Ньюарк разделен на пять политических округов (Восточный, Западный, Южный, Северный и Центральный). [32] Большинство чернокожих жителей проживают в Южном, Центральном и Западном округах города, в то время как Северный и Восточный округа в основном населены латиноамериканцами. [33] Рас Барака занимает пост мэра Ньюарка с 2014 года.
Ньюарк был основан в 1666 году пуританами из Коннектикута во главе с Робертом Тритом из колонии Нью-Хейвен . [34] [35] Он был задуман как теократическое собрание верующих, хотя это не продлилось долго, так как новые поселенцы пришли с другими идеями. [36] 31 октября 1693 года он был организован как тауншип Нью-Джерси на основе Ньюаркского трактата, который был впервые куплен 11 июля 1667 года. Ньюарк получил королевскую хартию 27 апреля 1713 года. Он был включен 21 февраля 1798 года Законодательным собранием Нью-Джерси о тауншипах 1798 года как один из первоначальной группы из 104 тауншипов Нью-Джерси. В то время как он был городком, части были взяты, чтобы сформировать Springfield Township (14 апреля 1794), Caldwell Township (16 февраля 1798; теперь известный как Fairfield Township ), Orange Township (27 ноября 1806), Bloomfield Township (23 марта 1812) и Clinton Township (14 апреля 1834, остальная часть поглощена Newark 5 марта 1902). Newark был повторно включен в качестве города 11 апреля 1836, заменив Newark Township, на основании результатов референдума, прошедшего 18 марта 1836. Ранее независимый район Vailsburg был аннексирован Newark 1 января 1905. В 1926 году South Orange Township изменил свое название на Maplewood. В результате этого часть Мейплвуда, известная как Айви-Хилл, была вновь присоединена к Вайльсбургу в Ньюарке. [37]
Название города, как полагают, происходит от Ньюарк-он-Трент , Англия, из-за влияния первоначального пастора, Авраама Пирсона , который приехал из Йоркшира, но, возможно, служил в Ньюарке, Ноттингемшир . [38] [39] [40] Но Пирсон также, как предполагается, сказал, что сообщество, отражающее новую задачу, должно быть названо «Новый Ковчег» от «Новый Ковчег Завета» [41], и некоторые из колонистов видели в этом «Новую работу», новую работу поселенцев с Богом. Какими бы ни были истоки, название было сокращено до Ньюарк, хотя ссылки на название «Новый Ковчег» встречаются в сохранившихся письмах, написанных историческими деятелями, такими как Дэвид А. Огден в его иске о компенсации, и Джеймс МакГенри , еще в 1787 году. [42]
Во время Войны за независимость США британские войска совершили несколько рейдов в город. [43] Город пережил огромный промышленный и демографический рост в 19 веке и начале 20 века, а также пережил расовую напряженность и упадок города во второй половине 20 века, кульминацией чего стали беспорядки в Ньюарке в 1967 году , которые привели к росту бегства белых : в 1960-х годах город покинули 100 000 белых жителей, хотя исход белых жителей из города начался после Второй мировой войны , поскольку в городе было ограничено жилье, в то время как белые жители смогли купить дома в западных пригородах округа Эссекс, где население быстро росло. [44]
Город переживает возрождение с 1990-х годов, когда крупные офисные, художественные и спортивные проекты принесли 2 миллиарда долларов инвестиций. [45] Население города, которое сократилось более чем на треть с 1950 года до своего послевоенного минимума в 2000 году, с тех пор восстановилось, и с 2000 по 2020 год добавилось 38 000 новых жителей. [46]
География
По данным Бюро переписи населения США , общая площадь города составляла 25,89 квадратных миль (67,1 км 2 ), включая 24,14 квадратных миль (62,5 км 2 ) суши и 1,74 квадратных миль (4,5 км 2 ) воды (6,72%). [2] [3] Он имеет третью по величине площадь суши среди 100 самых густонаселенных городов США, уступая соседним Джерси-Сити и Хайалиа, Флорида . [47] Высота города колеблется от 0 (уровень моря) на востоке до приблизительно 230 футов (70 м) над уровнем моря в западной части города, средняя высота составляет 115 футов (35 м). [48] [49] Ньюарк по сути представляет собой большой бассейн, спускающийся к реке Пассейик , с несколькими долинами, образованными извилистыми ручьями. Исторически высокими местами Ньюарка были его более богатые районы. В 19 веке и начале 20 века богатые люди собирались на хребтах Форест-Хилл, Хай-стрит и Уикуахик. [50]
Ньюарк окружен жилыми пригородами на западе (на склоне гор Уотчунг ), рекой Пассаик и заливом Ньюарк на востоке, плотными городскими районами на юге и юго-западе, а также жилыми пригородами среднего класса и промышленными районами на севере. Город является крупнейшим в регионе Ворот Нью-Джерси , который, как говорят, получил свое название от прозвища Ньюарка как «Город Ворот». [51]
Ньюарк является вторым по расовому разнообразию муниципалитетом в штате, после соседнего Джерси-Сити . [55] Он разделен на пять политических округов , [56] которые часто используются жителями для обозначения своего места проживания. В последние годы жители начали идентифицировать себя с конкретными названиями районов вместо более крупных названий округов. Тем не менее, округа остаются относительно обособленными. Промышленное использование, в сочетании с землями аэропорта и морского порта, сосредоточено в Восточном и Южном округах, в то время как жилые кварталы существуют в основном в Северном, Центральном и Западном округах. [57]
