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Премьер-лига

Премьер -лига — высший уровень системы английской футбольной лиги . В ней участвуют 20 клубов, она работает по системе повышения и понижения с Английской футбольной лигой (EFL). Сезоны обычно длятся с августа по май, и каждая команда играет 38 матчей: два друг против друга, один дома и один на выезде. [1] Большинство игр проводятся по выходным днем, иногда по будням вечером. [2]

Соревнование было основано как Премьер-лига ФА 20 февраля 1992 года после решения клубов Первого дивизиона (высшая лига с 1888 по 1992 год) отделиться от Английской футбольной лиги . Тем не менее, команды все еще могут быть переведены в низшую лигу и повышены из Чемпионата EFL . Премьер-лига — это корпорация, управляемая генеральным директором , а клубы-члены выступают в качестве акционеров. [3] Премьер-лига пользуется преимуществом сделки по телевизионным правам на сумму 5 миллиардов фунтов стерлингов, при этом Sky и BT Group получили внутренние права на трансляцию 128 и 32 игр соответственно. [4] [5] Сумма этой сделки увеличится до 6,7 млрд фунтов стерлингов за четыре сезона с 2025 по 2029 год. [6] Ожидается, что лига заработает 7,2 млрд долларов США на правах на зарубежное телевидение с 2022 по 2025 год. [7] Клубам были распределены централизованные платежные доходы в размере 2,4 млрд фунтов стерлингов в 2016–17 годах , а также дополнительные 343 млн фунтов стерлингов в виде солидарных выплат клубам EFL. [8]

Премьер-лига является самой просматриваемой спортивной лигой в мире, транслируемой в 212 территориях в 643 миллионах домов, с потенциальной телевизионной аудиторией в 4,7 миллиарда человек. [9] [10] В сезоне 2018–19 средняя посещаемость матчей Премьер-лиги составила 38 181 человек, [11] уступая немецкой Бундеслиге с ее 43 500 человек, [12] в то время как совокупная посещаемость всех матчей была самой высокой среди всех футбольных лиг — 14 508 981 человек, [13] а заполняемость большинства стадионов близка к полной. [14] По состоянию на 2023 год Премьер-лига занимает первое место в рейтинге коэффициентов УЕФА, основанном на выступлениях в европейских соревнованиях за последние пять сезонов, опережая испанскую Ла Лигу . [15] Английский высший дивизион занял второе место по количеству титулов Кубка европейских чемпионов/Лиги чемпионов УЕФА , при этом шесть английских клубов выиграли в общей сложности пятнадцать чемпионатов Европы. [16]

Пятьдесят один клуб соревновался в Премьер-лиге с момента ее создания в 1992 году: 49 из Англии и два из Уэльса . Семь из них выиграли титул: Manchester United (13), Manchester City (8), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Blackburn Rovers (1), Leicester City (1) и Liverpool (1). [17] Manchester United выиграл больше всего титулов — тринадцать, в то время как Manchester City удерживает честь завоевания самого большого количества титулов подряд — четыре. Только шесть клубов играли в каждом сезоне на сегодняшний день: Arsenal, Chelsea, Everton , Liverpool, Manchester United и Tottenham Hotspur . [18]

История

Происхождение

Несмотря на значительный европейский успех в 1970-х и начале 1980-х годов, конец 1980-х годов стал для английского футбола низшей точкой. Стадионы приходили в упадок, болельщики терпели плохие условия, хулиганство было обычным делом, а английские клубы были отстранены от европейских соревнований на пять лет после катастрофы на стадионе «Эйзел» между фанатами футбольного клуба «Ливерпуль» и фанатами « Ювентуса» в 1985 году. [19] Первый дивизион Футбольной лиги , высший уровень английского футбола с 1888 года, отставал от таких лиг, как итальянская Серия А и испанская Ла Лига, по посещаемости и доходам, а несколько лучших английских игроков переехали за границу. [20]

К началу 1990-х годов тенденция к снижению начала меняться. На чемпионате мира по футболу ФИФА 1990 года Англия вышла в полуфинал; УЕФА , руководящий орган европейского футбола, снял пятилетний запрет на участие английских клубов в европейских соревнованиях в 1990 году, в результате чего «Манчестер Юнайтед» поднял Кубок обладателей кубков в 1991 году . Отчет Тейлора о стандартах безопасности стадионов, в котором предлагались дорогостоящие усовершенствования для создания стадионов с сидячими местами после катастрофы в Хиллсборо ; между болельщиками «Ливерпуля» и болельщиками «Ноттингем Форест» на стадионе «Хиллсборо», Шеффилд, Йоркшир, 15 апреля 1989 года, был опубликован в январе 1990 года. [21]

В 1980-х годах крупные английские клубы начали трансформироваться в коммерческие предприятия, применяя коммерческие принципы к управлению клубами для максимизации доходов. Мартин Эдвардс из Manchester United , Ирвинг Шолар из Tottenham Hotspur и Дэвид Дейн из Arsenal были среди лидеров этой трансформации. [22] Коммерческий императив привел к тому, что ведущие клубы стремились увеличить свою власть и доходы: клубы в Division One угрожали отделиться от Футбольной лиги, и, сделав это, они сумели увеличить свое право голоса и получить более выгодное финансовое соглашение, взяв 50% доли всех доходов от телевидения и спонсорства в 1986 году. [22] Они потребовали, чтобы телевизионные компании платили больше за освещение футбольных матчей, [23] и доходы от телевидения стали более важными. Футбольная лига получила 6,3 млн фунтов стерлингов за двухлетнее соглашение в 1986 году, но к 1988 году в сделке, согласованной с ITV , цена выросла до 44 млн фунтов стерлингов за четыре года, при этом ведущие клубы забрали 75% наличных. [24] [25] По словам Шолара, который участвовал в переговорах по телевизионным сделкам, каждый из клубов Первого дивизиона получал только около 25 000 фунтов стерлингов в год от телевизионных прав до 1986 года, эта сумма увеличилась примерно до 50 000 фунтов стерлингов на переговорах 1986 года, затем до 600 000 фунтов стерлингов в 1988 году. [26] Переговоры 1988 года проводились под угрозой выхода десяти клубов, чтобы сформировать «суперлигу», но в конечном итоге их убедили остаться, и ведущие клубы забрали львиную долю сделки. [24] [27] [28] Переговоры также убедили крупные клубы, что для того, чтобы получить достаточно голосов, им нужно взять с собой весь Первый дивизион, а не меньшую «суперлигу». [29] К началу 1990-х годов крупные клубы снова задумались о выходе, особенно теперь, когда им пришлось финансировать стоимость модернизации стадионов, как предлагалось в отчете Тейлора. [30]

