Портал:Нидерланды

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Нидерланды , неофициально Голландия , — страна в Северо-Западной Европе с заморскими территориями в Карибском море . Это самая большая из четырёх стран, входящих в состав Королевства Нидерландов . Нидерланды состоят из двенадцати провинций ; они граничат с Германией на востоке и Бельгией на юге, с побережьем Северного моря на севере и западе. Они разделяют морские границы с Соединённым Королевством , Германией и Бельгией. Официальный язык — нидерландский, а западно-фризский язык является второстепенным официальным языком в провинции Фрисландия . Нидерландский, английский и папьяменто являются официальными языками на территориях Карибского бассейна .

Нидерланды являются парламентской конституционной монархией с унитарной структурой с 1848 года. Страна имеет традицию пилларизации (разделение граждан на группы по религиозным и политическим убеждениям) и долгую историю социальной толерантности , легализовав проституцию и эвтаназию , а также поддерживая либеральную политику в отношении наркотиков . Нидерланды разрешили избирательное право женщинам в 1919 году и стали первой страной, легализовавшей однополые браки в 2001 году. Ее развитая экономика со смешанным рынком имеет одиннадцатый по величине доход на душу населения в мире. В Гааге находятся Генеральные штаты , Кабинет министров и Верховный суд . Порт Роттердама является самым загруженным в Европе . Схипхол является самым загруженным аэропортом в Нидерландах и четвертым по загруженности в Европе . Будучи развитой страной , Нидерланды являются одним из основателей Европейского Союза , Еврозоны , G10 , НАТО , ОЭСР и ВТО , а также частью Шенгенской зоны и трехстороннего Бенилюксского союза. Здесь размещаются межправительственные организации и международные суды , многие из которых находятся в Гааге. ( Полная статья... )

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Портрет Годфри Неллера , ок. 1690 г.

Вильгельм III ( Уильям Генрих; голландский : Willem Hendrik ; 4 ноября 1650 — 8 марта 1702), также известный как Вильгельм Оранский , был суверенным принцем Оранским с рождения, штатгальтер Голландии, Зеландии , Утрехта , Гельдерна и Оверэйссела в Голландской республике с 1670-х годов и король Англии , Ирландии и Шотландии с 1689 года до своей смерти в 1702 году. Он правил Великобританией и Ирландией со своей женой, королевой Марией II , и их совместное правление известно как правление Вильгельма и Марии .Вильгельм был единственным ребенком Вильгельма II, принца Оранского , и Марии, принцессы королевской , дочери короля Англии, Шотландии и Ирландии Карла I. Его отец умер за неделю до его рождения, что сделало Вильгельма III принцем Оранским с рождения. В 1677 году он женился на своей двоюродной сестре Мэри, старшей дочери своего дяди по материнской линии Джеймса, герцога Йоркского , младшего брата и будущего преемника короля Карла II . ( Полная статья... )
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Union Films была кинокомпанией, расположенной в Батавии, Голландская Ост-Индия (ныне Джакарта , Индонезия). Основанная этническими китайскими бизнесменами Энгом Хоком Лиемом и Тьоа Ма Тьоеном в 1940 году, она выпустила семь черно-белых фильмов, прежде чем была распущена в 1942 году; все они считаются утерянными . Фильмы компании были сняты четырьмя мужчинами, в основном этническими китайцами, и положили начало карьере таких актеров, как Рендра Карно и Джоевария .

Основанная во время возрождения киноиндустрии Индии, Union выпустила свой первый фильм, Kedok Ketawa , в июле 1940 года. За этим последовала серия фильмов, написанных Саэроеном , которые все больше ориентировались на растущую интеллигенцию Индиии пытались дистанцироваться от театральных условностей, которые были распространены в современной киноиндустрии. Это продолжалось после того, как Саэроеном ушел в Star Film в 1941 году, и последние две постановки Union подчеркивали реализм . После японской оккупации Индий в марте 1942 года Union был распущен, хотя его фильмы продолжали демонстрироваться до середины 1940-х годов. ( Полная статья... )
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Newspaper advertisement, Surabaya

Djaoeh Dimata (Indonesian: [dʒaˈuh diˈmata]; Perfected Spelling: Jauh di Mata; Indonesian for Out of Sight) is a 1948 film from what is now Indonesia written and directed by Andjar Asmara for the South Pacific Film Corporation (SPFC). Starring Ratna Asmara and Ali Joego, it follows a woman who moves to Jakarta to find work after her husband is blinded in an accident. SPFC's first production, Djaoeh Dimata took two to three months to film and cost almost 130,000 gulden.

