,19 км (190 м; 0,12 мили; 620 футов) в длину, а Фонвьей — самое большое озеро, площадью около 0,5 га (1,2 акра). [90] Самый густонаселённый квартал Монако — Монте-Карло , а самый густонаселённый район — Ларвотто/Ба-Мулен . [91]

После расширения порта Геркулес [ 92] общая площадь Монако выросла до 2,08 км 2 (0,80 кв. миль) или 208 га (510 акров); [91] впоследствии были одобрены новые планы по расширению района Фонвьей на 0,08 км 2 (0,031 кв. миль) или 8 га (20 акров) за счет отвоевания земель у Средиземного моря. Проекты по освоению земель включают расширение района Фонвьей. [93] [94] [95] [92] [96] В Монако есть два порта : Порт Геркулес и Порт Фонвьей. [97] Рядом с Монако находится французский порт Кап-д'Ай . [97] Единственным природным ресурсом Монако является рыбная ловля ; [98] поскольку почти вся страна является городской территорией , в Монако отсутствует какая-либо коммерческая сельскохозяйственная промышленность . Небольшое расширение жилого комплекса, ранее называвшегося Le Portier, близится к завершению в 2023 году, а также на пляже Ларватто была добавлена ​​новая эспланада , которая также нуждалась в некотором обслуживании. [99]

Панорамный вид на Ла Кондамин и Монте-Карло.

Административное деление

В центре — Ла-Кондамин . Справа с меньшей гаванью — Фонвьей , со Скалой (старый город, крепость и дворец ), выступающей между двумя гаванями. Слева — высотные здания Ла-Рус/Сен-Роман .
Увеличенная, подробная карта Монако

Монако — вторая самая маленькая страна в мире по площади ; меньше её только Ватикан . [100] Монако — самая густонаселённая страна в мире. [101] Государство состоит только из одного муниципалитета ( коммуны ), муниципалитета Монако . Географического различия между государством и городом Монако нет, хотя обязанности правительства (на уровне штата) и муниципалитета (на уровне города) различны. [102] Согласно конституции 1911 года, княжество было разделено на три муниципалитета: [103]

В 1917 году муниципалитеты были объединены в один [104] [ как? ] и впоследствии им был присвоен статус округов или кварталов .

Впоследствии были созданы еще три отделения, но затем они снова были распущены в 2013 году:

Большая часть Сен-Мишель снова стала частью Монте-Карло в 2013 году. Ла-Коль и Ле-Ревуар были объединены в том же году в рамках процесса перераспределения округов, где они стали частью более крупного округа Жардин-Экзотик . Дополнительный округ планировалось заселить в начале 2014 года путем нового освоения земель [105], но в своей новогодней речи 2009 года принц Альбер II объявил, что он прекратил планы из-за экономической ситуации в то время. [106] В середине 2010 года принц Альбер II решительно возобновил программу. [107] [108] В 2015 году было объявлено о новом развитии под названием Анс-дю-Портье . [62]

Традиционные кварталы и современные географические зоны

Четыре традиционных квартала Монако — Монако-Вилль , Ла-Кондамин , Монте-Карло и Фонвьей . [109] Пригород Монегетти , высокорасположенная часть Ла-Кондамин, сегодня обычно рассматривается как эффективный пятый квартал Монако, имеющий совершенно иную атмосферу и топографию по сравнению с низкорасположенным Ла-Кондамин. [110]

Палаты

Подопечные Монако

В целях городского планирования суверенный указ 1966 года разделил княжество на зарезервированные сектора, «чей нынешний характер должен быть сохранен», и районы . Количество и границы этих секторов и районов менялись несколько раз. Последнее разделение датируется 2013 годом и создало два зарезервированных сектора и семь районов. В настоящее время на берегу моря строится новый район площадью 6 гектаров, Le Portier .