В 1990 году управляющий директор London Weekend Television (LWT) Грег Дайк встретился с представителями «большой пятерки» футбольных клубов Англии ( Манчестер Юнайтед , Ливерпуль , Тоттенхэм Хотспур , Эвертон и Арсенал ) за ужином. [31] Встреча должна была проложить путь к отделению от Футбольной лиги . [32] Дайк считал, что для LWT было бы более прибыльно, если бы на национальном телевидении были представлены только крупные клубы страны, и хотел выяснить, будут ли клубы заинтересованы в большей доле денег от телевизионных прав. [33] Пять клубов согласились с предложением и решили продвигать его; однако лига не имела бы никакого доверия без поддержки Футбольной ассоциации , и поэтому Дэвид Дейн из Арсенала провел переговоры, чтобы узнать, восприимчива ли ФА к этой идее. В то время у ФА не было дружеских отношений с Футбольной лигой, и она считала это способом ослабить позиции Футбольной лиги . [34] В июне 1991 года ФА опубликовала отчет «Проект будущего футбола» , в котором поддерживался план Премьер-лиги, в котором ФА выступала в качестве высшей инстанции, которая будет контролировать отделившуюся лигу. [29]

Основание и доминирование «Манчестер Юнайтед» (1990-е годы)

В конце сезона 1990–1991 годов было выдвинуто предложение о создании новой лиги, которая принесла бы больше денег в игру в целом. Соглашение об основателях, подписанное 17 июля 1991 года ведущими клубами игры, установило основные принципы создания Премьер-лиги Англии. [35] Недавно сформированный высший дивизион должен был иметь коммерческую независимость от Футбольной ассоциации и Футбольной лиги, что давало Премьер-лиге Англии лицензию на ведение собственных трансляций и спонсорских соглашений. Аргументом, приведенным в то время, было то, что дополнительный доход позволит английским клубам конкурировать с командами по всей Европе. [20] Хотя Дайк сыграл значительную роль в создании Премьер-лиги, он и ITV (частью которой был LWT) проиграли в торгах за права на трансляцию: BSkyB выиграла с ставкой в ​​304 миллиона фунтов стерлингов за пять лет, а BBC получила пакет лучших моментов, транслировавшихся на Match of the Day . [31] [33]

Luton Town , Notts County и West Ham United были тремя командами, вылетевшими из старого Первого дивизиона в конце сезона 1991–92 годов, и не принимавшими участия в первом сезоне Премьер-лиги. Их заменили Ipswich Town , Middlesbrough и Blackburn Rovers, вышедшие из старого Второго дивизиона. [36] 22 клуба Первого дивизиона массово вышли из Футбольной лиги в 1992 году, и 27 мая того же года Премьер-лига ФА была сформирована как компания с ограниченной ответственностью , работающая в офисе в тогдашней штаб-квартире Футбольной ассоциации в Ланкастер-Гейт . [20] 22 инаугурационных члена новой Премьер-лиги были: [37]

Это означало распад 104-летней Футбольной лиги, которая до этого работала с четырьмя дивизионами; Премьер-лига работала с одним дивизионом, а Футбольная лига с тремя. Формат соревнований не изменился; в высшем дивизионе соревновалось то же количество команд, а повышение и понижение между Премьер-лигой и новым Первым дивизионом осталось таким же, как и в старых Первом и Втором дивизионах , три команды вылетели из лиги, а три повысились. [28]

Лига провела свой первый сезон в 1992–93 годах . В тот сезон она состояла из 22 клубов (в сезоне 1995–96 годов их число сократилось до 20 ). Первый гол в Премьер-лиге забил Брайан Дин из «Шеффилд Юнайтед» в матче против «Манчестер Юнайтед», завершившемся победой со счетом 2–1. [38]

Manchester United выиграли первый выпуск новой лиги, положив конец двадцатишестилетнему ожиданию короны чемпионов Англии. Воодушевленные этим прорывом, United сразу же стали доминирующей командой соревнования, выиграв семь из первых девяти трофеев, два «дубля» Лиги и Кубка Англии и один европейский требл, изначально под руководством команды закаленных ветеранов, таких как Брайан Робсон , Стив Брюс , Пол Инс , Марк Хьюз и Эрик Кантона , прежде чем Кантона, Брюс и Рой Кин возглавили молодую, динамичную новую команду, состоящую из « класса 92» , группы молодых игроков, включая Дэвида Бекхэма , прошедших Академию Manchester United.

В период с 1993 по 1997 год «Блэкберн Роверс» и «Ньюкасл Юнайтед» были близки к тому, чтобы бросить вызов раннему доминированию «Манчестер Юнайтед»; «Блэкберн» выиграл Премьер-лигу Англии 1994–95 , а «Ньюкасл» лидировал в борьбе за титул над «Юнайтед» большую часть сезона 1995–96 . К концу десятилетия «Арсенал» повторил доминирование «Манчестер Юнайтед», выиграв Лигу и Кубок Англии в 1997–98 годах , и вместе они образовали дуополию в лиге в период с 1997 по 2003 год.

Возникновение «Большой четверки» (2000-е годы)

В 2000-х годах Ливерпуль поднялся вместе с «Большой двойкой», а затем Челси наконец сломал дуополию Арсенал-Манчестер Юнайтед, выиграв лигу в 2004–05 годах . Доминирование так называемых клубов «Большой четверки» — Арсенала, Челси, Ливерпуля и Манчестер Юнайтед [39] [40]  — позволило им занять верхнюю строчку в таблице на протяжении большей части десятилетия, тем самым гарантируя себе квалификацию в Лигу чемпионов УЕФА . Только три других клуба смогли пройти квалификацию в соревнование в этот период: Ньюкасл Юнайтед ( 2001–02 и 2002–03 ), Эвертон ( 2004–05 ) и Тоттенхэм Хотспур ( 2009–10 ) — каждый из которых занял последнее место в Лиге чемпионов, за исключением Ньюкасла в сезоне 2002–03, который занял третье место.