Закон штата требует, чтобы районы были компактными и смежными, и чтобы самый большой район не превышал численность населения самого маленького более чем на 10% от среднего размера района. Границы районов перерисовываются по мере необходимости советом комиссаров районов, состоящим из двух демократов и двух республиканцев, назначенных на уровне округа, и муниципального клерка. [58] Перерисовка границ районов в предыдущие десятилетия сместила традиционные границы, так что в настоящее время центр города занимает части Восточного и Центрального районов. Границы районов изменяются по различным политическим и демографическим причинам и иногда подвергаются джерримендерингу . [59] [60] [61]
В 19 веке Центральный округ был заселен немцами и другими белыми католическими и протестантскими группами. Позднее немецкие жители были заменены евреями , которые затем были заменены афроамериканцами. Увеличенное академическое присутствие в районе University Heights привело к джентрификации , с реконструкцией знаковых зданий. В Центральном округе расположен крупнейший в стране университет медицинских наук, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School . Здесь также находятся три других университета — Технологический институт Нью-Джерси (NJIT), Университет Ратгерса — Ньюарк и Колледж округа Эссекс . Центральный округ образует современное сердце Ньюарка и включает в себя 26 государственных школ, два полицейских участка, включая штаб-квартиру, четыре пожарные части и одну филиальную библиотеку. [62]
Северный округ окружен парком Бранч-Брук . Его кварталы включают Бродвей , Маунт-Плезант , Аппер-Розвилл и богатый район Форест-Хилл . [63] Форест-Хилл содержит исторический район Форест-Хилл, который зарегистрирован в государственных и национальных исторических реестрах и содержит множество старых особняков и колониальных домов . Ряд жилых башен с охранниками и безопасной парковкой на проспекте Маунт-Проспект в районе Форест-Хилл. В последнее время Северный округ утратил географическую зону; его южная граница теперь значительно севернее традиционной границы около межштатной автомагистрали 280. В Северном округе была своя собственная Маленькая Италия, сосредоточенная на преимущественно итальянской Седьмой авеню и районе церкви Святой Люси ; демографическая ситуация изменилась в сторону латиноамериканцев в последние десятилетия, хотя округ в целом остается этнически разнообразным. [63]
Западный округ включает в себя кварталы Вейлсбург , Айви-Хилл , Вест-Сайд , Фэрмаунт и Нижний Розвилл . Здесь находится историческое кладбище Фэрмаунт . Западный округ, когда-то преимущественно ирландско-американский, польский и украинский, теперь является домом для кварталов, состоящих в основном из латиноамериканцев, афроамериканцев и американцев карибского происхождения . [64] По сравнению с другими частями города, Западный округ на протяжении многих десятилетий боролся с повышенным уровнем преступности, особенно насильственных преступлений. [65]
Южный округ включает в себя кварталы Уикуахик , Клинтон-Хилл , Дейтон и Саут-Брод-Вэлли . Южный округ, когда-то являвшийся домом для жителей преимущественно еврейского происхождения, теперь имеет этнические кварталы, состоящие в основном из афроамериканцев и латиноамериканцев . Вторая по величине больница города, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , находится в Южном округе, как и семнадцать государственных школ, пять детских садов, три филиала библиотек, один полицейский участок, мини-участок и три пожарных депо. [66]
East Ward состоит из большей части коммерческого района Ньюарка в центре города , а также района Ironbound , где в 19 веке находилась большая часть промышленности Ньюарка. Сегодня Ironbound (также известный как «Down Neck» и «The Neck») [67] является местом для шопинга, ресторанов и ночной жизни. [68] Исторически преобладающая часть города, Ironbound в последние десятилетия была названа «Маленькой Португалией» и «Маленькой Бразилией» из-за ее сильного португальского и бразильского населения, Ньюарк является домом для одной из крупнейших португалоязычных общин в Соединенных Штатах. Кроме того, East Ward стал домом для различных латиноамериканцев , особенно эквадорцев, перуанцев и колумбийцев, наряду с пуэрториканцами, афроамериканцами и жителями Манхэттена . Государственное образование в East Ward состоит из средней школы East Side и шести начальных школ. Район густо заселен, с ухоженными домами и улицами, в основном это большие многоквартирные дома и таунхаусы . [57] [69] [70]
Климат
Ньюарк находится в переходной зоне между влажным субтропическим и влажным континентальным климатом ( Кеппен Cfa/Dfa ), с холодной зимой и жарким влажным летом. Среднесуточная температура в январе составляет 32,8 °F (0,4 °C), [71] и хотя температуры ниже 10 °F (−12 °C) ожидаются в большинстве лет, [72] показания ниже 0 °F (−18 °C) редки; наоборот, в некоторые дни может быть тепло до 50 °F (10 °C). Среднее количество сезонных снегопадов составляет 31,5 дюйма (80 см), хотя изменения в погодных условиях могут приносить редкие снегопады в некоторые годы и несколько крупных северо-восточных в другие, с самым сильным 24-часовым падением в 25,9 дюймов (66 см), произошедшим 26 декабря 1947 года . [71] Весна и осень в этом районе, как правило, нестабильны, но мягкие. Среднесуточная температура июля составляет 78,2 °F (25,7 °C), а максимальные значения превышают 90 °F (32 °C) в среднем 28,3 дня в году, [71] не принимая во внимание часто более высокий индекс тепла . Осадки равномерно распределяются в течение года, причем летние месяцы являются самыми влажными, а осенние — самыми сухими.
Город получает осадки от 2,9 до 4,6 дюймов (от 74 до 117 мм) в месяц, обычно выпадающие от 8 до 12 дней в месяц. Экстремальные температуры колебались от −14 °F (−26 °C) 9 февраля 1934 года до 108 °F (42 °C) 22 июля 2011 года. [71] Январская изотерма замерзания, которая разделяет Ньюарк на зоны Dfa и Cfa , приближается к NJ Turnpike.