Примечание: в статистических целях районы Монако подразделяются на 178 городских кварталов (îlots), которые сопоставимы с кварталами переписи населения в Соединенных Штатах . [91]

Мелиорация земель в Монако с 1861 года

Архитектура

Виль-Руэль в Монако

Монако демонстрирует широкий спектр архитектуры, но фирменный стиль княжества, особенно в Монте-Карло, — это стиль Прекрасной эпохи . Он находит свое самое яркое выражение в Казино 1878–1879 годов и Зале Гарнье, созданных Шарлем Гарнье и Жюлем Дютру. Декоративные элементы включают башенки, балконы, башенки, разноцветную керамику и кариатиды. Они были смешаны, чтобы создать живописную фантазию удовольствия и роскоши, и заманчивое выражение того, как Монако стремилось и продолжает стремиться, изобразить себя. [113] Это каприччио французских, итальянских и испанских элементов было включено в виллы и апартаменты гасиенды. После масштабного развития в 1970-х годах князь Ренье III запретил высотное строительство в княжестве. Его преемник, князь Альбер II , отменил этот Суверенный приказ. [114] В последние годы [ когда? ] ускоряющийся снос архитектурного наследия Монако , включая его односемейные виллы, вызвал тревогу. [115] В княжестве нет законодательства о защите наследия. [116]

Климат

Monaco has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with strong maritime influences, with some resemblances to the humid subtropical climate (Cfa). As a result, it has balmy warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The winters are very mild considering the city's latitude, being as mild as locations located much further south in the Mediterranean Basin.[117] Cool and rainy interludes can interrupt the dry summer season, the average length of which is also shorter. Summer afternoons are infrequently hot (indeed, temperatures greater than 30 °C or 86 °F are rare) as the atmosphere is temperate because of constant sea breezes. On the other hand, the nights are very mild, due to the fairly high temperature of the sea in summer. Generally, temperatures do not drop below 20 °C (68 °F) in this season. In the winter, frosts and snowfalls are extremely rare and generally occur once or twice every ten years.[118][119] On 27 February 2018, both Monaco and Monte Carlo experienced snowfall.[120]

Economy

Fontvieille and its new harbour

Monaco has the world's highest GDP nominal per capita at US$185,742, GDP PPP per capita at $132,571 and GNI per capita at $183,150.[124][125][126] It also has an unemployment rate of 2%,[127] with over 48,000 workers who commute from France and Italy each day.[91] According to the CIA World Factbook, Monaco has the world's lowest poverty rate[128] and the highest number of millionaires and billionaires per capita in the world.[129] For the fourth year in a row, Monaco in 2012 had the world's most expensive real estate market, at $58,300 per square metre.[130][131][132] Although the average price went down in 2020, to an average price of $53,378 per square metre, Monaco remains one of the most expensive places in the world to buy property.[133]The world's most expensive apartment is located in Monaco, a penthouse at the Odeon Tower valued at $335 million according to Forbes in 2016.[134]

One of Monaco's main sources of income is tourism. Each year many foreigners are attracted to its casinos and pleasant climate.[86][135] It has also become a major banking centre, holding over €100 billion worth of funds.[136] Banks in Monaco specialise in providing private banking, asset and wealth management services.[137] Monaco is the only place in Europe where credit card points are not redeemable. Hotel points are not able to be accumulated nor are transactions recorded, allowing for an increase in privacy that is sought by many of the locals. The principality has successfully sought to diversify its economic base into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries, such as cosmetics.[failed verification][128]

The state retains monopolies in numerous sectors, including tobacco and the postal service. The telephone network (Monaco Telecom) used to be fully owned by the state. Its monopoly now comprises only 45%, while the remaining 55% is owned by Cable & Wireless Communications (49%) and Compagnie Monégasque de Banque (6%). Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.[138]

Monaco is not a member of the European Union, but very closely linked via a customs union with France. As such, its currency is the same as that of France, the euro. Before 2002, Monaco minted its own coins, the Monegasque franc. Monaco has acquired the right to mint euro coins with Monegasque designs on its national side.

Gambling industry

Monte Carlo Casino
Atrium in Monte Carlo Casino

The plan for casino gambling was drafted during the reign of Florestan I in 1846. Under Louis-Philippe's petite-bourgeois regime a dignitary such as the Prince of Monaco was not allowed to operate a gambling house.[31] All this changed in the dissolute Second French Empire under Napoleon III. The House of Grimaldi was in dire need of money.