После сезона 2003–04 «Арсенал» получил прозвище « Непобедимые », поскольку стал первым и на сегодняшний день единственным клубом, завершившим кампанию Премьер-лиги, не проиграв ни одной игры. [41] [42]

В мае 2008 года Кевин Киган заявил, что доминирование «Большой четверки» угрожает дивизиону: «Эта лига рискует стать одной из самых скучных, но великих лиг в мире». [43] Генеральный директор Премьер-лиги Ричард Скудамор сказал в защиту: «В Премьер-лиге происходит много разных схваток в зависимости от того, находитесь ли вы наверху, в середине или внизу, что делает ее интересной». [44]

В период с 2005 по 2012 год в семи из восьми финалов Лиги чемпионов участвовал представитель Премьер-лиги , и только клубы «Большой четверки» достигли этой стадии. «Ливерпуль» ( 2005 ), «Манчестер Юнайтед» ( 2008 ) и «Челси» ( 2012 ) выиграли соревнование в этот период, а «Арсенал» ( 2006 ), «Ливерпуль» ( 2007 ), «Челси» ( 2008 ) и «Манчестер Юнайтед» ( 2009 и 2011 ) проиграли в финалах Лиги чемпионов. [45] «Лидс Юнайтед» был единственной командой, не входящей в «Большую четверку», которая достигла полуфинала Лиги чемпионов в сезоне 2000–01 . В полуфиналах Лиги чемпионов в 2006–07 , 2007–08 и 2008–09 годах участвовало три команды Премьер-лиги , что было достигнуто всего пять раз (вместе с Серией А в 2002–03 годах и Ла Лигой в 1999–2000 годах ).

Кроме того, между сезонами 1999–2000 и 2009–10 четыре команды Премьер-лиги выходили в финал Кубка УЕФА или Лиги Европы , и только «Ливерпулю» удалось выиграть соревнование в 2001 году . «Арсенал» ( 2000 ), «Мидлсбро» ( 2006 ) и «Фулхэм» ( 2010 ) проиграли свои финалы. [46]

Хотя доминирование группы в некоторой степени сократилось после этого периода с появлением Manchester City и Tottenham, с точки зрения набранных очков за все время Премьер-лиги они остаются явными с некоторым отрывом. По состоянию на конец сезона 2021–22 — 30-го сезона Премьер-лиги — Liverpool, занимающий четвертое место в таблице очков за все время, опережал более чем на 300 очков следующую команду, Tottenham Hotspur. Они также являются единственными командами, которые сохранили средний показатель побед более 50% на протяжении всего срока их пребывания в Премьер-лиге. [47]

Возникновение «Большой шестерки» (2010-е годы)

После 2009 года произошёл сдвиг от «Большой четвёрки», когда «Тоттенхэм Хотспур» и «Манчестер Сити» регулярно попадали в первые четыре места, превратив «Большую четвёрку» в « Большую шестёрку ». [48] В сезоне 2009–10 «Тоттенхэм» занял четвёртое место и стал первой новой командой, попавшей в первую четвёрку после «Эвертона» пятью годами ранее. [49] Критика разрыва между элитной группой «суперклубов» и большинством Премьер-лиги, тем не менее, продолжалась из-за их растущей способности тратить больше, чем другие клубы Премьер-лиги. [50] «Манчестер Сити» выиграл титул в сезоне 2011–12 , став первым клубом, не входящим в «Большую четвёрку», который победил после «Блэкберн Роверс» в сезоне 1994–95 . В том сезоне также двое из «Большой четвёрки» (Челси и Ливерпуль) впервые с того сезона финишировали за пределами первых четырёх мест. [48]

При наличии только четырех мест в квалификации Лиги чемпионов УЕФА в лиге, конкуренция за квалификацию сейчас выше, хотя и с узкой базой из шести клубов. За пять сезонов после кампании 2011–12 «Манчестер Юнайтед» и «Ливерпуль» по три раза оказывались за пределами первой четверки, в то время как «Челси» занял 10-е место в сезоне 2015–16. «Арсенал» занял 5-е место в сезоне 2016–17 , завершив свою рекордную серию из 20 последовательных финишей в первой четверке. [51]

В сезоне 2015–16 аутсайдеры Leicester City выиграли Премьер-лигу. С коэффициентом 5000/1 на победу в лиге в начале сезона Leicester стал первым клубом за пределами «Большой шестерки», выигравшим Премьер-лигу после Blackburn Rovers в сезоне 1994–95 . [52]

За пределами поля «Большая шестерка» обладает значительной финансовой властью и влиянием, при этом эти клубы утверждают, что они должны иметь право на большую долю доходов из-за большего статуса их клубов в мире и привлекательного футбола, в который они стремятся играть. [53] Противники утверждают, что эгалитарная структура доходов в Премьер-лиге помогает поддерживать конкурентоспособную лигу, что жизненно важно для ее будущего успеха. [54] Отчет Deloitte Football Money League за 2016–17 годы показал финансовое неравенство между «Большой шестеркой» и остальной частью дивизиона. Все «Большие шестерки» имели доходы более 350 миллионов евро, при этом «Манчестер Юнайтед» имел самый большой доход в лиге — 676,3 миллиона евро. «Лестер Сити» был самым близким клубом к «Большой шестерке» с точки зрения доходов, зафиксировав цифру в 271,1 миллиона евро за тот сезон — чему способствовало участие в Лиге чемпионов. Восьмой по величине генератор доходов, West Ham , который не играл в европейских соревнованиях, имел доходы в размере €213,3 млн, что меньше половины доходов клуба с пятым по величине доходом, Liverpool (€424,2 млн). [55] Значительная часть доходов клубов к тому времени поступала от сделок по телевизионным трансляциям, причем крупнейшие клубы получали от таких сделок от примерно £150 млн до почти £200 млн в сезоне 2016–17. [56] В отчете Deloitte за 2019 год все «большие шестерки» вошли в десятку самых богатых клубов мира. [57]

Доминирование «Манчестер Сити» (2020-е годы)

Начиная с сезона 2019–20 , в лиге использовались видеопомощники судей . [58] В сезоне 2019–20 «Ливерпуль» выиграл свой первый трофей Премьер-лиги, свой первый трофей высшего дивизиона за 30 лет. [59]

