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Методистская церковь Великобритании

Методистская церковь Великобританиипротестантская христианская конфессия в Великобритании и материнская церковь для методистов по всему миру. [6] Она участвует во Всемирном методистском совете и Всемирном совете церквей , а также в других экуменических объединениях.

Методизм начался в первую очередь благодаря работе Джона Уэсли , который возглавил евангелическое возрождение в Британии 18-го века. Будучи англиканским священником, Уэсли принял нетрадиционные и спорные практики, такие как проповедь на открытом воздухе , чтобы достичь фабричных рабочих и недавно урбанизированных масс, вырванных из своей традиционной деревенской культуры в начале промышленной революции . Его проповедь была сосредоточена на универсальности Божьей благодати для всех, преобразующем влиянии веры на характер и возможности совершенства в любви в течение этой жизни. Он организовал новообращенных на местном уровне и в « Коннексион » по всей Британии. После смерти Уэсли методистское возрождение стало отдельной церковью и рукоположило своих собственных служителей ; ее называли нонконформистской церковью, потому что она не соответствовала правилам установленной Церкви Англии . В 19-м веке уэслианская методистская церковь пережила множество расколов, причем крупнейшим из ответвлений были примитивные методисты . Основные течения методизма воссоединились в 1932 году , образовав Методистскую церковь в ее нынешнем виде.

Методистские округа , включающие несколько местных церквей , сгруппированы в тридцать округов. Высшим руководящим органом церкви является ежегодная Методистская конференция; ее возглавляет президент Конференции , пресвитерский служитель, поддерживаемый вице-президентом, который может быть местным проповедником или дьяконом . Конфессия посвящает женщин и открыто ЛГБТ-служителей .

Методистская церковь является уэслианской по своей теологии и практике. Она использует исторические символы веры и основывает свои доктринальные стандарты на «Заметках о Новом Завете» Уэсли и его «Сорока четырех проповедях» . [7] : 213  Церковные службы могут быть структурированы с литургией, взятой из служебной книги — особенно для празднования Святого Причастия — но обычно включают свободные формы поклонения.

Исследование общественного мнения в Великобритании 2009 года показало, что около 800 000 человек, или 1,29 процента населения Великобритании, идентифицируют себя как методисты. [8] По состоянию на 2022 год активное членство составляло приблизительно 137 000 человек, [5] что на 32 процента меньше, чем в 2014 году. [9] Методизм является четвертой по величине христианской группой в Великобритании . [10] Около 202 000 человек посещают методистские церковные службы каждую неделю, в то время как от 490 000 до 500 000 принимают участие в других формах методистской деятельности, таких как работа с молодежью и общественные мероприятия, организуемые местными церквями. [11]

История

Происхождение

Большая серая каменная церковь с двумя входами по бокам и шпилем справа.
Мемориальная церковь Уэсли в Оксфорде , городе, где учились братья Уэсли и где был основан Священный клуб .

Движение, которое впоследствии стало Методистской церковью, зародилось в начале 18 века в Церкви Англии . Небольшая группа студентов Оксфордского университета , включая Джона Уэсли (1703–1791) и его младшего брата Чарльза (1707–1788), собрались вместе с целью взаимного совершенствования; они сосредоточились на изучении Библии и святой жизни. Другие студенты высмеивали группу, говоря, что они были « Святым клубом » и «методистами», [примечание 1] будучи методичными и исключительно подробными в своем изучении Библии , мнениях и дисциплинированном образе жизни. [13] [14]

Первое методистское движение за пределами Церкви Англии было связано с Хауэллом Харрисом (1714–1773), [15] который начал валлийское методистское возрождение в 1730-х годах. [16] Это должно было стать Кальвинистской методистской церковью (сегодня известной как Пресвитерианская церковь Уэльса ). [17] Другая ветвь методистского возрождения находилась под служением Джорджа Уайтфилда (1714–1770), друга Уэсли из Оксфордского святого клуба, что привело к появлению Connexion графини Хантингдон . [18]

Бронзовая статуя Джона Уэсли, одетого в мантию и проповедующего с оркестром на переднем плане, на заднем плане — часовня в георгианском стиле.
Часовня Уэсли была основана Джоном Уэсли в 1778 году в качестве его лондонской базы. Сегодня в ее крипте располагается музей методизма .

Самая большая ветвь методизма в Англии была организована Джоном Уэсли. В мае 1738 года он утверждал, что испытал глубокое открытие Бога в своем сердце, поворотное событие , которое стало называться его евангельским обращением. [19] С 1739 года Уэсли начал проповедовать на открытом воздухе и обращал людей в свое движение. [20] Он сформировал небольшие классы , в которых его последователи получали религиозное руководство и интенсивную отчетность в своей личной жизни. [21] Уэсли также назначил странствующих евангелистов , чтобы они путешествовали и проповедовали, как он, и заботились об этих группах людей. Это дань уважения ораторским способностям и организаторским навыкам Уэсли, что термин «методизм» сегодня предполагается как означающий уэслианский методизм, если не указано иное. [17] Теологически Уэсли придерживался арминианской веры в то, что спасение доступно всем людям, [22] в противовес кальвинистским идеям избрания и предопределения , которые были приняты кальвинистскими методистами . [17]

Методистские проповедники славились своими страстными проповедями, хотя противники обвиняли их в « энтузиазме », т. е. фанатизме. [23] Во времена Уэсли многие члены официальной церкви Англии опасались, что новые доктрины, пропагандируемые методистами, такие как необходимость нового рождения для спасения и постоянного и непрерывного воздействия Святого Духа на душу верующего, окажут дурное воздействие на слабые умы. Теофил Эванс , один из первых критиков движения, даже писал, что «естественной тенденцией их поведения, в голосе, жестах и ​​ужасных выражениях, было сводить людей с ума». [24] В одной из своих гравюр Уильям Хогарт также нападал на методистов как на энтузиастов, полных « легковерия, суеверия и фанатизма ». [25] Другие нападения на методистов были физически жестокими — Уэсли чуть не был убит толпой в Веднесбери в 1743 году. [26] Методисты энергично отреагировали на своих критиков и процветали, несмотря на нападения на них. [27]

Гравюра с изображением Уэсли, стоящего на постаменте и проповедующего толпе.
Джон Уэсли проповедует возле церкви (гравюра 19 века). Ранним методистам было запрещено проповедовать в приходских церквях.

Когда Уэсли и его помощники проповедовали по всей стране, они сформировали местные общества , авторизованные и организованные под руководством Уэсли и конференциями проповедников. Уэсли настаивал на том, чтобы методисты регулярно посещали свою местную приходскую церковь , а также методистские собрания. [28] В 1784 году Уэсли предусмотрел продолжение деятельности в качестве корпоративного органа после его смерти «Ежегодной конференции людей, называемых методистами». [29] Он назначил 100 человек и объявил их своими членами, а также изложил метод, по которому должны были назначаться их преемники. С тех пор конференция остается руководящим органом методизма. [29]

Отделение от Церкви Англии

Первая методистская часовня под названием « Лужайка » . Литография Х. Хамфриса, ок.  1865 г.

По мере того, как его общества множились, и элементы церковной системы последовательно принимались, разрыв между Уэсли и Церковью Англии ( англиканством ) постепенно увеличивался. В 1784 году Уэсли отреагировал на нехватку священников в американских колониях из-за Американской войны за независимость, рукоположив проповедников для Америки с полномочиями совершать таинства . [30] Действия Уэсли ускорили раскол между американскими методистами и Церковью Англии (которая считает, что только епископы могут рукополагать людей на служение). [31]

Что касается положения методизма в христианском мире , «Джон Уэсли однажды заметил, что то, чего Бог достиг в развитии методизма, было не просто человеческим усилием, но работой Бога. Как таковое, оно будет сохранено Богом до тех пор, пока существует история». [32] Называя его «великим депозитом» методистской веры, Уэсли специально учил, что распространение доктрины полного освящения было причиной того, что Бог поднял методистов в мире (см. § Уэслианское богословие). [33]

