Eighteen Gotha bombers of the Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) set out on to raid the United Kingdom, with 11 of them reaching England. British antiaircraft guns fired 14,000 rounds at them without scoring a single hit, but falling fragments from spent antiaircraft shells from the worn-out guns killed eight and injured another 67 people.[2]
Died:Ivan Aguéli, Swedish artist and writer, known for his melding of Post-Impressionism with Arabic art following his conversion to Islam (killed in a train accident) (b. 1869)
The Flying Field at Anacostia, a U.S. military air base, was opened to train pilots and test new aircraft. It was renamed the Anacostia Experimental Flying Field shortly thereafter and eventually the Bolling Air Force Base after ColonelRaynal Bolling on July 1, 1918.[11]
The largest airship ever built at the time, the L 57, was wrecked and destroyed by fire while trying to take off for a test flight in poor weather. The Zeppelin aircraft was 743 feet (226 meters) in length and could carry 2,418,700 cubic feet (68,490 cubic metres) of hydrogen gas for long-distance flights from Europe to Africa.[22]
German submarine SM U-106 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with the loss of all 41 crew.[23]
Battle of Poelcappelle – German forces halted the British advance on the Western Front in West Flanders, Belgium but at a cost of 35,000 casualties during the first ten days of October. Total British and Commonwealth casualties for the day's fighting were around 11,500.[29]
During the Battle of Poelcappelle, a squad of 71 Australian soldiers with the 10th Battaliondisappeared without a trace in Celtic Wood during a diversionary attack on German positions. Speculations for the unaccounted men ranged from clerical error to the troops being massacred and buried in a mass grave (though German records made no mention of such an incident). Official Australian military documents confirm at least 37 men remained unaccounted.[30]
Royal Navycruiser HMS Champagne was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Sea by German submarine SM U-96 with the loss of 58 of her 305 crew.[31]
First Battle of Passchendaele – Allied forces failed to take key defensive ridges held by the Germans west of the village of Passchendaele, Belgium.[44] The brunt of the 13,000 casualties were taken by ANZAC units, with the New Zealand division suffering 2,725 casualties including 845 killed, the single biggest loss for New Zealand (roughly one in 1,000 of the nation's population at that time).[45] German casualties were estimated at 12,000.[46]
Operation Albion – German forces captured 20,000 Russian prisoners and 100 guns as they expanded out from Tagalaht to the rest of the island of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea.[47]
The first regiment was stationed at the newly commissioned Naval Operating Base in Norfolk, Virginia.[48]
Born:James McAuley, Australian poet and literary critic, known for poetry collections including A World of its own and literary criticism such as The rhetoric of Australian poetry, in Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1976)
Miracle of the Sun – A massive gathering of pilgrims in Fátima, Portugal, estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 (with another report going as high as 100,000), simultaneously witnessed the sun change colors and move in impossible paths across the sky for ten minutes. The miraculous event was foretold by local children Lúcia dos Santos and siblings Francisco and Jacinta Marto, who had been experiencing visions from Our Lady of Fátima for months.[50] After years of investigation, the Catholic Church concluded in 1930 that the event was genuine. However, skeptics have cited mass delusion brought on by weeks of speculation or meteorological illusions as the cause.[51][52]
Tire manufacturer Yokohama was established in Tokyo as a joint venture between Yokohama Cable Manufacturing and B.F. Goodrich.[53]
Died:Florence La Badie, American actress, best known for work in the film serial The Million Dollar Mystery in which she performed her own stunts (killed in a car accident) (b. 1888)
October 14, 1917 (Sunday)
British cargo ship SS Semantha was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM UC-74 with the loss of 32 of her crew.[56]
German submarine SM UC-62 struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with the loss of all 26 crew.[57]
The historic drama Cleopatra was released, with Theda Bara in the starring role as the Egyptian queen. Directed by J. Gordon Edwards, the film also starred Fritz Leiber as Julius Caesar and Thurston Hall as Mark Antony. Controversy around its sensual images only made the film more popular and the biggest hit of 1917.[60] The film was considered lost but some fragments along with production stills survived, allowing a portion of the film to be reconstructed for screening at the Hollywood Heritage Museum.[61]
Born:Geoffrey Bibby, English archaeologist, best known for the discovery of the ancient city of Dilmun and the pioneer of Arabian archaeology, in Heversham, England (d. 2001)
The first naval action between the United States Navy and Imperial German Navy occurred when American destroyer USS Cassin exchanged fire with German submarine SM U-61 off the coast of Ireland, with both vessels damaged. The sole casualty was U.S. sailor Osmond Ingram, who jettisoned several depth charges from a point where a German torpedo was about to hit, saving the ship from catastrophic damage. He was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously, and was the first recorded enlisted American casualty of World War I.[64]
Royal Navy air officer John Alcock oversaw the first test flight of his experimental fighter biplane, named the Alcock Scout. However, only one had been made and when it crashed on another test flight in 1918, no further models were built.[67]
Battle of Mahiwa – South African reinforcements attacked German troops from the opposing side, but the Germans regrouped to a ridge near Mahiwa to hold off the attacks.[70]
Battle of Moon Sound – German and Russian naval squadrons clashed in the Baltic Sea, ending with a Russian retreat and the loss of its pre-dreadnought battleshipSlava, which was too damaged to retreat and had to be scuttled.[72]