В октябре 2020 года был анонсирован проект «Большая картина» , в котором описывался план воссоединения ведущих клубов Премьер-лиги с Английской футбольной лигой , предложенный ведущими клубами Премьер-лиги «Манчестер Юнайтед» и «Ливерпуль» . [60] Он подвергся критике со стороны руководства Премьер-лиги и Департамента культуры, СМИ и спорта правительства Великобритании . [61]

26 апреля 2021 года игра была остановлена ​​во время матча между «Лестер Сити» и «Кристал Пэлас», чтобы позволить игрокам Уэсли Фофане и Шейху Куяте прервать пост Рамадана . Считается, что это первый случай в истории Премьер-лиги, когда игра была остановлена, чтобы позволить игрокам-мусульманам есть и пить после захода солнца в соответствии с правилами веры. [62]

Сезон 2022–23 стал первым, в котором был сделан шестинедельный перерыв с ноября по декабрь 2022 года , чтобы провести первый зимний чемпионат мира [63] с возвращением матчей в День подарков . [64] Игроки Премьер-лиги решили встать на колено в выбранные «знаменательные моменты». Они заверили, что «оставаются решительно приверженными искоренению расовых предрассудков». [65] Тот сезон был примечателен тем, что «Ньюкасл Юнайтед» и «Брайтон энд Хоув Альбион» нарушили традиционную «большую шестерку», заняв четвертое и шестое места соответственно, в то время как команды «большой шестерки» «Тоттенхэм» и «Челси» заняли восьмое и двенадцатое места. [ 66 ] [67] Тем временем чемпионы 2015–16 годов «Лестер Сити» вылетели из лиги, став вторым клубом-победителем лиги, который вылетел из лиги с 1992 года, после «Блэкберн Роверс» в сезоне 2011–12 годов . [68]

В сезоне 2023–24 «Манчестер Сити» выиграл Премьер-лигу в шестой раз за семь лет, став первой командой высшего дивизиона, выигравшей четыре подряд чемпионских титула в истории английского футбола. [69] Тем временем клуб, не входящий в «Большую шестерку», «Астон Вилла» занял четвертое место и квалифицировался в Лигу чемпионов УЕФА 2024–25 . [70]

Корпоративная структура

Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) [71] [72] [73] действует как корпорация и принадлежит 20 клубам-членам. Каждый клуб является акционером , имеющим один голос по таким вопросам, как изменение правил и контракты. Клубы выбирают председателя, генерального директора и совет директоров для надзора за повседневной деятельностью лиги. [74] Футбольная ассоциация не участвует напрямую в повседневной деятельности Премьер-лиги, но имеет право вето как особый акционер во время выборов председателя и генерального директора, а также когда лига принимает новые правила. [75]

Нынешним генеральным директором является Ричард Мастерс , назначенный в декабре 2019 года. [76] В настоящее время председателем является Элисон Бриттен , которая заняла эту должность в начале 2023 года. [77]

Премьер-лига направляет своих представителей в Ассоциацию европейских клубов УЕФА , количество клубов и сами клубы выбираются в соответствии с коэффициентами УЕФА . В сезоне 2023–2024 гг . Премьер-лига имеет 13 представителей в Ассоциации: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Brighton & Hove Albion , Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United, Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United и Wolverhampton Wanderers. [78] Ассоциация европейских клубов отвечает за выборы трех членов в Комитет клубных соревнований УЕФА, который участвует в работе таких соревнований УЕФА, как Лига чемпионов и Лига Европы УЕФА . [79]

Критика управления

Премьер-лига столкнулась с критикой своего управления из-за предполагаемого отсутствия прозрачности и подотчетности .

После того, как Премьер-лига заблокировала попытку поглощения Newcastle United консорциумом, поддерживаемым PIF , с помощью теста владельцев и директоров лиги , многие депутаты, болельщики Newcastle United и связанные с сделкой стороны осудили Премьер-лигу за ее предполагаемое отсутствие прозрачности и подотчетности на протяжении всего процесса. [80] [81] [82] 6 июля 2021 года член консорциума Аманда Стэйвли из PCP Capital Partners заявила, что «фанаты, безусловно, заслуживают абсолютной прозрачности со стороны регулирующих органов во всех их процессах — чтобы наилучшим образом гарантировать, что они действуют ответственно. Они (Премьер-лига) выполняют функцию, подобную функции государственного регулятора — но без тех же систем подотчетности». [82]

22 июля 2021 года депутат Трейси Крауч — председатель группы по обзору управления футболом в Великобритании, проведенному болельщиками, — объявила в промежуточных результатах обзора, что Премьер-лига «потеряла доверие и уверенность» болельщиков. Обзор также рекомендовал создать нового независимого регулятора для надзора за такими вопросами, как поглощения клубов. [83] [84]

Генеральный директор Премьер-лиги Ричард Мастерс ранее выступал против внедрения независимого регулятора, заявив в мае 2021 года: «Я не думаю, что независимый регулятор — это ответ на вопрос. Я бы защитил роль Премьер-лиги как регулятора своих клубов на протяжении последних 30 лет». [85]

Формат соревнования

[Премьер-лига] очень жесткая и отличается. Если сравнивать эту лигу с другой лигой, это как играть в другой вид спорта.

Антонио Конте о конкурентоспособности Премьер-лиги. [86]

В [Премьер-лиге] никогда не знаешь наверняка, что произойдет, между командами очень мало различий.

Луис Суарес [87]

Соревнование

В Премьер-лиге 20 клубов. В течение сезона (с августа по май) каждый клуб играет с другими дважды ( система двойного кругового турнира ), один раз на своем домашнем стадионе и один раз на стадионе соперника, в течение 38 игр. Команды получают три очка за победу и одно очко за ничью. Очки не начисляются за поражение. Команды ранжируются по общему количеству очков, затем по разнице забитых и пропущенных мячей , а затем по забитым мячам. Если результаты по-прежнему равны, команды считаются занимающими одну и ту же позицию. Если есть ничья за чемпионство, за вылет или за квалификацию в другие соревнования, то учитывается статистика личных встреч между равными командами (очки, набранные в матчах между командами, а затем голы, забитые на выезде в этих матчах). Если две команды по-прежнему равны, место определяется в матче плей-офф на нейтральном поле. [88]