Британский методизм отделился от Церкви Англии вскоре после смерти Уэсли. Были ранние разногласия по поводу полномочий проповедников и Конференции, а также времени проведения богослужений. [34] В этот момент большинство членов методистов не посещали англиканские церковные службы. [34] План умиротворения 1795 года разрешал методистским часовням совершать Святое Причастие там, где это разрешалось как большинством попечителей, так и большинством распорядителей и лидеров. [35] (Эти службы часто использовали сокращенную Уэсли Книгу общей молитвы . [35] ) Это разрешение позже было распространено на администрацию крещения, погребения и время проведения богослужений, что привело методистские часовни к прямой конкуренции с местной приходской церковью. Следовательно, известные методисты были исключены из Церкви Англии. [34] Александр Килхэм и его «радикалы» осудили Конференцию за предоставление слишком большой власти служителям церкви за счет мирян . В 1797 году, после Плана умиротворения, Килхэм был изгнан из церкви. Радикалы сформировали Методистское Новое Соединение , в то время как первоначальное тело стало известно как Уэслианская Методистская Церковь . [34]

1790-1900

Хронология методистских связей в Британии

Ранний рост

Ранние методисты систематически собирали статистику по членству. [36] Их рост был быстрым, с 58 000 в 1790 году до 302 000 в 1830 году и 518 000 в 1850 году. [37] Это были официальные члены, но национальная перепись 1851 года подсчитала людей с неформальной связью с методизмом, и общее число составило 1 463 000 человек. [37] Рост был устойчивым как в сельских, так и в городских районах, несмотря на разрушения, вызванные многочисленными расколами ; это привело к появлению отдельных конфессий (или « коннекций »), таких как Уэслианская методистская церковь, первая и самая большая, за которой последовали Новая методистская церковь, Библейская христианская церковь и Первобытная методистская церковь . [37] Часть роста можно отнести к неспособности устоявшейся Церкви Англии предоставить церковные помещения. [38] В конце 19 века программа строительства церквей официальной церковью, в конкуренции с нонконформистами, увеличила число англикан, посещающих церковь. [39] Это сократило возможности для нонконформистов в целом и методистов в частности продолжать расти. Количество членов достигло 602 000 в 1870 году и достигло пика в 841 000 в 1910 году. [40] [41]

Ранний методизм был особенно заметен в Девоне и Корнуолле , которые были ключевыми центрами деятельности фракции библейских христиан. [42] Библейские христиане подготовили много проповедников и отправили много миссионеров в Австралию. [43] Методизм в целом быстро рос в старых фабричных городах Йоркшира и Ланкашира , где проповедники подчеркивали, что рабочие классы равны высшим классам в глазах Бога. [44] В Уэльсе три элемента по отдельности приветствовали методизм: валлийскоязычные, англоязычные и кальвинистские . [45]

Независимое методистское движение не привлекало помещиков Англии ; они поддерживали развивающееся евангелическое движение внутри Церкви Англии. Однако методизм стал популярен среди амбициозных семей среднего класса . [46] Например, семья Осборнов из Шеффилда, чья сталелитейная компания появилась в середине 19 века в период быстрой индустриализации Шеффилда. Историк Клайд Бинфилд говорит, что их пылкая методистская вера укрепила их приверженность экономической независимости, духовной уверенности и гражданской ответственности. [46]

Методизм был особенно популярен среди квалифицированных рабочих и гораздо менее распространен среди рабочих. Такие историки, как Эли Галеви , Эрик Дж. Хобсбаум , Э. П. Томпсон и Алан Гилберт исследовали роль методизма в первые десятилетия становления британского рабочего класса (1760–1820). С одной стороны, он предоставил модель того, как эффективно организовать большое количество людей и поддерживать их связь в течение длительного периода времени, а с другой стороны, он отвлекал и препятствовал политическому радикализму . [47] Объясняя, почему в Британии не произошла социальная революция в период 1790–1832 годов, время, которое, казалось, созрело для насильственных социальных потрясений, Галеви утверждал, что методизм предотвратил революцию среди рабочего класса, перенаправив его энергию на духовные дела, а не на проблемы на рабочем месте. [48] Томпсон утверждает, что в целом он имел политически регрессивный эффект. [49]

Лидерство

Джабез ​​Бантинг, ок.  1843–1847 гг .

Джон Уэсли долгое время был президентом Методистской конференции, но после его смерти было решено, что в будущем столько полномочий не будет сосредоточено в руках одного человека. Вместо этого президент будет избираться на один год, чтобы сидеть в кресле Уэсли. [2] Последовательные методистские расколы привели к появлению нескольких президентов, прежде чем в 1932 году была собрана объединенная конференция.

Уэсли написал, отредактировал или сократил около 400 публикаций . Помимо теологии он писал о музыке, браке, медицине, аболиционизме и политике. [50] Сам Уэсли и высшее руководство были политическими консерваторами. Хотя многие лидеры профсоюзов были привлечены к методизму — ранним примером были мученики Толпаддла [51] — сама церковь не поддерживала профсоюзы активно. Историки Патрик К. О'Брайен и Роланд Куино утверждают:

Собственные симпатии Джона Уэсли к тори и его автократические инстинкты были сильными и подлинными, и насколько это было возможно, он прививал своим последователям почтение к установленным социальным и религиозным властям. Он подчеркивал политический квиетизм. Свою миссию он считал строго духовной, а его собственные консервативные политические инстинкты и социальные ценности усиливали прагматическую заботу о том, чтобы как можно меньше оскорблять подозрительное общество в целом. Эти же мотивы влияли на министерскую олигархию... "Методизм", сказал Джабез ​​Бантинг... ненавидит демократию так же, как она ненавидит грех". [52]

Джабез ​​Бантинг (1779–1858) был самым выдающимся лидером движения методистов Уэсли после смерти Уэсли. Он проповедовал успешные возрождения до 1802 года, когда он увидел, как возрождения приводят к разногласиям и разделению. Затем он стал преданным церковному порядку и дисциплине и яростно выступал против возрождения. [53] Он был популярным проповедником во многих городах. Он четыре раза избирался президентом Конференции и занимал многочисленные руководящие должности в качестве администратора и очень внимательно следил за бюджетами. Бантинг и его союзники централизовали власть, сделав Конференцию окончательным арбитром методизма и предоставив ей право переназначать проповедников и выбирать суперинтендантов . Он был ревностным в деле иностранных миссий. В английской политике он был консерватором. Он был нетерпим к либеральным элементам, воскресным школам и крестовым походам за воздержание, что привело к изгнанию его оппонентов, после чего треть членов откололась в 1849 году. Многочисленные союзы с другими группами потерпели неудачу и ослабили его контроль. [53] [54]

Уильям Брамвелл (1759–1818) был проповедником, который вызывал споры из-за своего интенсивного возрожденческого стиля проповеди, который подстегнул пробуждения по всему северу Англии, включая Йоркширское возрождение 1793–97 годов, и его связь с Александром Килхэмом (1762–1798). Килхэм был возрожденцем, который возглавил отделение Нового Коннексиона от основного уэслианского служения. [55]

Хью Прайс Хьюз, редактор и оратор, призвал методистов поддержать более моралистичную Либеральную партию .

Хью Прайс Хьюз (1847–1902) был первым суперинтендантом West London Methodist Mission , ключевой методистской организации. Признанный одним из величайших ораторов своей эпохи, он также основал и редактировал влиятельную газету Methodist Times в 1885 году. Хьюз сыграл ключевую роль в руководстве методистами в коалиции Либеральной партии, отойдя от консервативных наклонностей предыдущих методистских лидеров. [56] [57]

Джон Скотт Лиджетт (1854–1953) добился известности как теолог и реформатор, подчеркивая важность взаимодействия церкви со всем обществом и человеческой культурой. Он пропагандировал Социальное Евангелие и основал Bermondsey Settlement , чтобы помочь бедным Лондона, а также Wesley Guild , общественную организацию, нацеленную на молодежь, которая к 1900 году достигла 150 000 членов. [58] [59]

Женщины

Ранний методизм пережил радикальную и духовную фазу, которая позволяла женщинам иметь власть в церковном руководстве. В 1771 году Мэри Босанкет (1739–1815) написала Джону Уэсли, чтобы защитить свою и Сару Кросби работу проповедников и ведущих занятий в ее приюте Cross Hall. [60] Ее аргумент заключался в том, что женщины должны иметь возможность проповедовать, когда они испытывают «чрезвычайный призыв ». [60] [61] Уэсли принял аргумент Босанкет и официально начал разрешать женщинам проповедовать в методизме в 1771 году. [61] В целом, роль женщины-проповедника возникла из ощущения, что дом должен быть местом общественной заботы и должен способствовать личностному росту. Женщины обрели чувство собственного достоинства в это время, когда членов церкви поощряли свидетельствовать о природе их веры. Женщины-методистки сформировали сообщество, которое заботилось об уязвимых, расширяя роль материнства за пределы физической заботы. [62] Однако центральная роль женщин резко снизилась после 1790 года, поскольку методистское движение стало более структурированным и в нем стало доминировать больше мужчин. [61]