Демография
В 2020 году население Ньюарка составляло 311 549 человек. [11] Программа оценки численности населения подсчитала, что в 2022 году численность населения составит 305 344 человека, что делает Ньюарк 66-м по численности населения муниципалитетом в стране. [13] Город занимал 67-е место по численности населения в 2010 году и 63-е место в 2000 году. [92] [93] [90]
С 2000 по 2010 год прирост населения составил 3594 жителя (+1,3%) по сравнению с 273 546, подсчитанными в переписи населения США 2000 года . Это вторая перепись за 70 лет, в которой население города выросло по сравнению с предыдущей переписью. [88] [ 89] [94] [95] Эта тенденция продолжилась и в 2020 году, когда в Ньюарке наблюдался прирост на 34 409 человек (12,4%) по сравнению с 277 140, подсчитанными в переписи 2010 года , что является самым большим процентным приростом за 100 лет.
После достижения пика в 442 337 жителей, подсчитанных в переписи 1930 года , и послевоенного населения в 438 776 в 1950 году, население города сократилось почти на 40%, поскольку жители переехали в близлежащие пригороды. Бегство белых из Ньюарка в пригороды началось в 1940-х годах и ускорилось в 1960-х годах, отчасти из-за строительства системы межштатных автомагистралей . [96] Беспорядки 1967 года привели к значительной потере населения среднего класса города, многие из которых были евреями , что продолжалось с 1970-х до 1990-х годов. [97] В целом, город потерял около 130 000 жителей между 1960 и 1990 годами.
По данным переписи 2010 года в Ньюарке насчитывалось 91 414 домохозяйств и 62 239 семей. Было 108 907 единиц жилья при средней плотности 4 552,5 на квадратную милю (1 757,7/км 2 ). [32] В 2000 году в городе проживало 273 546 человек, 91 382 домохозяйства и 61 956 семей. Плотность населения составляла 11 495,0 жителей на квадратную милю (4 438,2/км 2 ). Было 100 141 единиц жилья при средней плотности 4 208,1 на квадратную милю (1 624,6//км 2 ). [21]
Исследование американского сообщества, проведенное Бюро переписи населения США в 2006–2010 годах, показало, что (в долларах 2010 года с поправкой на инфляцию ) средний доход домохозяйства составил $35 659 (с погрешностью +/- $1009), а средний доход семьи — $41 684 (+/- $1116). Средний доход мужчин составил $34 350 (+/- $1015), а женщин — $32 865 (+/- $973). Доход на душу населения в тауншипе составил $17 367 (+/- $364). Около 22% семей и 25% населения находились за чертой бедности , включая 34,9% тех, кто моложе 18 лет, и 22,4% тех, кто в возрасте 65 лет и старше. [98]
Средний доход домохозяйства в 2000 году составил $26 913, а средний доход семьи — $30 781. Средний доход мужчин составил $29 748, а женщин — $25 734. Доход на душу населения в городе составил $13 009. 28,4% населения и 25,5% семей находились за чертой бедности. 36,6% из тех, кому было меньше 18 лет, и 24,1% из тех, кому 65 лет и старше, жили за чертой бедности. Уровень безработицы в городе составил 8,5%. [86] [87]
Этническое происхождение в Ньюарке
Раса и этническая принадлежность
2020
С 1950-х по 1967 год неиспаноязычное белое население Ньюарка сократилось с 363 000 до 158 000 человек; его черное население выросло с 70 000 до 220 000 человек. [105] Процент неиспаноязычных белых снизился с 82,8% в 1950 году до 11,6% к 2010 году. [100] [106] [46] Процент латиноамериканцев и испаноязычных в Ньюарке вырос в период с 1980 по 2010 год с 18,6% до 33,8%, в то время как процент чернокожих и афроамериканцев снизился с 58,2% до 52,4%. [107] [108] [109] [110]
В 2010 году 35,74% населения были белыми, 58,86% афроамериканцами, 3,99% коренными американцами или коренными жителями Аляски, 2,19% азиатами, 0,01% тихоокеанцами, 10,4% представителями других рас и 10,95% представителями двух или более рас. Испаноговорящие или латиноамериканцы любой расы составляли 33,39% населения по переписи населения США 2010 года. [32]
Расовый состав города в 2000 году был следующим: 53,46% (146 250) чернокожие или афроамериканцы, 26,52% (72 537) белые, 1,19% (3 263) азиаты, 0,37% (1 005) коренные американцы, 0,05% (135) жители островов Тихого океана, 14,05% (38 430) представители других рас и 4,36% (11 926) представители двух или более рас. 29,47% (80 622) населения были испаноязычными или латиноамериканцами любой расы. [86] [87] 49,2% из 80 622 жителей города, которые идентифицировали себя как испаноязычные или латиноамериканцы, были из Пуэрто-Рико , в то время как 9,4% были из Эквадора и 7,8% из Доминиканской Республики . [112] Значительная часть португалоговорящей общины сосредоточена в районе Айронбаунд . Данные переписи 2000 года показали, что в Ньюарке проживало 15 801 человек португальского происхождения (5,8% населения), а еще 5 805 человек (2,1% от общего числа) имели бразильское происхождение. [113]
В преддверии переписи 2000 года городские власти предприняли попытку побудить жителей ответить и принять участие в подсчете, ссылаясь на подсчеты городских властей, что около 30 000 человек не были отражены в оценках Бюро переписи , что привело к потере государственной помощи и политического представительства. [114] Считается, что районы Ньюарка с большим количеством иммигрантов были значительно недоучеты в переписи 2010 года, особенно в Восточном округе. Многие домохозяйства отказались участвовать в переписи, а иммигранты часто неохотно предоставляли формы переписи, поскольку считали, что эта информация может быть использована для оправдания их депортации. [115]
В церкви Святой Люсии в Олд-Ферст-Уорде находится Национальная святыня Святого Жерара , где верующие продолжают искать заступничества католического святого о плодовитости и благополучных родах.Африканская методистская епископальная церковь г. ОливКонгрегация Ахавас Шолом, синагога в Ньюарке
Иудаизм и ислам были связаны как вторая по величине религиозная община (3,0%). До 1967 года евреи-американцы составляли значительную часть среднего класса. Сунниты , шииты и ахмадийские мусульмане являются крупнейшей исламской конфессиональной демографической группой, хотя некоторые мусульмане в этом районе могут быть коранистами . Большинство суннитских мечетей являются членами Исламского общества Северной Америки . У Нации ислама была бывшая мечеть в Ньюарке, которую возглавлял Луис Фаррахан .