Повышение и понижение

Система повышения и понижения существует между Премьер-лигой и Чемпионатом EFL . Три команды, занявшие самые низкие места в Премьер-лиге, понижаются в Чемпионшипе, а две лучшие команды из Чемпионшипа повышаются в Премьер-лигу, [89] с дополнительной командой, повышающейся после серии плей-офф с участием клубов, занявших третье, четвертое, пятое и шестое места. [90] Количество клубов было сокращено с 22 до 20 в 1995 году , когда четыре команды были понижены из лиги и только две команды повысились. [91] [92] Высший дивизион был расширен до 22 команд только в начале сезона 1991–92 — за год до образования Премьер-лиги. [92]

8 июня 2006 года ФИФА потребовала, чтобы все основные европейские лиги, включая итальянскую Серию А и испанскую Ла Лигу , были сокращены до 18 команд к началу сезона 2007–08 . Премьер-лига ответила, объявив о своем намерении противостоять такому сокращению. [93] В конечном итоге, сезон 2007–08 снова начался с 20 командами. [94]

Видеопомощник судьи

Видеопомощник судьи (VAR) был представлен в Премьер-лиге в начале сезона 2019–20 . Он использует технологии и судей, чтобы помочь судье принимать решения на поле. [95] Однако его использование было встречено неоднозначно болельщиками и экспертами: некоторые хвалили его точность, а другие критиковали его влияние на ход игры и последовательность принятия решений.

Окончательное решение по-прежнему принимает рефери на поле, но VAR может помочь ему в процессе принятия решений. VAR может использоваться только для четырех типов решений: голы, решения о назначении пенальти , прямые инциденты с красной карточкой и случаи ошибочной идентификации. Судьи VAR просматривают видеозапись и общаются с рефери на поле через гарнитуру. Судьи VAR находятся в центральной контрольной комнате, которая оборудована камерами с несколькими углами обзора и возможностью воспроизводить отснятый материал на разных скоростях.

Исследование, оценивающее восприятие VAR фанатами в Премьер-лиге, было проведено Отто Колбингером и Мелани Кнопп и было выполнено путем анализа данных Twitter . [96] Исследователи использовали анализ настроений для измерения общего положительного или отрицательного отношения к VAR, а также тематическое моделирование для выявления конкретных проблем, которые фанаты обсуждают в связи с VAR. Исследование показало, что восприятие VAR в Twitter в основном негативное, фанаты выражают разочарование и критику влияния технологии на ход игры и непоследовательность решений. Исследователи также выявили конкретные проблемы, такие как игра рукой и решения об офсайде, которые фанаты особенно критикуют. Исследование приходит к выводу, что VAR не был хорошо принят фанатами в Премьер-лиге, и что для решения этих проблем необходимы усилия по улучшению технологии и повышению прозрачности в принятии решений.

Клубы

Пятьдесят один клуб играл в Премьер-лиге с момента ее основания в 1992 году и до сезона 2023–24 включительно . [97]

Чемпионы

Italics indicate former Premier League champions that are currently outside the Premier League.

2024–25 season

Twenty clubs are competing in the 2024–25 season – top seventeen from the previous season and three promoted from the Championship.

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Founding member of the Premier League
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Never been relegated from the Premier League
  3. ^ Reduced from 106 seasons due to WW2.
  4. ^ a b c One of the original twelve Football League teams


Non-English clubs

In 2011, after Swansea City gained promotion, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time.[98][99] The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.[100] The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion,[101] but they were relegated after their maiden season.[102] Cardiff were promoted again in 2017–18 but the number of Welsh clubs remained the same for the 2018–19 Premier League season, as Swansea City had been relegated from the Premier League in 2017–18.[103] Following Cardiff City's relegation after the 2018–19 season, there are currently no Welsh clubs participating in the Premier League.[104]

Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales (FAW), the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long-running discussions in UEFA. Swansea took one of England's three available places in the Europa League in 2013–14 by winning the League Cup in 2012–13.[105] The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012, allowing them to participate.[106]

Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result. The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.[107][108][109][110] Additionally, the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers, should or will take part in the Premier League, but nothing has come of these discussions.[111]

International competitions

Qualification for European competitions

Qualification criteria for 2024–25

The top four teams in the Premier League qualify automatically for the subsequent season's UEFA Champions League league phase. The champions of the Champions League and UEFA Europa League may earn an additional qualification for the subsequent season's Champions League league phase if did not finish in the top four. If this means six Premier League teams qualify, then the fourth-placed team in the Premier League is instead entered in the Europa League, as any single nation is limited to a maximum of five teams in the Champions League. However, starting from the 2024–25 UEFA Champions League there are additional berths for the two best associations in the previous season's ranking, which may result in a maximum of six teams from one association in the Champions League.

The fifth-placed team in the Premier League, as well as the winners of the FA Cup, qualify for the subsequent season's Europa League league phase, but if the winner of the FA Cup also finishes in the top five places in the Premier League or has won one of UEFA's major tournaments, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth. The winner of the EFL Cup qualifies for the subsequent season's UEFA Conference League, but if the winner had already qualified for a UEFA competition via their performance in another competition, then this place reverts to the team that finished sixth in the Premier League, or seventh if the FA Cup result had already caused the sixth-placed team to qualify.[112]

The number of places allocated to English clubs in UEFA competitions is dependent upon the position the country holds in the UEFA coefficient rankings, which are calculated based on the performance of teams in UEFA competitions over the previous five years. Currently, England is ranked first, ahead of Spain.

As of 26 September 2024, the coefficients for are as follows (only top five European leagues are shown):[113][114]

  1. ^ Number of teams still active from association in UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League or UEFA Conference League.
  2. ^ European Performance Spots: The two associations with the highest one-year coefficient in the most recent season are awarded an additional berth in the Champions League league phase.
  3. ^ The champion of the league cup of England is given a place in the UEFA Conference League by special permission from UEFA (replacing the lowest-ranked league team which would have qualified).

Previous seasons

An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the season before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.[115] The governing body subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that if the Champions League winners finished outside the top four in its domestic league, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team. At that time, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League.[116] This occurred in 2012, when Chelsea – who had won the Champions League that summer, but finished sixth in the league – qualified for the 2012–13 Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur, who went into the Europa League.[117]

From 2015–16, the Europa League champions qualify for the Champions League, increasing the maximum number of participants per country to five.[118] This took effect in England in 2016–17, when Manchester United finished sixth in the Premier League and won the Europa League, giving England five Champions League entrants for 2017–18.[119] In these instances, any Europa League berth vacated is not handed down to the next-best Premier League finisher outside of a qualifying place. If both Champions League and Europa League winners are of the same association and both finish outside the top four, then the fourth-placed team is transferred to the Europa League.