В XVIII веке Селина Гастингс, графиня Хантингдонская (1707–1791) сыграла важную роль в финансировании и руководстве ранним методизмом. Гастингс была первой женщиной-директором мужского колледжа в Уэльсе, колледжа Тревекка , для обучения методистских священников. [63] Она финансировала строительство 64 часовен в Англии и Уэльсе, часто писала Джорджу Уайтфилду и Джону Уэсли и финансировала миссионерскую работу в колониальной Америке. Ее лучше всего помнят за ее враждебные отношения с другими методистами, которые возражали против того, чтобы женщина имела власть. [63] [64]

Молодежь и образование

Методисты уделяли большое внимание непосредственному руководству своей молодежью, что видно по деятельности воскресных школ и Band of Hope (члены которой подписали обет «воздерживаться от всех опьяняющих напитков»). [65] [66]

Часовня школы Кингсвуд , старейшего в мире методистского учебного заведения [67]

Уэсли сам открыл школы в Foundery в Лондоне и Kingswood School . В отчете Уэслиана в 1832 году говорилось, что для процветания церкви система воскресных школ должна быть дополнена дневными школами с образованными учителями. В 1843 году было предложено открыть 700 новых дневных школ в течение семи лет. Хотя был достигнут устойчивый рост, эта амбициозная цель не могла быть достигнута, отчасти из-за ограничения количества учителей с соответствующей квалификацией. Большинство учителей были из одного учебного заведения в Глазго. Отчет Уэслиана об образовании за 1844 год призвал к созданию постоянного Уэслианского педагогического колледжа. Результатом стало основание Вестминстерского педагогического колледжа на Хорсферри-роуд, Вестминстер, в 1851 году. [68]

В Англии XIX века не было государственной школьной системы; основным поставщиком была Церковь Англии. Комитет по образованию Уэслиана, существовавший с 1838 по 1902 год, задокументировал участие методизма в образовании детей. Сначала основные усилия были направлены на создание воскресных школ. В 1837 году было 3339 воскресных школ с 59 297 учителями и 341 443 учениками. [69] В 1836 году Конференция методистов Уэслиана дала свое благословение на создание «школ буднего дня». [70] [71] В 1902 году методисты управляли 738 школами, чтобы их детям не приходилось учиться у англиканских учителей. Методисты, наряду с другими нонконформистами, резко выступили против Закона об образовании 1902 года , который финансировал школы Церкви Англии и также финансировал школы методистов, но передал их в подчинение местным органам образования , которые обычно контролировались англиканами. [72] В 20 веке число школ, управляемых методистской церковью, сократилось, поскольку многие из них стали государственными школами, и в 1996 году их оставалось всего 28. [73]

Колониальные миссии

Благодаря энергичной миссионерской работе методизм распространился по всей Британской империи. Он был особенно успешен в новых Соединенных Штатах благодаря Второму великому пробуждению начала 19 века. Английские эмигранты привезли методизм в Канаду и Австралию. [74] Британские и американские миссионеры добрались до Индии и некоторых других имперских колоний. [75] В целом усилия по обращению были лишь скромно успешными, но отчеты в Британию оказали влияние на формирование того, как методисты понимали более широкий мир. [76]

Нонконформистская совесть

Историки объединяют методистов вместе с другими протестантскими группами в «нонконформистов» или « диссидентов », выступающих против устоявшейся Церкви Англии. В 19 веке инакомыслящие, ходившие в часовню, составляли половину людей, которые действительно посещали службы по воскресеньям. «Нонконформистская совесть» была их моральной чувствительностью, которую они пытались внедрить в британскую политику. [77] [78] Две категории инакомыслящих, или нонконформистов, были в дополнение к евангелистам или элементу « Низкой церкви » в Церкви Англии. «Старые инакомыслящие», датируемые 16 и 17 веками, включали баптистов , конгрегационалистов , квакеров , унитарианцев и пресвитериан за пределами Шотландии. «Новые инакомыслящие» появились в 18 веке и были в основном методистами, особенно уэслианскими методистами. [77]

«Нонконформистская совесть» «старой» группы подчеркивала религиозную свободу и равенство, стремление к справедливости и противодействие дискриминации, принуждению и насилию. «Новые диссентеры» (а также англиканские евангелисты ) подчеркивали вопросы личной морали, включая сексуальность, семейные ценности, воздержание и соблюдение субботы . Обе фракции были политически активны, но до середины 19 века «старая» группа поддерживала в политике в основном вигов и либералов , в то время как «новая» в основном поддерживала консерваторов . Однако методисты изменились и в 1880-х годах перешли в Либеральную партию, привлеченные в значительной степени интенсивным морализмом Гладстона. Результатом стало слияние «старой» и «новой», что усилило их большой вес как группы политического давления. [79] [80] Они объединились по новым вопросам, особенно поддерживая воздержание и выступая против Закона об образовании 1902 года , причем первое представляло особый интерес для методистов. [81] [82] К 1914 году совесть ослабла, а к 1920-м годам она фактически умерла политически. [83]

Архитектура

Восьмиугольная методистская часовня в Хептонстолле — одна из старейших в Англии.

В ранние дни методизма часовни иногда строились восьмиугольными, в основном, чтобы избежать конфликта с установленной церковью Англии. Первая была в Норвиче (1757); за ней последовали Ротерем (1761), Уитби (1762), Ярм (1763), Хептонстолл (1764) и девять других. Джон Уэсли лично одобрил проект восьмиугольных часовен, заявив: «Это лучше для голоса и по многим причинам более удобно, чем любые другие». Говорят, что он также добавил — «нет углов, где мог бы спрятаться дьявол». [84]

Методистское наследие отмечает, что часовня Ярма является старейшей в Англии, постоянно используемой в качестве места методистского богослужения. [85] Ее проектирование и строительство курировал Уэсли, который часто проповедовал в часовне и называл ее своей «любимой». [85]

Тем не менее, часовня Хептонстолла также боролась за звание старейшей восьмиугольной часовни, находящейся в постоянном использовании. [86] Здание было показано в телесериале BBC «Церкви: как их читать » . Ведущий Ричард Тейлор назвал его одной из десяти своих любимых церквей, сказав: «Если у зданий есть аура, то эта излучала дружбу». [87]

Примитивный методизм

Методистская (первоначально примитивная методистская) часовня, открытая в 1878 году в Халвергейте , Норфолк.

Отказ уэслианских методистов от возрождений и лагерных собраний привел к основанию в 1820 году Primitive Methodist Connexion в Англии и Шотландии, которое подчеркивало эти практики. Это было демократическое, ориентированное на мирян движение. Его социальная база состояла из беднейших членов общества; они ценили как его содержание (проклятие, спасение, грешники и святые), так и стиль (прямой, спонтанный и страстный). Оно предлагало альтернативу более среднему классу уэслианских методистов и англиканской официальной церкви, контролируемой высшим классом, и, в свою очередь, иногда приводило приверженцев к пятидесятничеству . [88] Primitive Methodist плохо финансировались и испытывали трудности со строительством часовен или школ и поддержкой служителей. [89] Рост был сильным в середине 19-го века. Число членов сократилось после 1900 года из-за растущего секуляризма в обществе, возрождения англиканства среди рабочего класса, конкуренции со стороны других нонконформистских конфессий (включая Армию спасения бывшего методистского священника Уильяма Бута ) и конкуренции между различными ветвями методистов. [90]

Ведущим теологом примитивных методистов был Артур Пик (1865–1929), профессор библейской критики в Университете Манчестера, 1904–29. Он был активен в многочисленных руководящих ролях и способствовал развитию Методистского союза , который возник в 1932 году после его смерти. Он популяризировал современную библейскую науку, включая новую высшую критику . Он подходил к Библии не как к непогрешимому слову Божьему, а как к записи откровения, написанного подверженными ошибкам людьми. [91]