Более 100 000 человек приезжают в Ньюарк каждый рабочий день, [128] что делает его крупнейшим центром занятости штата с большим количеством рабочих мест для служащих в страховании, финансах, импорте-экспорте, здравоохранении и правительстве. [129] Как крупное место для судебных заседаний, включая федеральные, государственные и окружные учреждения, он является домом для более чем 1000 юридических фирм. В городе также проживает значительное количество студентов колледжей, около 50 000 из которых посещают городские университеты, медицинские и юридические школы. [130] [131] Его аэропорт, морской порт, железнодорожные сооружения и сеть автомагистралей делают Ньюарк самым загруженным перевалочным узлом на Восточном побережье США с точки зрения объема. [132] [133]
Хотя Ньюарк не является промышленным колоссом прошлого, в городе есть значительное количество промышленности и легкого производства. [134] Южная часть Ironbound , также известная как Industrial Meadowlands, видела множество заводов, построенных после Второй мировой войны , включая большую пивоварню Anheuser-Busch , которая открылась в 1951 году и поставила 7,5 миллионов баррелей пива в 2007 году. Зерно поступает на предприятие по железной дороге. [135] Сфера услуг также быстро растет, заменяя обрабатывающую промышленность, которая когда-то была основной экономикой Ньюарка. Кроме того, транспорт стал крупным бизнесом в Ньюарке, на долю которого в 2011 году пришлось более 17 000 рабочих мест. [136]
После избрания Кори Букера мэром, миллионы долларов инвестиций государственно-частного партнерства были сделаны в развитие центра города , но постоянная неполная занятость продолжает характеризовать многие районы города . [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] Бедность остается постоянной проблемой в Ньюарке. По состоянию на 2010 год, примерно треть населения города была бедной. [147]
Часть Ньюарка входит в зону городского предпринимательства . Город был выбран в 1983 году в качестве одной из 10 зон, выбранных для участия в программе. [148] В дополнение к другим преимуществам, направленным на поощрение занятости в зоне, покупатели могут воспользоваться сниженной ставкой налога с продаж в размере 3,3125% (половина от 6+Ставка 5 ⁄ 8 % взимается по всему штату) у соответствующих торговцев. [149] Статус городской предпринимательской зоны, установленный в январе 1986 года, истекает в декабре 2023 года. [150]
Программа UEZ в Ньюарке и четырех других городах, изначально входивших в UEZ, была прекращена 1 января 2017 года после того, как губернатор Крис Кристи , назвавший программу «полным провалом», наложил вето на компромиссный законопроект, который продлил бы статус на два года. [151] В мае 2018 года губернатор Фил Мерфи подписал закон, который восстановил программу в этих пяти городах и продлил срок ее действия в других зонах. [152]
Ньюарк — один из девяти городов в Нью-Джерси, получивших право на налоговые льготы для городских транзитных узлов Управлением экономического развития штата . Застройщики, инвестирующие не менее 50 миллионов долларов в радиусе 0,5 мили (0,8 км) от железнодорожной станции, имеют право на пропорциональный налоговый кредит . [153] [154]
Технологическая промышленность
Технологическая индустрия в Ньюарке значительно выросла после того, как Audible , онлайн- компания по производству аудиокниг и подкастов , перенесла свою штаб-квартиру в Ньюарк в 2007 году. Позднее компания была приобретена Amazon . [155] Panasonic перенесла свою штаб-квартиру в Северной Америке в город в 2013 году. [156] Другие компании, ориентированные на технологии, последовали ее примеру. В 2015 году AeroFarms , разработчик аэропонной технологии для сельского хозяйства, перенесла свою штаб-квартиру из Фингер-Лейкс в Ньюарк. [157] К 2016 году она построила крупнейшую в мире вертикальную ферму на складе в Ньюарке. [158] В 2019 году компания была признана Fast Company одной из самых инновационных компаний в мире в области науки о данных . [159] Broadridge Financial Solutions , публичная финтех- компания, объявила о перемещении 1000 рабочих мест в Ньюарк в 2017 году. [160] В 2021 году WebMD , онлайн-издатель, объявил о перемещении и создании до 700 новых рабочих мест в городе. [161]