The first domestically produced feature film to be released in five years, Djaoeh Dimata received favourable reviews, although financially it was outperformed by Roestam Sutan Palindih's Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum (released soon after). The film's cast remained active in the Indonesian film industry, some for another 30 years, and SPFC produced six more works before closing in 1949. A copy of the film is stored at Sinematek Indonesia. (Full article...)
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Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, oil on oak panels, 205.5 cm × 384.9 cm (81 in × 152 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Garden of Earthly Delights (Dutch: De tuin der lusten, lit. 'The garden of lusts') is the modern title given to a triptych oil painting on oak panel painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch, between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between 40 and 60 years old. Bosch's religious beliefs are unknown, but interpretations of the work typically assume it is a warning against the perils of temptation. The outer panels place the work on the Third Day of Creation. The intricacy of its symbolism, particularly that of the central panel, has led to a wide range of scholarly interpretations over the centuries.

Twentieth-century art historians are divided as to whether the triptych's central panel is a moral warning or a panorama of the paradise lost. He painted three large triptychs (the others are The Last Judgment of c. 1482 and The Haywain Triptych of c. 1516) that can be read from left to right and in which each panel was essential to the meaning of the whole. Each of these three works presents distinct yet linked themes addressing history and faith. Triptychs from this period were generally intended to be read sequentially, the left and right panels often portraying Eden and the Last Judgment respectively, while the main subject was contained in the centerpiece. (Full article...)
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Third printing, 1922

Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari ([ʃaˈir tʃeˈrita siˈti akˈbari]; Perfected spelling: Syair Cerita Siti Akbari, Malay for Poem on the Story of Siti Akbari; also known as Siti Akbari) is an 1884 Malay-language syair (poem) by Lie Kim Hok. Adapted indirectly from the Sjair Abdoel Moeloek, it tells of a woman who passes as a man to free her husband from the Sultan of Hindustan, who had captured him in an assault on their kingdom.

Written over a period of several years and influenced by European literature, Siti Akbari differs from earlier syairs in its use of suspense and emphasis on prose rather than form. It also incorporates European realist views to expand upon the genre, although it maintains several of the hallmarks of traditional syairs. Critical views have emphasised various aspects of its story, finding in the work an increased empathy for women's thoughts and feelings, a call for a unifying language in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and a polemic regarding the relation between tradition and modernity. (Full article...)
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Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede (c. 1670)

Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjaːkɔp fɑn ˈrœyzdaːl] ^ⓘ; c. 1629 – 10 March 1682) was a Dutch painter, draughtsman, and etcher. He is generally considered the pre-eminent landscape painter of the Dutch Golden Age, a period of great wealth and cultural achievement when Dutch painting became highly popular.

Prolific and versatile, Ruisdael depicted a wide variety of landscape subjects. From 1646 he painted Dutch countryside scenes of remarkable quality for a young man. After a trip to Germany in 1650, his landscapes took on a more heroic character. In his late work, conducted when he lived and worked in Amsterdam, he added city panoramas and seascapes to his regular repertoire. In these, the sky often took up two-thirds of the canvas. In total he produced more than 150 Scandinavian views featuring waterfalls. (Full article...)
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An 1882 print of a pig-faced woman, from The Illustrated Police News

Legends featuring pig-faced women originated roughly simultaneously in The Netherlands, England and France in the late 1630s. The stories tell of a wealthy woman whose body is of normal human appearance, but whose face is that of a pig.