1900 по настоящее время

Воссоединение

Во второй половине 19-го века многие из небольших расколов воссоединились, чтобы стать Объединенными Методистскими Свободными Церквями , а дальнейшее объединение в 1907 году с Методистской Новой Связью и Библейской Христианской Церковью привело к появлению Объединенной Методистской Церкви . В 1908 году основными тремя ветвями были Уэслианские Методисты , Примитивные Методисты и Объединенные Методисты. Членство в различных методистских ветвях достигло пика в 841 000 в 1910 году, затем неуклонно снижалось до 425 000 в 1990 году. [41]

После конца 19 века евангельские подходы к невоцерковленным стали менее эффективными и реже использовались. Методисты больше внимания уделяли своему текущему членству и меньше — охвату, в то время как размер семьи среднего класса неуклонно сокращался. [92] Было меньше известных проповедников или выдающихся лидеров. Теологические изменения, которые подчеркивали опыт обращения как единовременное событие на всю жизнь, а не как шаг на пути к совершенству, уменьшили важность посещения классных собраний и сделали пробуждения менее значимыми. [93] Механизмы роста, которые так хорошо работали в фазе расширения в начале 19 века, были в значительной степени отброшены, включая пробуждения и личное обращение на классных собраниях, а также пир любви , молитвенные собрания в воскресенье вечером и встречи на открытом воздухе. Неспособность расти была отмечена слабеющим опытом воскресных школ, в которых набор неуклонно падал. [94] [95]

Методистский сборник гимнов (первое издание, на фото) был напечатан в 1933 году в ознаменование объединения трех основных ветвей методистской церкви.

С созданием Методистского союза в 1932 году три основных методистских объединения в Британии — уэслианцы, примитивные методисты и объединенные методисты — объединились, чтобы сформировать нынешнюю Методистскую церковь. [96] Некоторые ответвления методизма, такие как Независимое методистское объединение , остаются совершенно отдельными организациями. [97]

Попытки обратить вспять спад

После объединения 1932 года во многих городах и деревнях остались конкурирующие методистские церкви и округа, которые медленно объединялись. [98] Методистский историк Реджинальд Уорд утверждает, что поскольку объединение проводилось неравномерно до 1950-х годов, оно отвлекало внимание от неотложной необходимости возродить быстро сокращающееся движение. Надежды на финансовую выгоду оказались иллюзорными, и методистские лидеры провели раннюю послевоенную эпоху в тщетных попытках достичь объединения с Англиканской церковью. [99] Было использовано несколько подходов, чтобы обратить вспять сокращение членства и ослабление рвения в послевоенную эпоху, но ни один из них не сработал. Например, были организованы групповые туры методистов , но они прекратились, когда стало ясно, что они не оказали большого влияния. [100]

В течение 20-го века методисты все больше принимали христианские социалистические идеи. Дональд Сопер (1903–1998) был, пожалуй, самым широко признанным лидером методистов. Будучи активистом, он пропагандировал пацифизм и ядерное разоружение в сотрудничестве с Лейбористской партией . [101] Премьер-министр Маргарет Тэтчер была моралисткой-методисткой; Сопер осуждал ее политику как нехристианскую. Однако в «битве за душу Британии» она переизбиралась снова и снова. [102] Историк методистов Мартин Уэллингс говорит о Сопере:

Его сочетание модернистской теологии, высокого сакраментализма и социалистической политики, выраженное с беззаботным остроумием и непримиримым порывом, приводило в восторг публику, восхищало поклонников и доводило оппонентов до апоплексического гнева. [101]

В 1967 году Сопер, тогда единственный методистский священник в Палате лордов , сетовал на то, что:

Сегодня мы живем в то, что является первым подлинно языческим веком, то есть есть так много людей, особенно детей, которые никогда не помнят, что слышали гимны на коленях у матери, как это было со мной, чьи первые мелодии с Радио Один , а не из какого-либо сборника гимнов; чье первое знакомство со своими друзьями, родственниками и другими людьми происходит вовсе не в воскресной школе или в церкви, как это было со мной. [103]

Ученые предложили несколько возможных причин упадка, но не пришли к единому мнению относительно их относительной важности. Уэллингс излагает «классическую модель» секуляризации , отмечая при этом, что она была оспорена некоторыми учеными.

Знакомая отправная точка, классическая модель секуляризации, утверждает, что религиозная вера становится менее правдоподобной, а религиозная практика более сложной в развитых индустриальных и урбанизированных обществах. Распад или разрушение традиционных сообществ и норм поведения; распространение научного мировоззрения, уменьшающего масштаб сверхъестественного и роль Бога; рост материального благосостояния, способствующий самостоятельности и мирскому оптимизму; и большая осведомленность и терпимость к различным вероисповеданиям и идеям, поощряющая религиозный плюрализм и выхолащивающая приверженность определенной вере, все это формирует компоненты аргументации в пользу секуляризации. Примененная к британским церквям в целом Стивом Брюсом и к методизму в частности Робертом Карри, эта модель прослеживает упадок, начиная с викторианской эпохи, и в двадцатом веке показывает устойчивый отлив моря веры. [101] [104]

За десятилетний период с 2006 по 2016 год количество членов сократилось с 262 972 до 188 398. Это представляет собой снижение на 3,5 процента в годовом исчислении. [11] [105] В конфессии насчитывалось 4 512 местных церквей. [11] В течение следующих трех лет до 2019 года темпы снижения немного замедлились, поскольку количество членов сократилось до менее 170 000, а количество церквей — до 4 110. [4]

Богослужение и литургия

Священник, одетый в рясу и проповеднические повязки , возглавляет службу Святого Причастия.

Методизм был наделен братьями Уэсли богослужением, характеризующимся двойной практикой: сакраментальной литургией англиканской Книги общих молитв, с одной стороны, и свободной формой «службы слова», т. е. нонконформистской проповеднической службой, с другой. [106] [107] Прослушивание чтения Писания и проповеди, основанной на библейском тексте, практически всегда включено в методистское богослужение. [106] Методистская церковь следует Пересмотренному общему лекционарию , как и другие основные конфессии в Британии. [108] Подобно большинству исторических христианских церквей, Методистская церковь имеет официальные литургии для таких служб, как Святое Причастие (Вечеря Господня), Крещение , Рукоположение и Брак . Эти и другие образцы богослужения содержатся в Методистской книге богослужения , самой последней методистской книге богослужения . [109] В предисловии говорится, что поклонение — это « благодатная встреча между Богом и Церковью. Бог говорит с нами, особенно через чтение и провозглашение Священного Писания, а также через символы и таинства. Мы отвечаем главным образом через гимны , молитвы и акты посвящения». [110] Методизм обычно допускает свободу в том, как совершается литургия — Книга Богослужения служит руководством, но служители, проповедники и другие лидеры богослужения не обязаны ее использовать. [примечание 2]

Святилище методистской часовни Хептонстолла. Видное положение кафедры отражает акцент на проповеди как центральной теме большинства служб.

Методистская церковь использовала ряд гимнов (книг гимнов) и книг по службе. Методистская книга гимнов (1933) была первым сборником гимнов, опубликованным после объединения 1932 года. [109] В 1936 году церковь одобрила Книгу служб , [примечание 3] включая «Порядок утренней молитвы», которая последовала за прецедентом уэслианских литургий, основанных на Книге общей молитвы (1662). [112] [113] Позже Методистская книга по службе (1975) модернизировала язык, используемый в молитвах причастия; его широкое использование было указано как причина более частого празднования причастия в Методистской церкви. [114] Публикация нового сборника гимнов, Гимны и псалмы (1983), расширила репертуар композиций 20-го века. [109]

Методистская книга богослужений (1999) включает в себя более широкий спектр служб для каждого сезона ; она продолжает намерение книги богослужений 1975 года сохранить методистские традиции, принимая во внимание идеи литургического возрождения . [113] [114] Новостные СМИ проявили интерес к ее публикации из-за использования гендерно-нейтрального языка и включения молитвы, обращенной к «Богу, нашему Отцу и нашей Матери  ». [114] Эта молитва рассматривалась некоторыми традиционалистами как «вызывающий» отход от мужского языка , который традиционно используется при обращении к Богу. [115]

Hymnody is used to communicate doctrine, and is recognised as a central feature of Methodism's liturgical identity.[116] The church is known for its rich musical tradition, and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing many of the popular hymns sung by Methodist congregations.[117][118][119] Singing the Faith is the current hymnal, published by the church in 2011.[120] It contains 748 hymns and songs and 42 liturgical settings (such as the Kyrie, the Sanctus and the Lord's Prayer, as well as material from the Taizé and Iona traditions).[120] There are also 50 canticles and psalms, selected on the basis of their use within liturgy.[120] The collection of 89 hymns by Charles Wesley[121] is a reduction from over 200 in the 1933 Hymn-Book.[109]