The towns of Menton and Roquebrune, which had been the main sources of income for the Grimaldi family for centuries, were now accustomed to a much-improved standard of living and lenient taxation thanks to the Sardinian intervention and clamoured for financial and political concession, even for separation. The Grimaldi family hoped the newly legal industry would help alleviate the difficulties they faced, above all the crushing debt the family had incurred, but Monaco's first casino would not be ready to operate until after Charles III assumed the throne in 1856.

The grantee of the princely concession (licence) was unable to attract enough business to sustain the operation and, after relocating the casino several times, sold the concession to French casino magnates François and Louis Blanc for 1.7 million francs.

The Blancs had already set up a highly successful casino (in fact the largest in Europe) in Bad-Homburg in the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Homburg, a small German principality comparable to Monaco, and quickly petitioned Charles III to rename a depressed seaside area known as "Les Spelugues (Den of Thieves)" to "Monte Carlo (Mount Charles)."[139] They then constructed their casino in the newly dubbed "Monte Carlo" and cleared out the area's less-than-savoury elements to make the neighbourhood surrounding the establishment more conducive to tourism.

The Blancs opened Le Grand Casino de Monte Carlo in 1858 and the casino benefited from the tourist traffic the newly built French railway system created.[140] Due to the combination of the casino and the railroads, Monaco finally recovered from the previous half-century of economic slump and the principality's success attracted other businesses.[141] In the years following the casino's opening, Monaco founded its Oceanographic Museum and the Monte Carlo Opera House, 46 hotels were built and the number of jewellers operating in Monaco increased by nearly five-fold. In an apparent effort not to overtax citizens, it was decreed that the Monégasque citizens were prohibited from entering the casino unless they were employees.[142] By 1869, the casino was making such a vast sum of money that the principality could afford to end tax collection from the Monegasques—a masterstroke that was to attract affluent residents from all over Europe in a policy that still exists today.

Today, Société des bains de mer de Monaco, which owns Le Grand Casino, still operates in the original building that the Blancs constructed and has since been joined by several other casinos, including the Le Casino Café de Paris, the Monte Carlo Sporting Club & Casino and the Sun Casino. The most recent[when?] addition in Monte Carlo is the Monte Carlo Bay Casino, which sits on 4 hectares of the Mediterranean Sea; among other things, it offers 145 slot machines, all equipped with "ticket-in, ticket-out" (TITO). It is the first Mediterranean casino to use this technology.[143]

Low taxes

Monaco has a 20% VAT plus high social-insurance taxes, payable by both employers and employees. The employers' contributions are between 28% and 40% (averaging 35%) of gross salary, including benefits, and employees pay a further 10% to 14% (averaging 13%).[144]

Monaco has never levied income tax on individuals,[93] and foreigners are thus able to use it as a "tax haven" from their own country's high taxes, because as an independent country, Monaco is not obliged to pay taxes to other countries.[145][146]

The absence of a personal income tax has attracted many wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries, who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco. Celebrities, such as Formula One drivers, attract most of the attention but the vast majority are lesser-known business people.[147]

Per a bilateral treaty with France, French citizens who reside in Monaco must still pay income and wealth taxes to France.[148] The principality also actively discourages the registration of foreign corporations, charging a 33 per cent corporation tax on profits unless they can show that at least three-quarters of turnover is generated within Monaco. Unlike classic tax havens, Monaco does not offer offshore financial services.[93]

In 1998, the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), issued a first report on the consequences of the financial systems of known tax havens.[149] Monaco did not appear in the list of these territories until 2004, when the OECD became indignant regarding the Monegasque situation and denounced it in a report, along with Andorra, Liechtenstein, Liberia, and the Marshall Islands. The report underlined Monaco's lack of co-operation regarding financial information disclosure and availability.[150][151] Later, Monaco overcame the OECD's objections and was removed from the "grey list" of uncooperative jurisdictions. In 2009, Monaco went a step further and secured a place on the "white list" after signing twelve information exchange treaties with other jurisdictions.[93]

In 2000, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) stated: "The anti-money laundering system in Monaco is comprehensive. Difficulties have been encountered with Monaco by countries in international investigations on serious crimes that appear to be linked also with tax matters. In addition, the FIU of Monaco (SICCFIN) suffers a great lack of adequate resources. The authorities of Monaco have stated that they will provide additional resources to SICCFIN."[152]