In the earliest forms of the story, the woman's pig-like appearance is the result of witchcraft. Following her wedding day, the pig-faced woman's new husband is granted the choice of having her appear beautiful to him but pig-like to others, or pig-like to him and beautiful to others. When her husband tells her that the choice is hers, the enchantment is broken and her pig-like appearance vanishes. These stories became particularly popular in England, and later in Ireland. (Full article...)
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Oriental logo, from an advertisement for Panggilan Darah

Oriental Film was a film production company in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Established by ethnic Chinese businessman Tjo Seng Han in 1940, it completed four black-and-white films before it was closed in 1941. All the company's films were screened into the 1950s but may now be lost. They were directed by two men, Njoo Cheong Seng and Sutan Usman Karim, and launched the careers of actors such as Dhalia and Soerip.

Established during the revival of the Indies film industry, Oriental released its first film, Kris Mataram, in July 1940. It starred Njoo's wife Fifi Young, and relied on her fame as a stage actress to draw audiences. This was followed by a further three films, which were targeted at low-income audiences and extensively used kroncong music. Their final production was Panggilan Darah in 1941, which was completed after Njoo and Young had migrated to Majestic Film. Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses of renting a Dutch-owned studio, and the company was shut down. (Full article...)
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Djajakusuma, c. 1950s

Djadoeg Djajakusuma ([dʒaˈdʊʔ dʒajakuˈsuma]; 1 August 1918 – 28 October 1987) was an Indonesian film director and promoter of traditional art forms. Born to a nobleman and his wife in Temanggung, Central Java, Djajakusuma became interested in the arts at a young age, choosing to pursue a career in theatre. During the Japanese occupation from 1943 to 1945 he was a translator and actor, and in the four-year national revolution which followed he worked for the military's educational division, several news agencies, and in drama.

In 1951, Djajakusuma joined the National Film Corporation (Perfini) at the invitation of Usmar Ismail. After making his directorial debut with Embun, Djajakusuma released a further eleven films with the company before leaving in 1964. He then returned to traditional Indonesian theatre, including wayang. Although he continued to direct movies independently of Perfini, most of his energies were dedicated to promoting traditional art forms and teaching cinematography. After over a decade of poor health and high blood pressure, Djajakusuma collapsed during a ceremony and died. He was buried in Karet Bivak Cemetery. (Full article...)
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The Human Centipede (First Sequence) is a 2009 Dutch independent body horror film written, directed and co-produced by Tom Six. The film concerns a deranged German surgeon who kidnaps three tourists and conjoins them surgically, mouth to anus, forming the eponymous "human centipede". It stars Dieter Laser as Josef Heiter, the creator of the centipede; and Ashley C. Williams, Ashlynn Yennie, and Akihiro Kitamura as Heiter's victims.

According to Six, the concept arose from a joke he had made with friends about punishing a child molester by stitching his mouth to the anus of a "fat truck driver". Other sources of inspiration were Nazi medical experiments performed during World War II, such as those performed by Josef Mengele at the Auschwitz concentration camp. When approaching investors to fund the project, Six did not mention the premise of the film for fear of putting off potential backers; financiers did not discover the full nature of the film until completion. (Full article...)

Избранные списки

Избранные списки были определены сообществом Википедии как лучшие списки в английской Википедии.

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С 1 января 2023 года в Нидерландах насчитывается 342 обычных муниципалитета ( голландский : gemeenten ) и три специальных муниципалитета ( голландский : bijzondere gemeenten ) . Последний является статусом трех из шести островных территорий, входящих в состав Голландских Карибских островов . Муниципалитеты являются административным делением второго уровня или государственными органами ( голландский : openbare lichamen ) в Нидерландах и являются подразделениями своих соответствующих провинций . Их обязанности делегируются им центральным правительством , и они управляются муниципальным советом , который избирается каждые четыре года. Муниципальные слияния сократили общее количество муниципалитетов на две трети с момента создания первых официальных границ в середине 19 века. Сами муниципалитеты неформально подразделяются на районы и кварталы для административных и статистических целей. Эти муниципалитеты имеют широкий диапазон размеров, Вестервоорт является самым маленьким с площадью земли 7,01 км ² (2,71 кв. миль), а Юго-Западная Фрисландия является самым большим с площадью земли 522,7 км ² (201,8 кв. миль). Схирмонниког является как наименее населенным, с 972 людьми, так и наименее густонаселенным муниципалитетом в

23/км ² (60/кв. милю). Самая высокая численность населения в Амстердаме — 931 298 жителей по состоянию на январь 2024 года, тогда как Гаага является самой густонаселенной с плотностью6 868/км ² (17 790/кв. милю). ( Полная статья... )
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The Wong brothers (one pictured) were the first ethnic Chinese directors in the Indies.