Holy Communion

Methodist congregations celebrate Holy Communion within a Sunday service generally at least once a month.[122] The practice of an open table is now widespread in the Methodist Church. Although the phrasing and exact requirements in a particular local church may vary, generally "all those who love the Lord Jesus Christ"[123]: 7  are invited to receive bread and wine, irrespective of age or denominational identity. However this is not historic Methodist practice. Guidelines about Children and Holy Communion, issued in 1987, affirmed that those receiving communion should, if not already baptised, be encouraged to be baptised—though acknowledging that this "theological principle" was not widely adhered to.[123]

Covenant Service

A distinctive liturgical feature of British Methodism is the Covenant Service. Methodists annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God.[124] In 1755, Wesley crafted the original Covenant Service using material from the writings of eminent clerics Joseph and Richard Alleine. In 1780, Wesley printed an excerpt from Richard Alleine's Vindiciae Pietatis, which is prayer for renewal of a believer's covenant with God.[125] This excerpt, known in modified form as the Wesley Covenant Prayer, remained in use—linked with Holy Communion and observed on the first Sunday of the New Year—among Wesleyan Methodists until 1936.[125] In the 1920s, Wesleyan minister George B. Robson expanded the form of the Covenant Service by replacing most of the exhortation with prayers of adoration, thanksgiving and confession. Robson's Covenant Service was revised and officially authorised for use in the Book of Offices (1936). Further revisions, strengthening the link with Communion and intercession for the wider church and the world, appeared in the Service Book (1975) and Worship Book (1999).[125] This Covenant Prayer, which has been adopted by other Christian traditions, has been described as "a celebration of all that God has done and an affirmation that we give our lives and choices to God".[126]

Doctrine

Core beliefs

A summary of Methodist doctrine is contained in the Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists.[127] Some core beliefs that are affirmed by most Methodists include:

Wesleyan theology

Wesleyan tradition stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice.[131] It has been characterised as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The Methodist Church teaches the Arminian concepts of free will, conditional election, and sanctifying grace. John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminianism.[132][133] Wesley taught that salvation is achieved through "divine/human cooperation" (which is referred to as synergism),[134][135] however, one cannot either turn to God nor believe unless God has first drawn a person and implanted the desire in their heart (the Wesleyan doctrine of prevenient grace).[136]

Wesley believed that certain aspects of the Christian faith required special emphasis.[137] Wesleyan Methodist minister William Fitzgerald (1856–1931) summarised the core emphases of Wesleyan doctrine by using four statements that collectively are called the 'Four Alls'.[138] These are expressed:

Wesley described the mission of Methodism as being "to spread scriptural holiness over the land".[140] Methodists believe that inner holiness (sanctification) should be evidenced by external actions (that is, outward holiness), such as avoiding ostentation, dressing modestly, and acting honestly.[141] Wesley made much of the ongoing process or "journey" of sanctification, occasionally even seeming to claim that believers could to some degree attain perfection in this life.[142][note 4]

It is a traditional position of the Methodist Church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason by which to understand God's action and will.[113] However, Methodists also look to Christian tradition as a source of doctrine. Wesley himself believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in the Bible as the sole foundational source. The centrality of Scripture was so important for Wesley that he called himself "a man of one book".[144] Methodism has also emphasised a personal experience of faith; this is linked to the Methodist doctrine of assurance. These four elements taken together form the Wesleyan Quadrilateral.[145]

Scripture

According to a conference report, A Lamp to my Feet and a Light to my Path (1998),[note 5][146] there are different perspectives on biblical authority which are held within the Methodist Church. The report summarises a range of views, as follows:[147]

  1. The Bible is the Word of God and is therefore inerrant (free of all error and entirely trustworthy in everything which it records) and has complete authority in all matters of theology and behavior....
  2. The Bible's teaching about God, salvation and Christian living is entirely trustworthy. It cannot be expected, however, to provide entirely accurate scientific or historical information....
  3. The Bible is the essential foundation on which Christian faith and life are built. However, its teachings were formed in particular historical and cultural contexts and must therefore be read in that light....
  4. The Bible's teaching, while foundational and authoritative for Christians, needs to be interpreted by the church.... Church tradition is therefore high importance as a practical source of authority.
  5. The Bible is one of the main ways in which God speaks to the believer... Much stress is placed on spiritual experience itself, which conveys its own compelling authority.
  6. The Bible witnesses to God's revelation of himself through history and supremely through Jesus Christ. However, the Bible is not itself that revelation, but only the witness to it.... Reason, tradition and experience are as important as the biblical witnesses.
  7. The Bible comprises a diverse and often contradictory collection of documents which represent the experiences of various people in various times and places. The Christian's task is to follow, in some way, the example of Christ. And to the extent that the Bible records evidence of his character and teaching it offers a useful resource.

Doctrinal standards

The Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church.[148] It recognises the historic creeds—the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed—as two statements of belief which have been in use since the earliest days of the Christian Church,[149] and which may be used in church services; alongside these a short "affirmation of faith" is also set out in the Methodist Worship Book.[150]

Although Methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings, hymns and sermons of the church's founders,[151] especially John Wesley and Charles Wesley. The Methodist Church does not possess a strict set of doctrines comparable to that of the Westminster Confession, but it does specify general doctrinal standards, as follows:

The Methodist Church claims and cherishes its place in the Holy Catholic Church which is the Body of Christ. It rejoices in the inheritance of the apostolic faith and loyally accepts the fundamental principles of the historic creeds and of the Protestant Reformation. It ever remembers that in the providence of God Methodism was raised up to spread scriptural holiness through the land by the proclamation of the evangelical faith and declares its unfaltering resolve to be true to its divinely appointed mission.

The doctrines of the evangelical faith which Methodism has held from the beginning and still holds are based upon the divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures. The Methodist Church acknowledges this revelation as the supreme rule of faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged are contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and the first four volumes of his sermons.

The Notes on the New Testament and the 44 Sermons are not intended to impose a system of formal or speculative theology on Methodist preachers, but to set up standards of preaching and belief which should secure loyalty to the fundamental truths of the gospel of redemption and ensure the continued witness of the Church to the realities of the Christian experience of salvation.

— Deed of Union (1932)[7]: 213 

Evangelism

The church is also evangelistic, i.e. concerned with spreading the Christian gospel. Being an evangelistic church is considered an integral part of the Methodist calling. The church offers a course called Everyone an evangelist, reflecting the church's evangelism and growth strategy and its focus on personal testimony.[152][153]

Positions on social and moral issues

Life issues

The Methodist Conference statement of 1976 says that the termination of any form of human life cannot be regarded superficially.[154] The church has also stated that the "unborn human" should be accorded rights progressively as it develops through the stages of gestation, from embryo to fetus, culminating with full respect as an individual at birth.[155] The 1976 statement gives examples of circumstances in which abortion may be permissible; these include situations where the life or health of the mother is at risk, in cases of serious abnormality where the child is incapable of survival, and in cases where the right of the unborn child to be healthy and wanted may not be met.[154] The Methodist Church believes that its members should work toward the elimination of the need for abortion by advocating for social support for mothers. The conference statement argues that "abortion must not be regarded as an alternative to contraception", and disagrees with complete legalisation, recommending that abortion "should remain subject to a legal framework and to responsible counselling and to medical judgement."[154] Within this legal framework, it advocates limiting elective abortions to 20 weeks of pregnancy.[156] The church generally approved of the Abortion Act 1967 which made abortion legal only under certain circumstances.[156][154] It also supports the use of "responsible contraception" and family planning as ways to prevent unwanted pregnancies.[157]

The Methodist Church strongly opposes assisted suicide and euthanasia. The conference statement of 1974 states: "The final stage of an illness is not one which need represent the ultimate defeat for the doctor or nurse, but a supreme opportunity to help the patient at many levels, including those relating to emotional and spiritual well-being ... Dedicated workers in this field of care, including specialised hospices, demonstrate that it is possible to deal with all the symptoms which cause problems to the patient ... Euthanasia, assisted dying – both are artificial precipitation of death. Many Christians believe this idea is wrong. An approach to death as outlined above makes euthanasia inappropriate and irrelevant."[158]