Also in 2000, a report by French politicians Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon stated that Monaco had relaxed policies with respect to money laundering including within its casino and that the Government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary so that alleged crimes were not being properly investigated.[153] In its Progress Report of 2005, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified Monaco, along with 36 other territories, as a tax haven,[154] but in its FATF report of the same year it took a positive view of Monaco's measures against money-laundering.[155][156]

The Council of Europe also decided to issue reports naming tax havens. Twenty-two territories, including Monaco, were thus evaluated between 1998 and 2000 on a first round. Monaco was the only territory that refused to perform the second round, between 2001 and 2003, whereas the 21 other territories had planned to implement the third and final round, planned between 2005 and 2007.[157]

In June 2024, the FATF added Monaco to its "grey list", which includes countries needing "increased monitoring" due to statewide issues of money laundering and terrorist financing.[158]

Numismatics

1978 Monégasque franc coin with an effigy of Rainier III

Monaco issued its own coins in various devaluations connected to the écu already in the seventeenth century, but its first decimal coins of the Monégasque franc were issued in 1837 continued until 2001.

Although Monaco is not a European Union member, it is allowed to use the euro as its currency by arrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the euro coins, which was introduced in 2002.[159] In preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 2001. Like Belgium, Finland, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, Monaco decided to put the minting date on its coins. This is why the first euro coins from Monaco have the year 2001 on them, instead of 2002, like the other countries of the Eurozone that decided to put the year of first circulation (2002) on their coins.[160] Three different designs were selected for the Monégasque coins.[161] The design was changed in 2006 after Prince Rainier's death to feature the effigy of Prince Albert.[161]

Demographics

Population of Monaco by nationality

  French (28.4%)
  Monégasque (21.6%)
  Italian (18.7%)
  British (7.5%)
  Belgian (2.8%)
  German (2.5%)
  Swiss (2.5%)
  American (1.2%)
  Other (14.8%)

Monaco's total population was 38,400 in 2015, and estimated by the United Nations to be 36,297 as of 1 July 2023.[162][163] Monaco's population is unusual in that the native Monégasques are a minority in their own country: the largest group are French nationals at 28.4%, followed by Monégasque (21.6%), Italian (18.7%), British (7.5%), Belgian (2.8%), German (2.5%), Swiss (2.5%) and U.S. nationals (1.2%).[164] According to 2019 studies, 31% of Monaco's population is reported to be millionaires equalling up to 12,248 individuals

Citizens of Monaco, whether born in the country or naturalised, are called Monégasque. Monaco has the world's highest life expectancy at nearly 90 years.[165][166]

Language

Street sign in French and Monégasque in Monaco-Ville

The main and official language of Monaco is French, while Italian is spoken by the principality's sizeable community from Italy. French and Italian are in fact more spoken in the principality today than Monégasque, its historic vernacular language. A variety of Ligurian, Monégasque is not recognised as an official language; nevertheless, some signage appears in both French and Monégasque, and the language is taught in schools. English is also used.

Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.[42] This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860).[42]

The Grimaldi, princes of Monaco, are of Ligurian origin; thus, the traditional national language is Monégasque, a variety of Ligurian, now spoken by only a minority of residents and as a common second language by many native residents. In Monaco-Ville, street signs are printed in both French and Monégasque.[167][168]

Religion

Religion in Monaco according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012[3]

  Christianity (86%)
  Unaffiliated (11.7%)
  Judaism (1.7%)
  Islam (0.4%)
  Other religions (0.2%)

Christianity

Christians comprise a total of 86% of Monaco's population.[3]

According to Monaco 2012 International Religious Freedom Report, Roman Catholic Christians are Monaco's largest religious group, followed by Protestant Christians. The Report states that there are two Protestant churches, an Anglican church and a Reformed church. There are also various other Evangelical Protestant communities that gather periodically.

Catholicism
Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate
Sainte-Dévote Chapel

The official religion is Catholicism, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution.[2] There are five Catholic parish churches in Monaco and one cathedral, which is the seat of the archbishop of Monaco.

The diocese, which has existed since the mid-19th century, was raised to a non-metropolitan archbishopric in 1981 as the Archdiocese of Monaco and remains exempt (i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See). The patron saint is Saint Devota.