Performance in international competition

With 48 continental trophies won, English clubs are the third-most successful in European football, behind Italy (50) and Spain (67). In the top-tier UEFA Champions League, a record six English clubs have won a total of 15 titles and lost a further 11 finals, behind Spanish clubs with 20 and 11, respectively.[120] In the second-tier UEFA Europa League, English clubs are third, with nine victories and eight losses in the finals.[121] In the former second-tier UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, English teams won a record eight titles and had a further five finalists.[122] In the non-UEFA organized Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, English clubs provided four winners and four runners-up, the second-most behind Spain with six and three, respectively.[123] In the newly created third-tier UEFA Conference League, English clubs have won a joint-record one title so far.[124] In the former fourth-tier UEFA Intertoto Cup, England won four titles and had a further final appearance, placing it fifth in the rankings, although English clubs were notorious for treating the tournament with disdain, either sending "B" squads or withdrawing from it altogether.[125][126][127] In the one-off UEFA Super Cup, England has ten winners and ten runners-up, the second-most behind Spain with 17 and 15, respectively.[128] Similarly to the Intertoto Cup, English teams did not take the former Intercontinental Cup seriously enough, despite its international status of the Club World Championship. They a made a total of six appearances in the one-off competition, winning only one of them, and withdrew a further three times.[129] English clubs have won the FIFA-organized Club World Cup four times, tied for the second-most with Brazil, and behind only Spain, with eight.[130][127]

Sponsorship

After an inaugural season with no sponsorship, the Premier League was sponsored by Carling from 1993 until 2001, during which time it was known as the FA Carling Premiership. In 2001, a new sponsorship deal with Barclaycard saw the league rebranded the FA Barclaycard Premiership, which was changed to the FA Barclays Premiership in time for the 2004–05 season.

For the 2007–08 season, the league was rebranded the Barclays Premier League.[131][132]

Barclays' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015–16 season. The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League, arguing that they wanted to build a "clean" brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues.[134]

Nike "Maxim" ball used in the Premier League in 2012

As well as sponsorship for the league itself, the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers.[135] The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000–01 season when they took over from Mitre.[136] Under its Merlin brand, Topps held the licence to produce collectables for the Premier League between 1994 and 2019 including stickers (for their sticker album) and trading cards.[137] Launched in the 2007–08 season, Topps' Match Attax, the official Premier League trading card game, is the best selling boys collectable in the UK, and is also the biggest selling sports trading card game in the world.[137][138] In October 2018, Panini were awarded the licence to produce collectables from the 2019–20 season.[139] The chocolate company Cadbury has been the official snack partner of the Premier League since 2017, and sponsored the Golden Boot, Golden Glove and Playmaker of the Season awards from the 2017–18 season to 2019–20 season.[140][141] The Coca-Cola Company (under its Coca-Cola Zero Sugar product line) sponsored these awards during the 2020–21 season with Castrol being the current sponsor as of the 2021–22 season.[142]

Finances

The Premier League has the highest revenue of any association football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10.[143][144] In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League clubs collectively made a net profit in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues.[145] In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry.[146]

The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte's "Football Money League" listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009–10 season,[147] and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013–14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue.[148] In 2019, the league generated around £3.1 billion per year in domestic and international television rights.[4]

Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two proposals consist of a break-even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season. With the new television deals on the horizon, momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents.[149]

Central payments for the 2016–17 season amounted to £2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs, with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts (£1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights, £1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £39,090,596 for all overseas rights), commercial rights (a flat fee of £4,759,404) and a notional measure of "merit" which was based upon final league position.[8] The merit component was a nominal sum of £1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place, counted from the foot of the table (e.g., Burnley finished 16th in May 2017, five places counting upwards, and received 5 × £1,941,609 = £9,708,045 merit payment).[8]

Relegation

Since its split with the Football League, established clubs in the Premier League have a funding disparity from counterparts in lower leagues. Revenue from television rights between the leagues has played a part in this.[150]

Promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first Premier League season. One Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League every season, save the 2001–02, 2011–12, 2017–18 & 2022–23 seasons. In the 1997–98 and 2023–24 seasons, all three promoted clubs were relegated by the season's end.[151]

The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue as "parachute payments" to relegated clubs for adjustment to television revenue loss. The average Premier League team receives £41 million[152] while the average Championship club receives £2 million.[153] Starting with the 2013–14 season, these payments are in excess of £60 million over four seasons.[154] Critics maintain that the payments widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,[155] leading to the common occurrence of teams "bouncing back" soon after their relegation.

Clubs which have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League have seen financial problems, in some cases administration or liquidation. Further relegations down the footballing ladder have occurred for multiple clubs unable to cope with the gap.[156][157]

Media coverage

United Kingdom and Ireland

Eden Hazard in possession of the ball during a 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City

Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League. The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to Sky in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off. At the time, paid television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market as was charging fans to watch live televised football. However, a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar.[25]

The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis. This is in contrast to some other European leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually, leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs.[159] The money is divided into three parts:[160] half is divided equally between the clubs; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position, the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club, and equal steps all the way down the table; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this. The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs.[161]

Not all Premier League matches are televised in the United Kingdom, as the league upholds the long-standing prohibition on telecasts of any association football match (domestic or otherwise) that kicks off between 2:45 p.m. and 5:15 p.m. on Saturday matchdays.[162][163][164]

The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £304 million over five seasons.[165] The next contract, negotiated to start from the 1997–98 season, rose to £670 million over four seasons.[165] The third contract was a £1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 to 2004. The league brought in £320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004 to 2007. It sold the rights itself on a territory-by-territory basis.[166] Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available. This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company. Sky and Setanta paid £1.7 billion, a two-thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth. Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers. The BBC retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons (on Match of the Day) for £171.6 million, a 63 per cent increase on the £105 million it paid for the previous three-year period.[167] Sky and BT agreed to jointly pay £84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games (that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 p.m. on matchday.[168] Overseas television rights fetched £625 million, nearly double the previous contract.[169] The total raised from those deals was more than £2.7 billion, giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £40 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010.[170]

Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool

The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky faced accusations of being a cartel, and a number of court cases arose as a result.[171] An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position.[172] In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court, which concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest.[173]