В 2018 году Ньюарк был выбран в качестве одного из 20 финалистов на место расположения Amazon HQ2 , новой штаб-квартиры Amazon. Преимущества Ньюарка включали близость к Нью-Йорку , более низкую стоимость земли, технологическую рабочую силу и высшие учебные заведения, крупный аэропорт и оптоволоконные сети. [162] Обширные оптоволоконные сети в Ньюарке начались в 1990-х годах, когда телекоммуникационные компании установили оптоволоконную сеть, чтобы сделать Ньюарк стратегическим местом для передачи данных между Манхэттеном и остальной частью страны во время бума доткомов . В то же время город поощрял эти компании устанавливать больше, чем им было нужно. [163] Пустующий универмаг был преобразован в телекоммуникационный центр под названием 165 Halsey Street . [164] Он стал одним из крупнейших в мире отелей-отелей . [165] В результате после краха доткомов образовался избыток темного волокна (неиспользуемых оптоволоконных кабелей). Двадцать лет спустя город и другие частные компании начали использовать темное волокно для создания высокопроизводительных сетей в городе. [163]
Инициатива по восстановлению розничной торговли в Ньюарке
Осенью 2023 года, стремясь стимулировать аренду пустующих торговых площадей вдоль параллельной полосы улиц Брод, Хэлси и Вашингтон, город запустил Инициативу по восстановлению розничной торговли в Ньюарке. [168] Программа предоставляет денежные гранты определенным предприятиям, соответствующим требованиям, открывающимся на Хэлси и других улицах в зоне, ограниченной Брод-стрит на востоке, Вашингтон-стрит на западе, Вашингтон-плейс на севере и Уильям-стрит на юге. [169] Район имеет сочетание жилых, коммерческих и офисных помещений. [170]
Порт Ньюарк является частью морского терминала Порт Ньюарк-Элизабет и крупнейшим грузовым объектом в порту Нью-Йорка и Нью-Джерси . В заливе Ньюарк он находится в ведении Управления порта Нью-Йорка и Нью-Джерси и служит основным контейнерным терминалом для товаров, входящих и исходящих из столичного района Нью-Йорка и северо-восточного квадранта Северной Америки. Порт перевез более 100 миллиардов долларов товаров в 2003 году, что сделало его 15-м по загруженности в мире в то время, но был контейнерным портом номер один еще в 1985 году. [171] Планируется вложить миллиарды долларов в усовершенствования — более крупные краны, более крупные железнодорожные станции, более глубокие каналы и расширенные причалы. [172]
Налоги на имущество
В 2018 году средний счет за налог на имущество в городе составил 6481 доллар США, что является самым низким показателем в округе, по сравнению со средним счетом в 12 248 долларов США в округе Эссекс и 8767 долларов США по всему штату. [173] [174]
Искусство и культура
Архитектура
Кафедральный собор Святого Сердца в Ньюарке, в настоящее время возглавляемый кардиналом Тобином . Сооружение примерно такого же размера, как Вестминстерское аббатство . Круглое Большое Розовое Окно является крупнейшим среди католических церквей в Западном полушарии .Основание памятника Войнам Америки в Военном парке , созданное в 1926 году скульптором горы Рашмор в честь павших на войне американцев. «Дизайн представляет собой большое острие копья. На зеленом поле этого острия мы поместили меч Тюдоров, рукоять которого представляет американскую нацию в кризисе, отвечающую на призыв к оружию». – скульптор Гутзон Борглум
До открытия центра исполнительских искусств Newark Symphony Hall был домом для New Jersey Symphony, New Jersey State Opera и Garden State Ballet, который до сих пор сохраняет там академию. [177] Неоклассическое здание 1925 года , первоначально построенное Shriners , имеет три концертных зала, включая главный концертный зал, названный в честь знаменитой жительницы Ньюарка Сары Воган , предлагающий концерты ритм-энд-блюза , рэпа, хип-хопа и госпела , и является частью современного Chitlin' Circuit . [178]
Хор мальчиков Ньюарка , основанный в 1966 году, регулярно выступает в городе. Театр African Globe Theater Works представляет новые работы сезонно. Биеннале поэзии Джеральдин Р. Додж впервые прошел в Ньюарке в 2010 году. [179]
В жанрах и сцене хаус-музыки и гараж-хауса Ньюарк известен как новатор. [181] Клуб Занзибар в Ньюарке , наряду с другими гей- и натурал-клубами в 1970-х и 1980-х годах, был известен как место ночной жизни как для геев, так и для натуралов. Знаменитый диджей Тони Хамфрис помог «зародить иногда сырой, но всегда душевный, наполненный госпелом поджанр» хаус-музыки, известный как звучание Нью-Джерси . [182] [183] Клубная сцена также дала начало сцене культуры балов в отелях и ночных клубах Ньюарка. [184] Клуб Brick City , танцевально-ориентированный электронный музыкальный жанр, является родным для города. [185]
Newark Museum of Art , ранее известный как Newark Museum, является крупнейшим музеем в Нью-Джерси. Его коллекция произведений искусства занимает 12-е место среди художественных музеев Северной Америки с акцентом на американское и тибетское искусство . [186] В музее также есть научные галереи, планетарий, галерея для детских экспонатов, музей пожарной охраны, сад скульптур и здание школы 18-го века. Также частью музея является исторический дом Джона Баллантайна , отреставрированный викторианский особняк, который является национальным историческим памятником .