The Methodist Church supported the campaign to abolish capital punishment in the United Kingdom, and since then has totally opposed its reintroduction.[159]

Sexuality and marriage

Within the Methodist Church members have a broad range of views about sexual morality, relationships, and the purpose of marriage.[160] The church condemns all practices of sexuality "which are promiscuous, exploitative or demeaning in any way".[161] In his 1743 tract "Thoughts on Marriage and a Single Life", John Wesley taught that the ability to live a single life is given by God to all believers, although few people are able to accept this gift. He also taught that no one should forbid marriage.[162]

In 1993 the Methodist Conference met in Derby and passed six resolutions covering issues related with human sexuality (known as the "Derby Resolutions" or "1993 Resolutions"). Among these, the conference at the time reaffirmed the traditional Christian teaching of "chastity for all outside marriage and fidelity within it".[161] The Derby Resolutions also agreed that the church "recognises, affirms and celebrates the participation and ministry of lesbians and gay men" and allows the ordination of openly gay ministers.[161]

The Methodist Church historically has had a mixed position on the blessing of same-sex couples. In 2005 the Methodist Conference meeting in Torquay recommended that ministers be allowed to bless same-sex relationships, subject to local approval.[163][164] It affirmed that the church should be "welcoming and inclusive" and not turn people away because of their sexual orientation.[164] However, in 2006 the Methodist Conference decided not to authorise formal blessings in local churches, although ministers were allowed to offer informal private prayers.[165][166] The 2013 conference set up a working party to oversee a process of "deep reflection and discernment" before reporting back to the conference in 2016 with recommendations about whether the definition of marriage should be revised.[167] Subsequently, in 2016 the conference voted to "revisit" the church's position on same-sex marriage, with a mandate from members "expressing a desire to endorse same-sex relationships".[168]

On 3 July 2019 the Methodist Conference approved a report, God in Love Unites Us, and voted in principle to permit same-sex weddings in Methodist premises by Methodist ministers—the report was then sent to district synods for consultation.[169] A final decision was due to be made at the July 2020 conference,[170] however this was postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which prevented grassroots discussions of the proposals.[171] On 30 June 2021 the Conference, presided over by Sonia Hicks, overwhelmingly approved (254 votes in favour with 46 against) the recognition of same-sex marriage in the church. Ministers are not forced to conduct such weddings if they disagree.[172] The Conference also affirmed cohabitation.[173] The traditionalist caucus, Methodist Evangelicals Together, dissented with this recognition.[174]

Prior to this, the Methodist Church already permitted transgender individuals who had undergone a legal gender transition to marry in the church. This was because it allowed persons to be married based on their legal gender rather than their assigned sex at birth. The church has stated, "[t]here is no clear theological or Scriptural position on matters of gender reassignment."[175]

Dignity and Worth is a campaign group within the Methodist Church which aims to strengthen the Methodist Church's position as an LGBT-affirming denomination.[172][176] The chair of the group described the church's decision to recognise same-sex marriage as a "momentous step on the road to justice".[172]

Alcohol

In 1744, the directions the Wesleys gave to the Methodist societies required them "to taste no spirituous liquor ... unless prescribed by a physician."[177] Methodists, in particular the Primitives, later took a leading role in the British temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries,[178] and Methodism remains closely associated with temperance in many people's minds.[179]: 3  Methodists saw social issues such as poverty and violence in the home as exacerbated by drunkenness and alcoholism, and sought to persuade people to abstain totally from alcoholic beverages.[66][180] Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection. At one time, ministers had to take a pledge not to drink, and encouraged their congregations to do the same.[181] To this day, alcohol remains banned in most Methodist premises.[note 6] The choice to consume alcohol outside of church is now a personal decision for any member: the 1974 conference recognised the "sincerity and integrity of those who take differing views on whether they should drink or abstain".[179]: 4 [183] The conference of 2000 later recommended that all Methodists should "consider seriously the claims of total abstinence", and "make a personal commitment either to total abstinence or to responsible drinking".[7]: 817 

The Methodist Church uses non-alcoholic wine (grape juice) in the sacrament of Holy Communion.[184] In 1869, a Methodist dentist named Thomas Welch developed a method of pasteurising grape juice in order to produce an unfermented communion wine for his church.[185] He later founded Welch's grape juice company.[186] By the 1880s this non-alcoholic wine had become commonplace in Methodist churches worldwide.[187]

Poverty

From the start Methodism was sympathetic towards poor people. In 1753, John Wesley bemoaned, "So wickedly, devilishly false is that common objection, 'They are poor, only because they are idle'."[188] In a Joint Public Issues Team report issued with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, the Church of Scotland and United Reformed Church, the Methodist Church stated this misconception is also prevalent today.[189]

Daleep Mukarji, the former director of the charity Christian Aid,[190] who was vice-president of the Methodist Conference in 2013, stated economic inequality was more prevalent in 21st-century Britain than at any time since World War II. He highlighted the response of Methodists:

Working with others, people of faith or no faith, we need to work for justice, inclusion and development that benefits the poor and marginalised here in the UK and across the world. This requires that we be prepared for the education, organisation and equipping of our members so that we build the necessary energy and commitment to see changes in our society. (...) We must hold our leaders, the structures and systems accountable so that we see that the weak and vulnerable are given a better deal. (...) Many Methodists in our local churches and circuits have outstanding programmes that serve people in need. At this time when poverty, deprivation and neglect seem to have got worse we should do more. (...) Our Methodist church is known for our service, our commitment to social justice and our willingness to act to transform society.

— Daleep Mukarji[191]

Some Methodist churches host food banks, distributing food to those in need.[192][193]

Ministry

Presbyters and deacons

In 2016 there were 3,459 Methodist ministers, with 1,562 active in circuit ministry.[11] The church recognises two orders of ordained ministry—that of presbyter and deacon.[194][note 7] Church documents refer to both as "Minister", though common usage often limits this title to presbyters.[194][197]: 149  Presbyters are styled "The Reverend",[198] while "Deacon" is used as a title by members of the diaconate. Deacons (both women and men) also belong to a community of deacons in the Methodist Diaconal Order.[199] The Deed of Union (the key foundation document of the Methodist Church since union in 1932[1]) describes the roles of presbyters and deacons and the purpose of their ministries:

Christ's ministers in the church are stewards in the household of God and shepherds of his flock. Some are called and ordained to this occupation as presbyters or deacons. Presbyters have a principal and directing part in these great duties but they hold no priesthood differing in kind from that which is common to all the Lord's people and they have no exclusive title to the preaching of the gospel or the care of souls. These ministries are shared with them by others to whom also the Spirit divides his gifts severally as he wills.[7]: 213 

John Wesley appointed, organised and sent forth Methodist preachers in his day. Wesley's "assistants" would become the superintendent ministers.

Both the diaconal and presbyteral orders in the Methodist Church are considered equal, playing distinct yet complementary roles in the ministry.[197] Deacons are called to a ministry of service and witness: specifically to "assist God's people in worship and prayer" and "to visit and support the sick and the suffering".[199] Presbyters are called to a ministry of word and sacrament: "to preach by word and deed the Gospel of God's grace" and "to baptise, to confirm, and to preside at the celebration of the sacrament of Christ's body and blood."[199] Presbyters historically are itinerant preachers, and the current rules mandate that presbyters in active work are stationed in a circuit for typically five years before transferring to another circuit.[200]

Methodist presbyters are usually given pastoral charge of several local churches within the circuit. Ordinary presbyters are in turn overseen by a superintendent, who is the most senior minister in the circuit. Unlike many other Methodist denominations the British church does not have bishops. A report, What Sort of Bishops? to the conference of 2005, was accepted for study and report.[201] This report considered whether this should now be changed, and if so, what forms of episcopacy might be acceptable. Consultation at grassroots level during 2006 and 2007 revealed overwhelming opposition from those who responded. As a consequence, the 2007 conference decided not to move towards having bishops at present.[202]

Without bishops, the Methodist Church does not subscribe to the idea of an historical episcopate. It does, however, affirm the doctrine of apostolic succession.[203] In 1937 the Methodist Conference located the "true continuity" with the church of past ages in "the continuity of Christian experience, the fellowship in the gift of the one Spirit; in the continuity in the allegiance to one Lord, the continued proclamation of the message; the continued acceptance of the mission;..." [through a long chain which goes back to] "the first disciples in the company of the Lord Himself ... This is our doctrine of apostolic succession" [which neither depends on, nor is secured by,] "an official succession of ministers, whether bishops or presbyters, from apostolic times, but rather by fidelity to apostolic truth".[203]