The BBC's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights, as well as other evenings when fixtures justify, ran until 2016.[174] Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 were purchased for £1.782 billion.[175] On 22 June 2009, due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £30 million payment to the Premier League, ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing 46 matches that were available for the 2009–10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 to 2013.[176] On 13 June 2012, the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons at £246 million-a-year. The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky, which paid £760 million-a-year. The total domestic rights raised £3.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010–11 to 2012–13 rights.[177] The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2% in 2015, when Sky and BT paid £5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018–19 season.[178]

A new rights cycle began in the 2019–20 season, with the domestic package increasing to 200 matches overall; in February 2018, BT were awarded the package of 32 lunchtime fixtures on Saturdays, while Sky was awarded four of the seven packages, covering the majority of weekend fixtures (including eight new prime time fixtures on Saturdays), as well as Monday and Friday matches. Two remaining packages of 20 fixtures each were to be sold at a later date, including three rounds of mid-week fixtures and a bank holiday round. As Sky already owned the maximum number of matches it could hold without breaching a 148-match cap, it was speculated that at least one of the new packages could go to a new entrant, such as a streaming service. The five packages sold to BT and Sky were valued at £4.464 billion.[179] In June 2018, it was announced that Amazon Prime Video and BT had acquired the remaining two packages; Amazon acquired rights to 20 matches per-season, covering a mid-week round in December, and all Boxing Day fixtures.[180] The Amazon telecasts are produced in association with Sunset + Vine and BT Sport.[181]

With the resumption of play in the 2019–20 Premier League due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, the Premier League announced that all remaining matches would be carried on British television, split primarily across Sky, BT, and Amazon. A large number of these matches were also scheduled for free-to-air broadcasts, with Sky airing 25 on Pick, Amazon streaming its four matches on Twitch, and the BBC – for the first time in league history – carrying four live matches.[182][183][184][185]

As matches would continue to be played without spectators upon the start of the 2020–21 Premier League, its clubs voted on 8 September to continue broadcasting all matches through at least September (with the BBC and Amazon each holding one additional match), and "appropriate arrangements" being made for October.[186][187] It was later announced that matches not selected for broadcast would be carried on pay-per-view via BT Sport Box Office and Sky Box Office at a cost of £14.95 per-match. The PPV scheme was poorly received; the Football Supporters' Federation felt that the price was too high, and there were concerns that it could encourage piracy. There were calls from supporters to boycott the pay-per-views, and make donations to support charitable causes instead (with Newcastle's "Charity Not PPV" campaign raising £20,000 for a local food bank, and Arsenal fans raising £34,000 for Islington Giving). On 13 November, amid the reintroduction of measures across the UK, the Premier League officially announced that the non-televised matches would be assigned to its main broadcast partners, and again including additional matches for the BBC and Amazon Prime.[188][189][190][191]

The next cycle of rights between 2022–23 and 2024–25 season was renewed without tender due to compelling and exceptional circumstances in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, rights remained as they were since the 2019–20 season.[192] BT Sport was also renamed TNT Sports ahead of the 2023–24 season.[193]

UK highlights

In August 2016, it was announced the BBC would be creating a new magazine-style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show.[194]

Worldwide

The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people.[9] The Premier League's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces content for its international television partners.[195]

The Premier League is the most widely distributed sports programme in Asia.[196] In the Indian subcontinent, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports.[197] In MENA region, BeIN Sports holds exclusive rights to the Premier League.[198] In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to iQiyi, Migu and CCTV that began in the 2021–22 season.[199][200][201] SCTV broadcast the matches for Indonesia, and Astro for Malaysia. In Australia, Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League, providing live broadcasts and online access (Fox Sports formerly held rights).[202] As of the 2022–23 season, Canadian media rights to the Premier League are owned by FuboTV,[203] after having been jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN, and most recently DAZN.[204]

The Premier League is broadcast in the United States by NBC Sports, a division of Sky parent Comcast.[205] Acquiring the rights to the Premier League in 2013 (replacing Fox Soccer and ESPN), NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage.[206][207][208] NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league until the end of the 2021–22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion (£640 million).[209][210] In November 2021, NBC reached another six-year extension through 2028 in a deal valued at $2.76 billion (£2 billion).[211][212]

The Premier League is broadcast by SuperSport across sub-Saharan Africa.[213] Broadcasters to continental Europe until 2025 include Canal+ for France,[214] Sky Sport Germany for Germany and Austria,[215] Match TV for Russia,[216] Sky Sport Italy for Italy,[217] Eleven Sports for Portugal,[218] DAZN for Spain,[219] beIN Sports Turkey to Turkey,[220] Digi Sport for Romania,[221] and NENT to Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway),[222] Poland and the Netherlands.[223] In South America, ESPN covers much of the continent,[224] with coverage in Brazil shared between ESPN Brasil and Fox Sports (later rebranded as ESPN4).[225][226] Paramount+ broadcasts the league in Central America.[227]

Stadiums

As of the 2023–24 season, Premier League football has been played in 61 stadiums since the formation of the division.[228] The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished. As a result, all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater.[229][230] Since the formation of the Premier League, football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities, with some clubs moving to new-build stadiums.[231] Eleven stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished. The stadiums for the 2023–24 season show a large disparity in capacity. For example, Old Trafford, the home of Manchester United, has a capacity of 74,031 while Dean Court, the home of Bournemouth, has a capacity of 11,307. The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2023–24 season is 787,002 with an average capacity of 39,350.

Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs.[232] For the 2022–23 season, average attendances across the league clubs were 40,235 for Premier League matches with an aggregate attendance of 15,289,340.[233] This represents an increase of 19,109 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the Premier League's first season (1992–93).[234] However, during the 1992–93 season, the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report's 1994–95 deadline for all-seater stadiums.[235][236] The 2022–23 season also set a competition record for total attendance with more than 15 million spectators, with average attendance also reaching record levels, surpassing the previous record of 39,989 set in the 2021–22 season, which in turn broke over 70 years old record set in 1948–49 season.[237]

Managers

I have never known this level before. Of course, there are managers in Germany, Italy, and Spain, but in the Premier League, these are the best managers, the elite managers. The quality, the preparation. The level is so high.