Died:Bobby Atherton, Welsh football player, midfielder and forward for various clubs including Hiberian and Middlesbrough from 1897 to 1906, member of the Wales national football team from 1899 to 1905 (missing in action) (b. 1876); John Franklin Botume, American singer and choir director, author on several books on singing including Modern Singing Methods: Their Use and Abuse (b. 1855)
October 18, 1917 (Thursday)
Battle of Mahiwa – A German force of 1,500 men counterattacked and repelled the attacking South African and Nigerian force of 4,900 men, inflicting 2,700 casualties. The Germans suffered between 500 and 600 casualties, or thirty percent of its strength.[81]
Battle of Moon Sound – German ships entered the Gulf of Riga and began to clear the minefield, where most casualties occurred during the operation.[82]
Thirteen Zeppelins set out on a high-altitude raid against the middle of England but severe weather conditions prevented all but two from reaching their targets. One of the airships bombed London, killing 24 people and injuring nine others, as well as destroying the Austin Motor Works plant at Longbridge, England. The second airship bombed Northampton and London, killing 24 people and injuring nine others.[83]
British cargo ship Mahratta was launched by Robert Duncan & Co in Port Glasgow, Scotland. In a remarkable coincidence, the ship was wrecked in the English Channel in the exact spot as its predecessor.[89]
Police in Washington, D.C. arrested Alice Paul, a prominent member of the suffragist protest group Silent Sentinels, while she carried a banner that quoted U.S. President Woodrow Wilson: "The time has come to conquer or submit, for us there can be but one choice. We have made it." Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison where, after enduring two weeks of solitary confinement, was released to prison hospital where she started a hunger strike to protest the poor conditions of the Virginia penitentiary where many fellow Sentinel members were also imprisoned.[90]
British forces launched two separate assaults on the German front in Belgium, capturing the village of Polecappelle but failing to seize a key road junction north of Houthulst Forest from German control.[94] British casualties were 479 while German casualties were unknown, save for 125 prisoners.[95]
Died:Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, held world champion titles in all three major weight classes, considered the lightest heavyweight champion in the Guinness World Records (b. 1863)
Battle of Wadi Musa – A force of 700 Arab rebel troops ambushed an Ottoman column dispatched to secure the Hejaz railway in Jordan, killing 400 men and capturing 300 prisoners.[101]
Battle of Caporetto – Also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, Austro-Hungarian and German forces triggered 894 canisters that released chlorine gas onto the Italian Second Army entrenched in the valley. Most Italian soldiers retreated as their supplied gas masks could only last for two hours, with an estimated 500 to 600 defenders killed.[106][107] The Central Powers then used infiltration tactics and stormtroopers armed with light machine guns, mortar launchers, grenades and flamethrowers to break through the line, leading to its collapse six days later.[108][109]
Battle of La Malmaison – The French Sixth Army captured the Pinon commune and the surrounding forest from the Germans in northern France, thus liberating the village and fort of La Malmaison, France from German control.[122] French losses were 2,241 killed, 8,162 wounded and 1,460 missing. However, French forces captured 11,157 German prisoners and 1,100 machine gun, artillery and mortar pieces.[123] German losses were estimated at 38,000 killed or missing.[124]
Third Battle of Gaza – British and French naval vessels bombarded Gaza to soften Ottoman defensive prior to infantry assault on November 1. An Ottoman aircraft strafed one of the British ships, killing 38 sailors.[125]
British flying ace Arthur Rhys-Davids disappeared while pursuing a German squadron east of Roeselare, Belgium. His death wasn't confirmed until December 29 when German command informed he had been shot down by German flying ace Karl Gallwitz. At the time, he had been credited with 27 victories including German aces Carl Menckhoff and Werner Voss.[127]
The Irish Volunteers held its convention immediately following the Sinn Féin convention, with most of the delegates having attended both. Newly elected Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera was also elected president of the Volunteers.[128]
Second Battle of Passchendaele – The Canadian forces advance slowed due to German resistance but were able to hold the line for reinforcements, at a cost of 2,481 casualties.[131]
Three German Luftstreitkräfte (German Air Force) bombers set out for the first heavier-than-air night raid on England in four weeks. Two of the bombers diverted to Calais, France due to bad weather, but the third reached England and bombed the Essex coast.[137]
Battle of Caporetto – After delaying a decision for five days despite pressure from his officers, Italian General Luigi Cadorna relented and ordered the Italian Second Army to retreat back to the Tagliamento River.[142] Meanwhile, the two Italian brigades assigned to protect the rear were destroyed by the German and Austrian forces at the Battle of Pozzuolo.[143]
Second Battle of Passchendaele – Canadian forces advanced 600 yd (550 m) from the starting line, capturing key defense positions around the hamlets of Meetcheele and Goudberg, Belgium at the cost of 2,321 casualties.[144]
Twenty-two German Gotha bombers set out to raid London, with the newly developed 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) incendiary bomb included in their bomb loads. Fewer than half the bombers reached the London area, and many of the incendiary bombs failed to ignite for the bomb drops that were delivered. The remaining planes bombed Kent, destroying a gasometer in Ramsgate but achieving little else. Five of the bombers crashed while attempting to land upon returning to their bases. Bad weather prevented further raids against England until December.[146]
Real estate services company Cushman & Wakefield was established in New York City by brothers-in-law J. Clydesdale Cushman and Bernard Wakefield. The firm now operates in 60 countries and employs more than 43,000 people.[152][153]
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