Ordination of women

The Primitive Methodist Church always allowed female preachers and ministers, although there were never many of them.[204] The Wesleyan Methodist Church established an order of deaconesses in 1890. The Methodist Church has re-allowed ordination of women as presbyters since 2 July 1974, when 17 women were received into full connexion at the Methodist Conference in Bristol.[205][206] The Methodist Church, along with some other Protestant churches, holds that when the historical contexts involved are understood, a coherent biblical argument can be made in favour of women's ordination.[207]

Local preachers

A distinctive feature of British Methodism is its extensive use of "local preachers" ('local' because they stay in the same circuit, as opposed to 'itinerant' preachers who move to different circuits, in the case of presbyters).[208] They are laypeople who have been trained and accredited to preach and lead worship services in place of a presbyter; however, local preachers cannot ordinarily officiate at services of Holy Communion.[209] Local preachers are thus similar to lay readers in the Church of England.[210] It is estimated that local preachers conduct seven out of every ten Methodist services, either in their own circuit or in others where they are invited as "visiting preachers".[210]

Local preachers played an important role in English and Welsh social history, especially among the working class and labour movement.[211] Prominent 20th- and 21st-century public figures who preached include George Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1983;[212] David Frost, television broadcaster;[213][214] Len Murray, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress from 1973 to 1983;[215] and David Blunkett, Home Secretary from 2001 to 2004.[213]

Other appointments

Other appointments may include pastoral and administrative roles. Church standing orders prohibit the appointment of anyone being appointed to undertake work with children, young people or vulnerable adults in the life of the church if they have a criminal conviction or caution under a number of laws, including the Sexual Offences Act 2003, or who is barred by the Disclosure and Barring Service from work with vulnerable people or who the Safeguarding Committee has concluded poses a risk to vulnerable groups.[7]: SO 010 

Organisation

A typical Methodist chapel in Chellaston. Local churches are grouped into circuits to which ministers are appointed.

Methodists belong to local churches or local ecumenical partnerships but also feel part of a larger connected community, known as 'The Connexion'. This sense of being connected makes a difference to how the Methodist Church as a whole is structured. From its inception under John Wesley, Methodism has always laid strong emphasis on the interdependence and mutual support of one local church for another.[216] The church community has never been seen in isolation either from its immediately neighbouring church communities or from the centralised national organisation. When ministers are ordained in the Methodist Church, they are also "received into full Connexion".[217]

A quarterly magazine entitled the connexion is published by the church.[218]

Local churches

The Methodist chapel in Haroldswick is the northernmost church in Britain. Methodism has a strong presence in the Shetland Islands.

Membership of the Methodist Church is held in a particular local church, or in a local ecumenical partnership.[219] For people who wish to become members of the church there is a period of instruction and, once the local church council is satisfied with the person's sincere acceptance of the basis of membership of the Methodist Church, a service of confirmation and reception into membership is held; if they have not previously been baptised, the service will include baptism.[219] (Each member of a local church receives a membership ticket at least once a year; in early Methodism, tickets were issued by Wesley every three months as evidence of a member's good standing.[220][221]) As at October 2016, church members are dispersed over 4,512 local churches—unevenly distributed over a small number of large churches and a large number of small churches.[11]

Local church can refer to both the congregation and the building in which it meets (though the building may also be called a chapel).[222][223] It is the whole body of members of the Methodist Church linked with one particular place of worship. The concept of the local church is based on the original Methodist "societies" that existed within the Church of England during the time of John Wesley's ministry.[224] A local church is normally led by a presbyter, usually referred to as "the minister".

Some church members belong to a church council, either because they have been elected by the local church members, or because they hold one of a number of offices within the local church. The church council, with a minister, has responsibility for running the local church. Members of the church council are also trustees of the local church.[225] The church council appoints two or more church stewards, who exercise pastoral responsibility in conjunction with the minister and together provide a leadership role across "the whole range of the church's life and activity".[7]: 530 

Circuits

Local churches are grouped into 368 circuits (as of 2016) of various sizes.[11] The responsibilities of the circuit are exercised through the circuit meeting, led by the superintendent minister.[226] It is responsible for managing the finances, property and officeholders within the circuit. Most circuits have many fewer ministers than churches and the majority of services are led by local preachers, or by supernumerary ministers—retired ministers who are not officially counted in the number of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed.[227] The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the circuit by lay circuit stewards, who together form the leadership team.[226][228]

Central halls

The Methodist Central Hall, Westminster, serves as a church and conference centre.
The Methodist Central Hall, Birmingham (1908). Originally a Methodist church, it was later converted into a music venue.

Some large inner-city Methodist buildings, called 'central halls', are designated as circuits in themselves.[229] About a hundred such halls were built in Britain between 1886 and 1945, many in a Renaissance or Baroque style.[230] They were designated as multi-purpose venues; in their heyday they presented low-cost concerts and shows to entertain the working classes on Saturdays—encouraging them to avoid drinking establishments and thereby abstain from alcohol—as well as hosting church congregations on Sundays. However, many were bombed during the Second World War, and others declined as people moved out of the city centres; as of 2012 only sixteen remain in use as Methodist churches.[231] Others, such as the landmark Birmingham Central Hall, and Liverpool's Grand Central Hall, have been sold and adapted as retail or nightclub venues.[231] One of the remaining halls is Methodist Central Hall in Westminster (close to Parliament Square and Westminster Abbey), established in 1912 to serve as a church with additional use "for conferences on religious, educational, scientific, philanthropic and social questions".[232]

Districts

The Connexion is divided into thirty districts (as at 2018) covering the whole of Great Britain, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands.[233] The district is a drawing together of a variable number of circuits in a geographic locality. Wales is covered by two districts: a Welsh-language synod and an English-language synod. Methodism has never been prevalent in Scotland, and there are only around 40 local churches gathered into one Scotland District.[234]

The governing body of a district is the twice-yearly synod.[235] Each district is presided over by a chair, except the large London District which has three chairs.[236] A chair was, at first, a superintendent of a circuit within the district, but now ministers are appointed exclusively to the separated role.[237] The prime function of the chair is pastoral—the care of ministers and lay workers, and their families, within the district; the appointment of ministers to circuits; candidates for the ministry and the oversight of probationer (trainee) ministers.[236] The district chair is also the person to whom other denominations relate ecumenically at regional or national level.[238]

Conference

The central governing body of the Connexion is the Methodist Conference which meets in June or July each year in a different part of the country.[7]: 216 [239] It represents both ministers and laypeople, and determines church policy.[239] The conference is a gathering of representatives from each district, along with some who have been elected by the conference and some ex officio members and representatives of the youth assembly. It is held in two sessions: a presbyteral session and a representative session including lay representatives.[7]: 216  The 2019 conference was held in Birmingham.[240] The 2020 conference took place as a virtual conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[241] The 2021 conference took place in Birmingham and online. The 2022 conference was held in Telford,[242] and the 2023 conference returned to Birmingham.[243]

The Methodist Conference is the formal authority on all matters of belief and practice.[244] Proposals for a change or development of Methodist teaching about personal, social or public Christian ethics can be initiated:

  1. by any two representatives to the annual conference proposing a resolution (known as a "notice of motion") at the conference itself;
  2. by local groupings of churches (circuit meetings) by regional groupings of churches (synods) proposing a resolution to the conference;
  3. by a resolution to conference from the Methodist Council (a smaller representative body which meets four times a year between conferences).

If, by methods 1 and 2 above, the proposed change or development is significant, the conference will usually direct the Methodist Council to look into the issues and to present a report at a subsequent Conference.[244]

In the course of preparing the report, staff who are appointed or employed by the council will be responsible for developing the church's thinking with the help of professional and theological expertise; and must undertake a wide range of consultations, both within the Methodist Church and with partner denominations. Then the report, with or without specific recommendations, will be presented to Conference for debate.