Anglican Communion

There is one Anglican church (St Paul's Church), located in the Avenue de Grande Bretagne in Monte Carlo. The church was dedicated in 1925. In 2007 this had a formal membership of 135 Anglican residents in the principality but was also serving a considerably larger number of Anglicans temporarily in the country, mostly as tourists. The church site also accommodates an English-language library of over 3,000 books.[169] The church is part of the Anglican Diocese in Europe.

Reformed Church of Monaco

There is one Reformed church, which meets in a building located in Rue Louis Notari. The building dates from 1958 to 1959. The church is affiliated with the United Protestant Church of France (Église Protestante Unie de France, EPUF), a group that incorporates the former Reformed Church of France (Église Réformée de France). Through this affiliation with EPUF, the church is part of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. The church acts as a host church to some other Christian communities, allowing them to use its building.

Charismatic Episcopal Church

The Monaco Parish of the Charismatic Episcopal Church (Parish of St Joseph) dates from 2017 and meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.

Christian Fellowship

The Monaco Christian Fellowship, formed in 1996, meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.

Greek Orthodoxy

Monaco's 2012 International Religious Freedom Report states that there is one Greek Orthodox church in Monaco.

Russian Orthodox

The Russian Orthodox Parish of the Holy Royal Martyrs meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.

Hinduism

According to the Monaco Statistics database (IMSEE), there are around 100 Hindus living in the country.[170]

Judaism

The Association Culturelle Israélite de Monaco (founded in 1948) is a converted house containing a synagogue, a community Hebrew school, and a kosher food shop, located in Monte Carlo.[171] The community mainly consists of retirees from Britain (40%) and North Africa. Half of the Jewish population is Sephardic, mainly from North Africa, while the other half is Ashkenazi.[172]

Islam

The Muslim population of Monaco consists of about 280 people, most of whom are residents, not citizens.[173] The majority of the Muslim population of Monaco are Arabs, though there is a Turkish minority as well.[174] Monaco does not have any official mosques.[175]

Sports

Two important sports for Monaco are football and racing, but there are a number of other sports played;sports are also a part of Monaco's economy and culture.

Formula One

Formation lap for the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix
2017 Monaco Grand Prix
Monaco's famous hairpin turn, both a city street and part of its Grand Prix circuit

Since 1929, the Monaco Grand Prix has been held annually in the streets of Monaco.[176] It is widely considered to be one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world. The erection of the Circuit de Monaco takes six weeks to complete and the removal after the race takes another three weeks.[176]

The circuit is narrow and tight and its tunnel, tight corners and many elevation changes make it perhaps the most demanding Formula One track.[177] Driver Nelson Piquet compared driving the circuit to "riding a bicycle around your living room".

Despite the challenging nature of the course it has only had two fatalities, Luigi Fagioli who died from injuries received in practice for the 1952 Monaco Grand Prix (run to sports car regulations that year, not Formula 1)[178] and Lorenzo Bandini, who crashed, burned and died three days later from his injuries in 1967.[179] Two other drivers had lucky escapes after they crashed into the harbour, the most famous being Alberto Ascari in the 1955 Monaco Grand Prix and Paul Hawkins, during the 1965 race.[176]

In 2020, the Monaco Grand Prix was cancelled for the first time since 1954 because of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Monégasque Formula 1 drivers

There have been five Formula One drivers from Monaco:

Formula E

Starting in 2015 Formula E started racing biennially with the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco on the Monaco ePrix[180] and used a shorter configuration of the full Formula 1 circuit, keeping it around Port Hercules until 2021.