В городе также находится Историческое общество Нью-Джерси , которое проводит сменные выставки по Нью-Джерси и Ньюарку. Публичная библиотека Ньюарка имеет восемь филиалов. [187] В библиотеке хранится более миллиона томов, и на ней часто проводятся выставки по различным темам, многие из которых представляют собой экспонаты из ее коллекций Fine Print и Special Collections. [188] В библиотеке также проводятся ежедневные программы, включая занятия ESL, занятия йогой, прикладное искусство, беседы по истории и многое другое. [189]
С 1962 года в Ньюарке располагается Институт джазовых исследований , крупнейший в мире джазовый архив и исследовательская библиотека. [190] Расположенный в библиотеке Джона Коттона Даны в Ратгерсе-Ньюарке , институт хранит более 200 000 джазовых записей во всех доступных коммерческих форматах, более 6000 названий монографий, включая дискографии, биографии, историю и критику, опубликованную музыку, фильмы и видео; более 600 периодических и серийных изданий, датируемых началом 20-го века; и одну из самых полных в стране коллекций устной истории джаза, включающую более 150 устных историй джаза, большинство из которых имеют машинописные стенограммы. [191]
Еврейский музей Нью-Джерси , расположенный по адресу Бродвей, 145, в районе Бродвей , открылся в декабре 2007 года. [192] Музей посвящен культурному наследию еврейского народа Нью-Джерси. Музей находится в Ахавас Шолом, последней постоянно действующей синагоге в Ньюарке. [193] [194] К 1950-м годам в Ньюарке было 50 синагог, обслуживающих еврейское население численностью от 70 000 до 80 000 человек, когда-то шестую по величине еврейскую общину в Соединенных Штатах. [195] [196]
С 2009 года Управление планирования Ньюарка в сотрудничестве с местными художественными организациями спонсировало проект Newark Murals и стало свидетелем создания десятков уличных фресок о значимых людях, местах и событиях в городе. [199]
Фреска Portraits, огромная картина, созданная несколькими художниками длиной в 25 футбольных полей, созданная в 2016 году, является самой длинной непрерывной фреской на Восточном побережье и второй по длине в стране. [200] Семнадцать художников внесли свой вклад в создание фрески, в том числе Адриенн Уиллер, Акинтола Ханиф , Дэвид Окендо, Дон Римкс, Эль Десертор, GAIA, GERA, Кевин Дармани, Хари Джонсон-Рикс, Lunar New Year, Мануэль Асеведо, Мата Руда, Нанук, Нина Шанель Эбни, Сонни, Татьяна Фазлализаде, WERC и Зех Палито. [201] «Портреты» начинаются примерно на пересечении Пойнер-стрит и шоссе Маккартера в районе Саут -Айронбаунд и тянутся на север на 1,39 мили (2,24 км) вдоль вековых каменных стен, поддерживающих Северо-восточный коридор и пути PATH, выходящие на шоссе Маккартера в Ньюарке ( маршрут 21 в Нью-Джерси ). [202]
Фестивали и парады
Фестивали и парады, проводимые ежегодно или дважды в год, включают Фестиваль цветения вишни (апрель) в парке Бранч-Брук и Фестиваль поэзии Джеральдин Р. Додж (октябрь, раз в два года) на различных площадках, а также общегородской День открытых дверей (октябрь), [203]
Военный парк в центре Ньюарка , городская община с 1869 года и местонахождение скульптуры «Войны Америки» скульптора с горы Рашмор Гутзона Борглума и неформального ресторана Burg. [210] По состоянию на 2018 год парк находится в частной собственности. Управляется некоммерческой корпорацией Military Park Partnership, в которой работают Дэн Бидерман и Biederman Redevelopment Ventures, которым приписывают преобразование Брайант-парка на Манхэттене . Military Park Partnership управляет программами, мероприятиями, операциями, безопасностью и садоводством парка.
Lincoln Park в Арт-Дистрикте, один из трех оригинальных общественных парков колониальной эпохи в Ньюарке. С 1920-х по 1950-е годы Lincoln Park находился на южном конце джазовой и ночной полосы Ньюарка, известной как «Побережье».
Площадь Харриет Табмен , самая северная из трех первоначальных общественных площадей колониальной эпохи в Ньюарке. Ранее известная как Парк Вашингтона, конная статуя Джорджа Вашингтона работы Дж. Мэсси Райнда была открыта здесь в 1912 году. [211] Рассказчик Филипа Рота в «Прощай, Колумб» посещает парк, говоря: «Сидя там, в парке, я чувствовал глубокое знание Ньюарка, привязанность, настолько укоренившуюся, что она не могла не перерасти в привязанность». [212]
Парк Бранч-Брук является местом проведения ежегодного фестиваля цветения сакуры в Ньюарке. [218] Парк является старейшим окружным парком в Соединенных Штатах и является домом для крупнейшей в стране коллекции цветущих сакур , насчитывающей более 5000 деревьев. [219] [220] [221] [222] В парке также есть озеро и пруд. Он был спроектирован фирмой Olmsted Brothers , которая продолжила фирму ландшафтного архитектора Фредерика Лоу Олмстеда . [223]
Парк Независимости находится в районе Айронбаунд. [224] [225] [226]
Weequahic Park , также спроектированный Olmsted Brothers, расположенный в South Ward в районе Дейтон , к востоку от бывшего преимущественно еврейского [233] района Weequahic . Он включает в себя 80-акровое (320 000 м 2 ) озеро Weequahic, антропогенное озеро, образованное из болота. [234] Автор Филип Рот описывает парк в своем историческом фэнтезийном романе «Заговор против Америки» (2004). Некоммерческое управление спорта парка Weequahic помогает поддерживать парк. [235] [236]
West Side Park — парк площадью 30,36 акра (12,29 га) в районе Вест-Сайд . [237] [238]
Парк Джесси Аллена в Центральном округе . Парк Джесси Аллена площадью 8 акров (3,2 га) является вторым по величине городским парком Ньюарка и назван в честь бывшего члена муниципального совета Ньюарка . [239] [240]
The Greater Newark Conservancy поддерживает работу городского экологического центра имени Джудит Л. Шипли [241] [242] и учебного центра Prudential Outdoor Learning Center. [243] [244] Он предлагает демонстрации и обучение городскому фермерству и садоводству, а также имеет небольшой пруд.