Twenty-nine people are recorded as having directed fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Thirteen directors active in the Indies continued to direct films after 1950, including Usmar Ismail: his 1950 film Darah dan Doa (The Long March) is generally considered the first truly Indonesian film.

The colony's first directors, L. Heuveldorp and George Krugers, were of European or mixed descent. They were followed by ethnic Chinese soon after, when Nelson Wong made his debut in 1928 with Lily van Java; other Chinese directors included Lie Tek Swie (1929), Wong's brothers Joshua and Othniel (1930), and The Teng Chun (1931). Ethnic Chinese directors dominated the colony's cinema for the remainder of its existence. The first native director, Bachtiar Effendi, made his debut in 1932 with the talkie Njai Dasima; another native director would not appear until Andjar Asmara and Rd Ariffien made their debuts in 1940. (Full article...)
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Film poster for Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the first locally produced film released in the Dutch East Indies

A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926.

Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and George Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers were ethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The release of Albert Balink's commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...)
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The Battle of Camperdown, painted by Philip de Loutherbourg in 1799.

The Battle of Camperdown was an important naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off Camperduin on the North Holland coast on 11 October 1797 between a British fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Dutch fleet under Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter. The French Republic had overrun the Dutch Republic two years earlier, reforming it into the Batavian Republic. In early 1797, the Batavian Navy was ordered to sail to Brest and unite with the French Atlantic Fleet in preparation for an invasion of Ireland. Shortly afterwards, the British fleets were paralysed by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, in which the sailors refused to take their ships to sea until they were awarded better pay and conditions. For two months^{[citation needed]}, the English Channel was undefended, but the Dutch failed to take the opportunity to sail from their harbour in the Texel: their preparations were not complete, and a small squadron of loyal British ships under Duncan convinced de Winter that the British fleet was at sea by sending nonsensical signals to fictitious ships over the horizon.

By October 1797, the plan to attack Ireland had been abandoned and the British North Sea Fleet was again at full strength. During a brief period replenishing supplies at Yarmouth, news reached Duncan on 10 October that the Dutch had sailed on a raiding cruise^{[citation needed]} and he returned to the Dutch coast, intercepting de Winter's fleet on its way back to the Texel. The Dutch formed a line of battle in shallow coastal waters to meet Duncan's attack, which was conducted in a confused mass, the British fleet separating into two groups that struck the vanguard and rear of the Dutch fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagship Vrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, and none of the surviving Dutch prizes was ever suitable for active service again^{[citation needed]}. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...)
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This page is a list of films that received the Golden Film since its introduction in 2001 by the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from the Netherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases.

In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
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The Amsterdam Tournament (Dutch: Amsterdam Toernooi) was a pre-season association football competition, held in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The competition was hosted by Eredivisie club Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986.

Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named the Johan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...)
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Twenty-two people are recorded as having produced fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Altogether, they are credited for 93 of all known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia, Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953.

The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent. He was followed in 1928 by the ethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work on Lily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong. By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these, The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence. No native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...)

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Избранная биография

Сэр Лоуренс Альма-Тадема , OM , RA (8 января 1836, Дронрейп , Нидерланды.- 25 июня 1912 Висбаден , Германия ) был одним из самых известных художников конца девятнадцатого века в Британии . Родился в Дронрейпе , Нидерланды, и обучался в Академии Антверпена , Бельгия, он поселился в Англии в 1870 году и провел там остаток своей жизни. Художник классической тематики, он прославился своими изображениями роскоши и декаданса Римской империи , с томными фигурами , помещенными в сказочные мраморные интерьеры или на фоне ослепительно синего Средиземного моря и неба. При жизни его всеобщее восхищение вызывало его превосходное мастерство рисования и изображения классической античности, однако после смерти он приобрел дурную славу, и только в последние тридцать лет его работы были заново оценены по значимости в английском искусстве XIX века.