ROKiT Venturi Racing is the only motor racing team based in the principality, headquartered in Fontvieille.[181] The marque competes in Formula E and was one of the founding teams of the fully-electric championship. Managed by former racing drivers Susie Wolff (CEO) and Jérôme d'Ambrosio (Team Principal),[182] the outfit holds 16 podiums in the series to date including five victories. 1997 Formula One World Champion Jacques Villeneuve and eleven-time Formula One race winner Felipe Massa have raced for the team previously.[183][184] Ten-time Macau winner and 2021 vice World Champion Edoardo Mortara and Season 3 Formula E champion Lucas di Grassi currently race for the team.[185]

Monte Carlo Rally

Since 1911 part of the Monte Carlo Rally has been held in the principality, originally held at the behest of Prince Albert I. Like the Grand Prix, the rally is organised by Automobile Club de Monaco. It has long been considered to be one of the toughest and most prestigious events in rallying and from 1973 to 2008 was the opening round of the World Rally Championship (WRC).[186] From 2009 until 2011, the rally served as the opening round of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge.[187] The rally returned to the WRC calendar in 2012 and has been held annually since.[188] Due to Monaco's limited size, all but the ending of the rally is held on French territory.

Football

Stade Louis II, home of AS Monaco FC

Monaco hosts two major football teams in the principality: the men's football club, AS Monaco FC, and the women's football club, OS Monaco. AS Monaco plays at the Stade Louis II and competes in Ligue 1, the first division of French football. The club is historically one of the most successful clubs in the French league, having won Ligue 1 eight times (most recently in 2016–17) and competed at the top level for all but six seasons since 1953. The club reached the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final, with a team that included Dado Pršo, Fernando Morientes, Jérôme Rothen, Akis Zikos and Ludovic Giuly, but lost 3–0 to Portuguese team FC Porto. French World Cup-winners Thierry Henry, Fabien Barthez, David Trezeguet, and Kylian Mbappe have played for the club. The Stade Louis II also played host to the annual UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012 between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.

The women's team, OS Monaco, competes in the women's French football league system. The club plays in the local regional league, deep down in the league system. It once played in the Division 1 Féminine, in the 1994–95 season, but was quickly relegated.

The Monaco national football team represents the nation in association football and is controlled by the Monégasque Football Federation, the governing body for football in Monaco. Monaco is one of two sovereign states in Europe (along with the Vatican City) that is not a member of UEFA and so does not take part in any UEFA European Football Championship or FIFA World Cup competitions. They are instead affiliated with CONIFA, where they compete against other national teams that are not FIFA members. The team plays its home matches in the Stade Louis II.

Rugby

Monaco's national rugby team, as of April 2019, is 101st in the World Rugby Rankings.[189]

Basketball

Multi-sport club AS Monaco owns AS Monaco Basket which was founded in 1928. They play in the top-tier European basketball league, the EuroLeague, and the French top flight, the LNB Pro A. They have three Pro A Leaders Cup, two Pro B (2nd-tier), and one NM1 (3rd-tier) championship. They play in Salle Gaston Médecin, which is part of Stade Louis II.

Professional boxing

Due in part to its position both as a tourist and gambling centre, Monaco has staged major professional boxing world title and non-title fights from time to time; those include the Carlos Monzon versus Nino Benvenuti rematch,[190] Monzon's rematch with Emile Griffith,[191] Monzon's two classic fights with Rodrigo Valdes,[192][193] Davey Moore versus Wilfredo Benitez,[194] the double knockout-ending classic between Lee Roy Murphy and Chisanda Mutti (won by Murphy),[195] and Julio César Chávez Sr. versus Rocky Lockridge.[196] All of the aforementioned contests took place at the first Stade Louis II or the second Stade Louis II stadiums.

Other sports and events

A view of the 2011 Monaco Porsche Supercup. Motor racing is very popular in Monaco, with the famous Grand Prix course using city streets and wrapping itself around the harbor
Poster for the Exposition De Monaco (1920)

The Monte-Carlo Masters is held annually in neighbouring Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, as a professional tournament for men as part of tennis's ATP Masters Series.[197] The tournament has been held since 1897. Golf's Monte Carlo Open was also held at the Monte Carlo Golf Club at Mont Agel in France between 1984 and 1992.

Monaco has a national Davis Cup team, which plays in the European/African Zone.

Monaco has also competed in the Olympic Games, although, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal. At the Youth Olympic Winter Games, Monaco won a bronze medal in bobsleigh.

The 2009 Tour de France, the world's premier cycle race, started from Monaco with a 15 km (9 mi) closed-circuit individual time trial starting and finishing there on the first day, and the 182 km (113 mi) second leg starting there on the following day and ending in Brignoles, France.[198]

Monaco has also staged part of the Global Champions Tour (International Show-jumping).[199] In 2009, the Monaco stage of the Global Champions tour took place between 25 and 27 June.