Pep Guardiola, on the quality of managers of Premier League teams.[238]

Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club-to-club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans.[239] Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available, and follows the completion of the UEFA 'B' and 'A' Licences.[240] The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis (i.e., more than 12 weeks, the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control).[241] Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment. Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker, including Paul Hart at Portsmouth, David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur and Ole Gunnar Solskjær at Manchester United.

Arsène Wenger is the longest-serving manager, having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League from 1996 to his departure at the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, and holds the record for most matches managed in the Premier League with 828, all with Arsenal. He broke the record set by Alex Ferguson, who had managed 810 matches with Manchester United from the Premier League's inception to his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season. Ferguson was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season, meaning he was manager for the last five years of the old Football League First Division and all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League.[242]

Notably, since its creation the Premier League has never been won by an English manager.

There have been several studies into the reasoning behind, and effects of, managerial sackings. Most famously, Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam, performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings. Bridgewater's study found clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of one point per match.[243]

Arsene Wenger, the longest-serving manager in Premier League history
Former Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger is the longest-serving manager in Premier League history.

Players

Appearances

Gareth Barry is the most capped player in Premier League history with 653 appearances.

Transfer regulations and foreign players

Player transfers may only take place within transfer windows set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis.[245] As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21, with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances.[246][247] This was to enable the "home grown" rule to be enacted, whereby the Premier League would also from 2010 require at least eight members of the named 25-man squad to be "home-grown players".[246]

At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just 11 players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland.[248] By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36% of the total. In the 2004–05 season, the figure had increased to 45%. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,[249] and on 14 February 2005, Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match.[250] By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.[251] By February 2020, 117 different nationalities had played in the Premier League, and 101 nationalities had scored in the competition.[252]

In 1999, in response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favor of foreign players, the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union.[253] A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years, and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years. If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal.[254]

Following the implementation of Brexit in January 2021, new regulations were introduced which require all foreign players to obtain a Governing Body Endorsement (GBE) in order to play football in the United Kingdom, regardless of EU status.[255]

Top scorers

Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history with 260 goals.
As of 19 May 2024[256]

Italics denotes players still playing professional football,
Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League.

Thierry Henry won a record four Premier League Golden Boot awards.

The Premier League Golden Boot is awarded each season to the top scorer in the division. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260.[257] Thirty-three players have reached the 100-goal mark.[258] Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 23 players from 11 clubs have won or shared the top scorer title.[259] Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Erling Haaland holds the record for most goals in a Premier League season (38 matches) with 36 goals as of 15 May 2023.[260] Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.[261] Giggs also holds the record for the most Premier League assists, with 162.[262]

Wages

There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League. As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals, player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League, when the average player wage was £75,000 per year.[263] In the 2018–19 season the average annual salary stood at £2.99 million.

The total salary bill for the 20 Premier League clubs in the 2018–19 season was £1.62 billion; this compares to £1.05 billion in La Liga, £0.83 billion in Serie A, £0.72 billion in Bundesliga, and £0.54 billion in Ligue 1. The club with the highest average wage is Manchester United at £6.5 million. This is smaller than the club with the highest wage bill in Spain (Barcelona £10.5 million) and Italy (Juventus £6.7 million), but higher than in Germany (Bayern Munich £6.4 million) and France (Paris Saint-Germain £6.1 million). For the 2018–19 season, the ratio of the wages of the highest-paid team to lowest-paid in the Premier League is 6.82 to 1. This is much lower than in La Liga (19.1 to 1), Serie A (16 to 1), Bundesliga (20.5 to 1), and Ligue 1 (26.6 to 1). Because of the lower differential between team wage bills in the Premier League, it is often regarded as being more competitive than other top European leagues.[264]

Player transfer fees

The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Before the start of the first Premier League season, Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £3 million.[265] The record has increased steadily and Enzo Fernández is now the most expensive transfer fee paid by a Premier League club at £106.8 million, whilst Philippe Coutinho is the biggest transfer involving a Premier League club at £105 million.

  1. ^ Initial £100 million plus a reported £15 million in bonuses
  2. ^ Initial £100 million plus a reported £5 million in bonuses
  3. ^ Fee was to be paid over time with an initial £75 million, plus another £15 million in additional bonuses.
  1. ^ Initial £105 million plus reported £37 million bonuses
  2. ^ Initial £100 million plus a reported £15 million in bonuses
  3. ^ Initial £100 million plus a reported £5 million in bonuses
  4. ^ Initial £89 million plus a reported £60 million in bonuses

Awards

Trophy

The Premier League trophy
The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003–04 title without defeat

The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held for the purpose of making the award within minutes of the title being secured, in the event that on the final day of the season two clubs are still within reach of winning the League.[292] In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season, a replica won by a previous club is used.[293]

The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Garrard & Co/Asprey of London and was designed in house at Garrard & Co by Trevor Brown and Paul Marsden. It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base. The plinth weighs 33 pounds (15 kg) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds (10.0 kg).[294] The trophy and plinth are 76 cm (30 in) tall, 43 cm (17 in) wide and 25 cm (9.8 in) deep.[295]

Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. The green of the malachite represents the green field of play.[295] The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy – the third is symbolised by the captain of the title-winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season.[296] The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colors of the league champions that year. In 2004, a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat.[297]

Player and manager awards

In addition to the winner's trophy and the individual winner's medals awarded to players who win the title, the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season.

A man-of-the-match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match.

Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month, Player of the Month and Goal of the Month.[298] These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season,[299] Player of the Season[300] and Goal of the Season. The Young Player of the Season award is given to the most outstanding U-23 player starting from the 2019–20 season.[301]

The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, the Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who makes the most assists of every season,[302] and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season.[303]

Starting with the 2021–22 season, four new awards are given. The Save of the Season is awarded to the goalkeeper deemed to have made the most impressive save.[304] The Game Changer of the Season is earned by the player with the single most game-changing performance over the course of the campaign.[305] The Most Powerful Goal is given to the player whose goal-scoring shot had the highest average velocity from the time it was struck to the time it crossed the goal line, and the Most Improbable Comeback award is meant for the team that, based on calculations performed by Oracle Corporation, goes behind and overcomes a deficit to win their respective match.[306]

From the 2017–18 season, players receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to reach these milestones is to receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement.[307]

20 Seasons Awards

In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards:[308]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Between 2011 and 2019, at various intervals, the league featured two clubs from Wales, Cardiff City and Swansea City, who both play in the English football league system.
  2. ^ 22 teams between 1992–1995.

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Bibliography

External links