Mulberry Commons — это парк между Prudential Center и Penn Station, недалеко от того места, где когда-то находился центр Чайнатауна Ньюарка . [245]
Парк Нэта Тернера. Открыт в июле 2009 года, крупнейший городской парк Ньюарка расположен в Центральном округе . Он назван в честь известного лидера восстания американских рабов 19 века Нэта Тернера . [246]
Гольф и другие места отдыха
Центр отдыха Шарпа Джеймса/Кеннета А. Гибсона (Айронбаунд). [247]
Центр отдыха и водных видов спорта имени Джона Ф. Кеннеди [247]
Центр отдыха и оздоровления «Ротонда » [247]
Центр отдыха и водных видов спорта имени Маркиза «Бо» Портера [247]
Центр отдыха Hayes Park West [247]
Жилищный комплекс Брэдли Корт [247]
Поле для гольфа Weequahic — это общественное поле с 18 лунками. [248] В 2016 году Golf Channel описал это сооружение как «скрытую жемчужину». [249] Место проведения программы First Tee округа Эссекс и профессионального гольфиста Уайли Уильямса, который был одним из первых афроамериканских гольфистов, выигравших крупное событие по гольфу в Нью-Джерси, и работает над тем, чтобы познакомить городскую молодежь с этим видом спорта. [250] [251]
Ведущая газета штата, The Star-Ledger , принадлежащая Advance Publications , базируется в Ньюарке. Газета продала свою штаб-квартиру в июле 2014 года, а офисы издателя, редакционной коллегии, обозревателей и журнала переехали в Gateway Center . [254] Newark Targum — еженедельная студенческая газета, издаваемая Targum Publishing Company для студентов кампуса Ратгерского университета в Ньюарке .
Другие новостные агентства
TAP Into Newark — новостной сайт, посвященный Ньюарку. [255]
Local Talk — местная газета о Ньюарке и его окрестностях. [257]
Newarker — ежеквартальный журнал о культуре, истории и обществе Ньюарка и его окрестностей. [258]
Newark Times — это онлайн-платформа новостных СМИ, посвященная образу жизни, событиям и культуре Ньюарка. [259]
Newark Metro освещает жизнь мегаполиса от Ньюарка до Северного Джерси и Нью-Йорка и является журналистским проектом Ратгерского университета в Ньюарке. [260]
RLS Media освещает последние новости из Ньюарка и близлежащих муниципалитетов. [261]
Город Ньюарк делится новостями и событиями через свой официальный аккаунт в Twitter. [262]
Pod, разработанный Black Owned New Jersey, — это еженедельный подкаст, который помогает малому бизнесу строить, развивать и поддерживать свой бизнес.
Радио
Компания Bamberger's, разместившая студию на шестом этаже и эффектную антенну на крыше, запустила WOR, чтобы продавать больше радиоприемников.
Радиостанция WJZ (теперь WABC ) впервые начала вещание в 1921 году с завода Westinghouse около станции Broad Street. В 1920-х годах она переехала в Нью-Йорк. Радиостанция WNEW-AM (теперь WBBR ) была основана в Ньюарке в 1934 году и позже переехала в Нью-Йорк. WBGO , филиал Национального общественного радио с форматом стандартного и современного джаза, находится по адресу 54 Park Place в центре Ньюарка. WNSW AM-1430 (ранее WNJR) и WQXR (ранее WHBI, а затем WCAA) 105,9 FM также лицензированы в Ньюарке. [264]
Телефон
В 1915 году Bell System , принадлежащая American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), протестировала недавно разработанную технологию коммутации панелей в Ньюарке, когда они перевели телефонные станции Mulberry и Waverly на полумеханическую работу 16 января и 12 июня соответственно. Система Panel была решением Bell System для проблемы большого города , где станция должна была обслуживать большое количество абонентов как на ручных, так и на автоматических центральных станциях, без отрицательного влияния на удобство и надежность для пользователей. Как изначально было представлено на этих станциях, телефоны абонентов не имели набора номера, и клиенты продолжали совершать звонки, прося оператора позвонить вызываемому абоненту, после чего оператор набирал номер телефона на панели оборудования, вместо того чтобы вручную подключать кабели. [265]
Телефонный аппарат 1948 года из исторического коммутатора Bigelow Panel в Ньюарке, последнего офиса Panel, существовавшего на момент его демонтажа в 1983 году.
Большинство установок Panel по всей стране были заменены современными системами в 1970-х годах, а последний переключатель Panel был выведен из эксплуатации в центральном офисе BIgelow в Ньюарке в 1983 году. [266]
В то время как Ньюарк, как и весь Нью-Джерси, имел код зоны 201, назначенный для междугородних звонков с 1947 года, тарифный центр был переназначен на код зоны 973 в 1997 году, который был наложен на код зоны 551 в 2001 году. С распространением сотовой связи в северной части Нью-Джерси в 21 веке, префиксы центрального офиса из соседних NPA Нью-Джерси (201, 551, 732/848 , 908 ) стали доступны в тарифном центре Ньюарка для услуг сотовой связи и голосовой связи по IP (VoIP). [20]
Первая телевизионная станция Нью-Джерси, WATV Channel 13, подписала контракт 15 мая 1948 года со студий в Mosque Theater , известных как «Television Center Newark». Студии были домом для WNTA-13 с 1958 года и WNJU-47 до 1989 года. [267]
WNET , преемник WATV, является флагманской станцией Public Broadcasting Service, обслуживающей рынок Нью-Йорка. Испаноязычный WFUT-TV Channel 68, станция, принадлежащая и управляемая UniMás , также имеет лицензию на Ньюарк. Tempo Networks , производящая программы для панкарибского телевизионного рынка, базируется в городе. [268] NwkTV является каналом доступа правительства города с 2009 года и вещает как Channel 78 на Optimum . [269] [270] У компании есть высокотехнологичный колл-центр в Ньюарке, в котором работают более 500 человек. Основные вещательные студии сети PBS NJTV (NJTV также является дочерней станцией лицензированной в Ньюарке WNET) также находятся в офисном комплексе Gateway Center. [271]
Фильм
Ньюаркский кинофестиваль для чернокожих проводится ежегодно с 1974 года. Ньюаркский международный кинофестиваль — это ежегодное мероприятие, на котором с 2015 года проводятся показы, семинары и показы трюков в Ньюарке. Они проводятся под эгидой фестиваля North to Shore . [272]