Избранные фотографии -показать еще

Здесь отображаются избранные фотографии , представляющие собой лучшие изображения английской Википедии.

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Японская государственная валюта, выпущенная в Голландской Ост-Индии
Банкноты: Японская империя . Репродукция: Национальная нумизматическая коллекция, Национальный музей американской истории в Смитсоновском институте
Японский гульден Нидерландской Индии был валютой, выпущенной Японской империей , когда она оккупировала Голландскую Ост-Индию во время Второй мировой войны. После капитуляции Голландии в марте 1942 года японцы закрыли все банки, конфисковали активы и валюту и взяли под контроль экономику на территории. Они начали выпускать военные банкноты , как это ранее делалось на других оккупированных территориях. Они печатались в Японии, но сохраняли название довоенной валюты и заменяли голландский гульден по номиналу. С 1943 года военные банкноты были заменены идентичными банкнотами, выпущенными банками, напечатанными на территории, а валюта была переименована в рупию с 1944 года. Валюта была заменена индонезийской рупией в 1946 году, через год после капитуляции Японии и обретения страной независимости.

Эта банкнота, номиналом в один цент, является частью серии 1942 года.

Смотрите другие номиналы: Один цент · Пять центов · Десять центов · Полгульдена · Один гульден , Пять гульденов , Десять гульденов
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Jan Jacob Rochussen
Painting: Nicolaas Pieneman
Jan Jacob Rochussen (1797–1871) was a Dutch politician who served as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies and, later, Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Beginning his political career as a tax collector, Rochussen spent most of his life with an interest in finance and financial reform.
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V-2 rocket attack
Photo credit: Ingeldew, T3c, U.S. Army
The smouldering body of a boy killed by a V-2 rocket attack on the main intersection in Antwerp, Belgium, November 27, 1944, on the main Allied supply line to the Netherlands. The V-2, one of the German Vergeltungswaffen, was the first ballistic missile and first man-made object to achieve sub-orbital spaceflight. Over 3,000 V-2s were launched as military rockets by the Wehrmacht against Allied targets in World War II.
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Helleborus orientalis
Photograph credit: Dominicus Johannes Bergsma
Helleborus orientalis, also known as the Lenten rose, is a perennial flowering plant and a species of hellebore in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, native to Greece and Turkey. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described the species in 1789, giving it its current name of Helleborus orientalis ("Hellébore du Levant"). The species name is derived from the Latin oriens ('east'). The common name derives from the plant's flowering during Lent. Within the genus Helleborus, it has been classified in the section Helleborastrum, and is closely related to the other eight species in the section. These species are all highly variable and hybridise with each other freely.

This picture shows an H. orientalis flower from the Netherlands, showing swollen seedpods.
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Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies
Banknotes: Empire of Japan. Reproduction: National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution
The Japanese-issued Netherlands Indies gulden was the currency issued by the Japanese Empire when it occupied the Dutch East Indies during World War II. Following the Dutch capitulation in March 1942, the Japanese closed all banks, seized assets and currency, and assumed control of the economy in the territory. They began issuing military banknotes, as had previously been done in other occupied territories. These were printed in Japan, but retained the name of the pre-war currency and replaced the Dutch gulden at par. From 1943 the military banknotes were replaced by identical bank-issued notes printed within the territory, and the currency was renamed the roepiah from 1944. The currency was replaced by the Indonesian rupiah in 1946, one year after the Japanese surrender and the country's independence.

This note, denominated one cent, is part of the 1942 series.

See other denominations: One cent · Five cents · Ten cents · Half gulden · One gulden, Five gulden, Ten gulden
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Johannes van den Bosch
Painting: Cornelis Kruseman
Johannes van den Bosch (1780–1844) was a Dutch officer and politician who served variously as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1830–1833), commander of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, and Minister of Colonies (1834–1840). He introduced a regulation making the Constitution of the Netherlands apply in the West Indies, as well as the Cultivation System in the East Indies.
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Indonesian rupiah
Banknotes: Bank of Indonesia
The rupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had a lengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018^[update]
'"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000001A-QINU`"'
, the currency—which is issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to the United States dollar.