The Monaco Marathon is the only marathon in the world to pass through three countries, those of Monaco, France and Italy, before the finish at the Stade Louis II.

The Monaco Ironman 70.3 triathlon race is an annual event with over 1,000 athletes competing and attracts top professional athletes from around the world. The race includes a 1.9 km (1.2 mi) swim, 90 km (56 mi) bike ride and 21.1 km (13.1 mi) run.

Since 1993, the headquarters of the International Association of Athletics Federations,[200] the world governing body of athletics, is located in Monaco.[201] An IAAF Diamond League meet is annually held at Stade Louis II.[202]

A municipal sports complex, the Rainier III Nautical Stadium in the Port Hercules district consists of a heated saltwater Olympic-size swimming pool, diving boards and a slide.[203] The pool is converted into an ice rink from December to March.[203]

In addition to Formula One, the Circuit de Monaco hosts several support series, including FIA Formula 2, Porsche Supercup and Formula Regional Europe.[204] It has in the past also hosted Formula Three and Formula Renault.

From 10 to 12 July 2014 Monaco inaugurated the Solar1 Monte Carlo Cup, a series of ocean races exclusively for solar-powered boats.[205],[206]

The women team of the chess club CE Monte Carlo won the European Chess Club Cup several times.

Panoramic view of Monaco City and the port of Fontvieille

Culture

View out from the Saint Martin Gardens

Cuisine

The cuisine of Monaco is a Mediterranean cuisine shaped by the cooking style of Provence and the influences of nearby northern Italian and southern French cooking, in addition to Monaco's own culinary traditions.[207]

Two famous restaurants in Monaco include the Le Lous XV, currently with three Michelin stars, and the Café de Paris. The Café de Paris is next to the Casino and first 1868, though it has been renovated several times over its lifetime.

Music

Seaside façade of the Salle Garnier, home of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo

Monaco has an opera house, a symphony orchestra and a classical ballet company. Monaco participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest between 1959–1979 and 2004–2006, winning in 1971, although none of the artists participating for the principality was originally Monegasque. French-born Minouche Barelli, however, acquired Monegasque citizenship in 2002, 35 years after her representing the principality in 1967.[208]

Visual arts

Monaco has a national museum of contemporary visual art at the New National Museum of Monaco. In 1997, the Audiovisual Institute of Monaco was founded aimed to preserve audiovisual archives and show how the Principality of Monaco is represented in cinema. The country also has numerous works of public art, statues, museums, and memorials (see list of public art in Monaco).

Prince Albert of Monaco visited the Sassi di Matera on 22 April 2022, exploring the ancient districts.[209]

Museums in Monaco

Oceanographic Museum
Walkway in the jardin exotique de Monaco (Exotic Gardens)

Events, festivals, and shows

The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as :

Bread Festival

Monaco also has an annual bread festival on 17 September every year.[210]

Parks and Gardens

There is several gardens in Monaco, which are in a variety of styles and purpose. There is an exotic plant garden, Saint Martin garden, African plants garden, Casino Gardens, Princess Grace Rose Garden, and a Japanese Gardens.[211]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Lycée Albert Premier of Monaco

Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including: seven nursery and primary schools; one secondary school, Collège Charles III;[212] one lycée that provides general and technological training, Lycée Albert 1er;[213] and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training, Lycée technique et hôtelier de Monte-Carlo.[214] There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools, Institution François d'Assise Nicolas Barré and Ecole des Sœurs Dominicaines, and one international school, the International School of Monaco,[215][216] founded in 1994.[217]

Colleges and universities

There is one university located in Monaco, namely the International University of Monaco (IUM), an English-language university specialising in business education and operated by the Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales (INSEEC) group.

Flag

Monaco's flag and its coat of arms

The flag of Monaco is one of the world's oldest national flag designs.[218] Adopted by Monaco on 4 April 1881 its based on the Monaco Royal colors going back to the 14th century.[219]

The flag has similarities to the flags of German state of Hesse, Thuringia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Poland in the modern times.[220]

Transport

Tunnel in Monaco
Monaco Monte Carlo station

The Monaco-Monte Carlo station is served by the SNCF, the French national rail system. The Monaco Heliport provides helicopter service to the closest airport, Côte d'Azur Airport in Nice, France.