Examples of issues dealt with in this way are: abortion; civil disobedience; nuclear deterrence; the manufacture and sale of arms; disarmament; care of the environment; family and divorce law; gambling; housing; overseas development and fair trading; poverty; racial justice; asylum and immigration issues; human sexuality; political responsibility.[245]

Sometimes the conference will attempt a definitive judgement on an important theme which is intended to represent the Methodist Church's viewpoint for a decade or more. In such cases a final decision is made after two debates in conference, separated by at least a year, to allow for discussion in all parts of the church's life. Topics of personal, social or public Christian ethics dealt with in this way become official "Statements" or "Declarations" of the Methodist Church on the subject concerned, for example, Family Life, the Single Person and Marriage.[246]

The Methodist Conference is presided over by the president of conference, a presbyter. The president is supported by the vice-president, who is a layperson or deacon. The president and vice-president serve a one-year term, travelling across the Connexion—following the example of Wesley—and preaching in local churches.[247]

Constitutional Practice and Discipline

The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church (CPD) is published annually by order of the conference. Its contents are prepared by the church's Law and Polity Committee and reviewed each year. Volume 1 contains a set of fixed texts, including acts of Parliament,[note 8] other legislation and historic documents; the 1988 preface has been retained in later revisions because, along with abridged versions of earlier forewords, its "value as a general introduction to Methodist constitutional practice and discipline remains unsurpassed".[248]: vi  Volume 2 includes the Deed of Union and Model Trusts, along with the conference standing orders which are updated annually after amendments by the conference.[7]: 261 

Children's and Youth Assembly

There is an annual assembly for children and youth, called 3Generate. It represents children and young adults aged 8 to 23.[249] There is also a youth president,[250] elected annually to serve a paid full-time role.[251]

Charities

The Methodist Church is closely associated with several charitable organisations: namely, Action for Children (formerly the National Children's Home),[252] Methodist Homes (MHA) and All We Can (the Methodist Relief and Development Fund).[253]The church also helps to run a number of faith schools, both state and independent. These include two leading private schools in East Anglia, Culford School and The Leys School.[254] It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos.

Ecumenical and interfaith relations

The Methodist Church participates in various ecumenical forums and associations with other denominations. The church is a founding member of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland (since 1990)[255] and the three national ecumenical bodies in Great Britain, namely Churches Together in England,[256] Cytûn in Wales,[257] and Action of Churches Together in Scotland.[258] Since 1975, the Methodist Church is one of the Covenanted Churches in Wales, along with the Church in Wales, the Presbyterian Church of Wales, the United Reformed Church and certain Baptist churches.[259] It participates in the Conference of European Churches and the World Council of Churches. The church has sent delegates to every Assembly of the World Council and has at various times been represented on its Central Committees and its Faith and Order Commission.[260]

The Methodist Church is officially committed to "seek opportunities to work in partnership with other denominations" and "seek opportunities to join with other Christians in sharing the Good News of the Gospel and to make more followers of Jesus Christ through together bearing witness to the unity of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church."[148] From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church has been involved in nearly 900 local ecumenical partnerships (LEPs) with neighbouring denominations,[10] such as the Church of England, the Baptist Union and the United Reformed Church. Christ Church in Nelson, Lancashire, is an unusual example of a joint Methodist–Catholic church in Britain.[261]

In April 2016 the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome, Italy. International Methodist leaders and Pope Francis met together to dedicate the new office.[262] It exists to offer a resource in the city of Rome for the global Methodist family and to help facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church.[263]

Proposals for merger with other denominations

In the 1960s, the Methodist Church made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity.[264] In February 1963, a report, Conversations between the Church of England and the Methodist Church, was published. This gave an outline of a scheme to unite the two churches. The scheme was not without opposition, for four Methodist representatives—Barrett, Meadley, Snaith and Jessop—issued a dissentient report.[265][266] Through much of the 1960s, controversy spread in the two churches. Central in the debate was the need for Methodist ministers to be ordained under the Anglican historic episcopate, which opponents characterised as "reordination" of Methodist ministers.[264] Discussions ultimately failed when the proposals for union were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972.[267]

In 1982, the Methodist Conference endorsed a covenant with the Church of England, the United Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, but the plan faltered after the House of Bishops in the General Synod vetoed it.[268][269] Bilateral discussions between the Anglicans and Methodists were renewed in the mid-1990s, with a series of Informal Conversations held in 1995 and 1996. These meetings concluded with the publication of a common statement in December 2000 which highlighted common beliefs and potential areas of cooperation between the two denominations.[264]

Anglican–Methodist Covenant

In 2002, the Methodist Conference voted on the proposals in An Anglican–Methodist Covenant, sending it to its districts for discussion. On 1 November 2003, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, the President and other leaders of the Methodist Conference and Archbishops of the Church of England signed the covenant at Methodist Central Hall in Westminster.[270] The covenant affirms the willingness of the two churches to work together at a diocesan/district level in matters of evangelism and joint worship.[271]

In 2021, the churches agreed to move ahead with the covenant and set up a new body to encourage cooperation between Anglicans and Methodists, despite opposition from the Church of England toward the Methodist Church's decision to allow same-sex weddings.[272]

Controversy over report on Zionism

Following the submission of a report entitled Justice for Palestine and Israel in June 2010,[273] the Methodist Conference was reported to have questioned whether "Zionism was compatible with Methodist beliefs".[274] Christian Zionism was broadly characterised as believing that Israel "must be held above criticism whatever policy is enacted", and Conference called for a boycott of selected goods from Israeli settlements.[275] The Chief Rabbi of Britain's Orthodox Jewish community described the report as "unbalanced, factually and historically flawed" and charged that it offered "no genuine understanding of one of the most complex conflicts in the world today. Many in both communities will be deeply disturbed."[274]

Worldwide Methodism

Methodism is a worldwide movement with around 80 million adherents (including members of united and uniting churches).[276] Its largest denomination is the United Methodist Church,[277] which has congregations on four continents, although the majority are in the United States.[278] Delegates from almost all Methodist denominations (and many uniting churches) meet together every five years in a conference of the World Methodist Council.[276]

St Andrew's Scots Church, Malta, is a joint congregation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain and the Church of Scotland situated in Valletta. It serves British expats.[279] There are also Methodist congregations in the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (each forming a district).[229]

Methodist churches in Northern Ireland are part of the Methodist Church in Ireland,[280] a separate connexion which is historically associated with the British Methodist Church. John Wesley visited Ireland on twenty-one occasions between 1747 and 1789, establishing societies there.[281]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Pronounced as /ˈmɛθədɪst/. John Wesley would later reclaim the term Methodist when referring to the methodical pursuit of scriptural holiness.[12]
  2. ^ The preface to the Methodist Service Book (1975), in a discussion of the relationship between free and fixed (written) prayer in Methodist liturgy, argues that the forms presented in the book "are not intended, any more than those in earlier books, to curb creative freedom, but rather to provide for its guidance".[111] The preface to the Methodist Worship Book (1999) states that these words still apply.[110]
  3. ^ Offices refers to divine office or canonical hours. All Methodist service books contain evening and morning prayers for daily use.
  4. ^ Wesley insisted that the goal of Christian perfection was achievable and that he could name some of those who had "reached perfection's height". At the same time he admitted that he himself had not and that that was the case with most of the rest of us too.[143]
  5. ^ A reference to Psalm 119:105
  6. ^ Since 1977, this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes on Methodist property, meaning that a minister may have a drink at home in the manse.[179]: 4  In 2004, an exception to the rule about not supplying alcohol on Methodist premises was created with regard to events taking place on premises used as a conference centre;[66] Methodist Central Hall applied for, and was granted, an alcohol licence.[182]
  7. ^ Both titles are found in various places in the New Testament. The word "presbyter" derives from Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros), the comparative form of πρέσβυς (presbus), "elder".[195] The word "deacon" derives from διάκονος (diakonos), a standard ancient Greek word which had a variety of meanings centred around service, message and attendance.[196]
  8. ^ The Methodist Church Act 1976 grants legal authority to the Conference, for example.[1]

References

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  6. ^ Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (25 September 2014). T&T Clark Companion to Methodism. A&C Black. p. 73. ISBN 9780567290779. British Methodism therefore holds an inescapable chronological priority in the history of world Methodism and it has also often been accorded a courteous priority of esteem, being regard still as the 'mother church' by Methodists from many parts of the globe. The story of the origins and development of Methodism in what is now the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, therefore, is the story, first, of an eighteenth-century movement which gave birth to the whole Methodist enterprise and then of a nineteenth-century church whose influence reached out across the world through the missionary endeavours of the various British Connexions within and beyond the British Empire.
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Further reading

External links