This note, denominated 100,000 rupiah, is from a 2011 revision of an earlier series. It depicts Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, respectively Indonesia's first president and vice-president, on its obverse, and the People's Consultative Assembly building on its reverse.

See other denominations: Rp 1,000, Rp 2,000, Rp 5,000, Rp 10,000, Rp 20,000, Rp 50,000
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Amsterdam
Photo credit: Diliff
A stitched panorama of a canal in the city of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. A series of concentric, semi-circular canals ("grachten") were dug around the old city centre in the 17th century, along which houses and warehouses were built. The canals still define Amsterdam's layout and appearance today.
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Netherlands Indies gulden
Banknote: De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening (image courtesy of the National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History)
A banknote for one Netherlands Indies gulden. This note was issued in 1815 as part of the first Dutch government-issued paper money in the Netherlands Indies. However, in 1818 the issuing bank—De Bank Courant en Bank van Leening—was dissolved due to a lack of capital, and six months later, this first series of notes was declared worthless.
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Antonie Frederik Jan Floris Jacob van Omphal
Painting: Herman Antonie de Bloeme
Antonie Frederik Jan Floris Jacob van Omphal (1788–1863) was a Dutch lieutenant general and extraordinary aide-de-camp to William III of the Netherlands. He fought in Napoleon's Imperial Guard in the Battle of Leipzig and the invasion of Russia, then under the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Battle of Waterloo. He was awarded a knighthood in the Military Order of William, among other honors.
Image 11
Herman Willem Daendels
Portrait: Raden Saleh
A posthumous portrait of Herman Willem Daendels (1762–1818), a Dutch politician. He was the 36th Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, between 1808 and 1811, and was responsible for several infrastructure developments, including the Great Post Road. When the Netherlands was incorporated into France in 1810, Daendels returned to his homeland and became a major general in Napoleon's army. Daendels was later sent to govern the Dutch Gold Coast, dying there of malaria.
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Amsterdam Centraal railway station
Image: Detroit Publishing Co.; Restoration: Lise Broer
A ca. 1890–1900 photochrom print of Amsterdam Centraal railway station, one of the main railway hubs of the Netherlands, soon after its opening in 1889. The station is situated on three artificial islands at the head of the city, along the IJ. Its location was highly controversial, as it effectively cut the city off from its own waterfront, making it, for all purposes, an inland city.
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Delftsevaart
Photochrom: Detroit Publishing Company; restoration: Adam Cuerden
Delftsevaart is a canal in the city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. It is seen here on a photochrom print released around 1900. During World War II, this area of the city was destroyed in the 1940 Rotterdam Blitz, but the St. Lawrence Church, visible in the background, survived the war.
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Richèl Hogenkamp
Photograph credit: Carlos Delgado
Richèl Hogenkamp (born 16 April 1992) is a professional tennis player from the Netherlands. Her highest WTA singles ranking is 94, which she reached on 24 July 2017. On the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour, she has won 16 singles and 14 doubles titles. This photograph depicts Hogenkamp competing at the 2015 Madrid Open.
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Woman Reading a Letter
Painting: Johannes Vermeer
Woman Reading a Letter is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, produced in around 1663. The central element of the painting is a woman in blue standing in front of an unseen window, reading a letter. The woman appears to be pregnant, although as pregnancy was rarely depicted in art during this period, some scholars have argued that the woman's rounded figure is simply a result of the fashions of the day. While the contents of the letter are not depicted, the composition of the painting is revealing. The map of the Netherlands on the wall behind the woman has been interpreted as suggesting that the letter she reads was written by a traveling husband. Alternatively, the box of pearls barely visible on the table before the woman might suggest a lover, as pearls are sometimes a symbol of vanity. The painting is unique among Vermeer's interiors in that no fragment of corner, floor or ceiling can be seen. Part of the collection of the city of Amsterdam as part of the Van der Hoop bequest, it has been in the Rijksmuseum since its inception.

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