The Monaco bus company (CAM) covers all the tourist attractions, museums, Exotic garden, business centres, and the Casino or the Louis II Stadium.[221]

There is about 77 km (48 miles) of roads in Monaco, many sections of which are also used for automotive and other races.[222]

The main port is Port Hercules which inculdes a deep-water pier, and there is another smaller harbor between the Rock and Fontvieille.

Relations with other countries

The Rock of Monaco in 1890

Monaco is so old that it has outlived many of the nations and institutions that it has had relations with. The Crown of Aragon and Republic of Genoa became a part of other countries, as did the Kingdom of Sardinia. Honoré II, Prince of Monaco secured recognition of his independent sovereignty from Spain in 1633, and then from Louis XIII of France by the Treaty of Péronne (1641).

Monaco made a special agreement with France in 1963 in which French customs laws apply in Monaco and its territorial waters.[148] Monaco uses the euro but is not a member of the European Union.[148] Monaco shares a 6 km (3.7 mi) border with France but also has about 2 km (1.2 mi) of coastline with the Mediterranean sea.[223] Two important agreements that support Monaco's independence from France include the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861 and the French Treaty of 1918 (see also Kingdom of Sardinia). The United States CIA Factbook records 1419 as the year of Monaco's independence.[223]

Embassy of Monaco, Paris, France

France and Italy have embassies within Monaco, while most other nations represented via operations in Paris.[224][225] There are about another 30 or so consulates.[224] By the 21st century Monaco maintained embassies in Belgium (Brussels), France (Paris), Germany (Berlin), the Vatican, Italy (Rome), Portugal (Lisbon),[226] Spain (Madrid), Switzerland (Bern), United Kingdom (London) and the United States (Washington).[224]

As of 2000 nearly two-thirds of the residents of Monaco were foreigners.[227] In 2015 the immigrant population was estimated at 60%[223] It is reported to be difficult to gain citizenship in Monaco, or at least in relative number there are not many people who do so. In 2015 an immigration rate of about 4 people per 1,000 was noted, or about 100–150 people a year.[228] The population of Monaco went from 35,000 in 2008 to 36,000 in 2013, and of that about 20 per cent were native Monegasque[229] (see also Nationality law of Monaco).

A recurring issue Monaco encounters with other countries is the attempt by foreign nationals to use Monaco to avoid paying taxes in their own country.[223] Monaco actually collects a number of taxes including a 20% VAT and 33% on companies unless they make over 75% of their income inside Monaco.[223] Monaco does not allow dual citizenship but does have multiple paths to citizenship including by declaration and naturalisation.[230] In many cases the key issue for obtaining citizenship, rather than attaining residency in Monaco, is the person's ties to their departure country.[230] For example, French citizens must still pay taxes to France even if they live full-time in Monaco unless they resided in the country before 1962 for at least 5 years.[230] In the early 1960s there was some tension between France and Monaco over taxation.[231]

There are no border formalities entering or leaving France. For visitors, a souvenir passport stamp is available on request at Monaco's tourist office. This is located on the far side of the gardens that face the Casino.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /ˈmɒnək/ MON-ə-koh; French: [mɔnako]; Italian: [ˈmɔːnako]; Monégasque: Mùnegu [ˈmuneɡu]; Occitan: Mónegue [ˈmuneɣe]
  2. ^ French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Prinçipatu de Mùnegu; Ligurian: Prinçipato de Mónego; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue; Italian: Principato di Monaco.
  3. ^ For further information, see languages of Monaco.
  4. ^ Monetary agreement with the EU to issue euros
  5. ^ Although not a contracting party to the Schengen Agreement, has an open border with France and Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of France.[236][237]
  6. ^ Through an agreement with France[238]
  7. ^ Through an agreement with France. Part of the EU Customs territory, administered as part of France.[236][239][240][241]
  8. ^ Also part of the EU excise territory[241]
  9. ^ Through an agreement with France. Administered as a part of France for taxation purposes.[234][236][241][242]

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