Кинопроизводство в Ньюарке в 2004 году
Штаб-квартира Комиссии по кино и телевидению Нью-Джерси находится в Ньюарке. [273] В 2011 году в городе был создан Офис кино и телевидения Ньюарка с целью содействия производству медиапродукции. [274] [275]
Было несколько фильмов и телепередач, изображающих жизнь в Ньюарке. Life of Crime был первоначально снят в 1988 году, а затем в 1998 году вышел сиквел. [276] New Jersey Drive — фильм 1995 года о городе, когда он считался « мировой столицей угона автомобилей ». [277] Street Fight — номинированный на премию «Оскар» документальный фильм, освещавший выборы мэра 2002 года между действующим Шарпом Джеймсом и претендентом Кори Букером. В 2009 году канал Sundance Channel показал Brick City , пятисерийный телевизионный документальный фильм о Ньюарке, в котором основное внимание уделялось попыткам сообщества стать лучшим и более безопасным местом для жизни, несмотря на историю почти полувека насилия, бедности и коррупции чиновников. Премьера второго сезона состоялась 30 января 2011 года. [278] Revolution '67 — документальный фильм, в котором рассматриваются причины и события беспорядков в Ньюарке 1967 года. «The Once and Future Newark» (2006) — документальный фильм-путешествие о местах культурного, социального и исторического значения, написанный профессором истории Ратгерского университета Клементом Прайсом . [279] Многие сцены телесериала HBO «Клан Сопрано» снимались в Ньюарке. [ 280 ] « The Many Saints of Newark» — приквел «Клана Сопрано» Дэвида Чейза , действие которого происходит в конце 1960-х — начале 1970-х годов. [281] «Heart of Stone» (2009) — размышления о бегстве белых в еврейском районе Уикуахика и средней школе Уикуахика . [282] «Rob Peace » — экранизация « The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace» , истории жизни уроженца Ньюарка, убитого в 2011 году. [283]
В Ньюарке снималось множество фильмов, телевизионных программ и музыкальных клипов, а его историческая архитектура и уличный пейзаж считались идеальным «городским окружением». В 2012 году в городе прошел седьмой сезон реалити-шоу America's Got Talent . [284]
Среди фильмов, снятых в Ньюарке, — « Ищейки Бродвея» (1989), [285] «Джокер» (изображающий заброшенный дворец кинотеатров , известный как Newark Paramount Theatre ), [286] «Человек-кошка» и фильм ужасов 2022 года «Улыбка» , снятый в нескольких местах, включая Murphy Varnish Lofts и Медицинскую школу Ратгерса. [287] В Ньюарке также снимались сцены фильма «Идеальная находка» , как и в фильме «Величайший пивной забег» . [288] Сцены для фильма «Братаны» снимались по всему городу в 2021 году, в том числе в Музее Ньюарка, внешний вид которого показан как музей ЛГБТ. [287]
Студии
В 2009 году открылась киностудия Ironbound Film & Television Studios, единственная в районе метрополии студия, где можно было «оставаться и снимать», и ее первым фильмом стал фильм Bar Karma . [289]
Театр Newark был построен в 1853 году как первый театр на месте 138 Market Street и Halsey Street. В 1880-х годах функционировал как водевильный дом под названием Fred Waldmann's Opera House
В конце 19-го и начале 20-го веков в Ньюарке было много театров и кинотеатров, которые были в стиле водевиля или бурлеска. Поскольку в кино появились инновации, Ньюарк внес вклад в развитие американской киноиндустрии с помощью местных изобретателей целлулоида и его использования в качестве кинопленки. [293] Кинотеатры Ньюарка в начале 20-го века привлекли большую аудиторию, и к 1922 году в городе было 62 кинотеатра. [294]
Театр Hill Theatre располагался по адресу 100 Springfield Avenue с 1917 по 1930 год как водевиль и кинотеатр. Здесь впервые выступили Джордж Бернс и Грейси Аллен
Later, many of these locations were used for live performances of notable actors prior to becoming renowned. The introduction of television for entertainment during the 1940s and 1950s was the start of a decades-long decline in attendance in movie theaters. The last two downtown movie theatres were the Adams and the Newark Paramount Theatre, which both closed in 1986.[295] Attempts for movie theatre revivals were established in the 1990s. As of 2024, the CityPlex 12 Newark movie theatre, located off Springfield Avenue and Bergen Street, is the only theater in operation in the city. The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, located at 1 Center Street, is currently operating as theatre production and concerts.[296] The 2,800-seat Newark Symphony Hall located at 1020 Broad Street has been in operations since 1925.[297]
Sports
Newark has hosted many teams, though much of the time without an MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL team in the city proper. Currently, the city is home to just one, the NHL's New Jersey Devils. As the second-largest city in the New York metropolitan area, Newark is part of the regional professional sports and media markets.[253][298][299]
Downtown was also home to Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium, which was a 6,200-seat baseball park built near the Passaic River to house the Newark Bears, an independent minor league baseball team, and opened in 1999. Also serving as the home stadium for Rutgers-Newark and NJIT's college baseball teams, Riverfront Stadium closed in 2014 after the Bears ceased operations.[302] In 2016, the stadium was sold to a developer, and three years later it was demolished.[303]
Newark was a host city and its airport a gateway for Super Bowl XLVIII which was played on February 2, 2014.[307][308][309] The game took place at MetLife Stadium, home of the hosting teams New York Giants and New York Jets. Media Day, the first event leading up to the game, took place on January 28 at the Prudential Center. The original Vince Lombardi Trophy, produced by Tiffany & Co. in Newark in 1967 and borrowed from the Green Bay Packers, was displayed at the Newark Museum from January 8 until March 30, 2014.[310]Ultimate Fighting Championship's annual Super Bowl weekend mixed martial arts event, UFC 169: Cruz vs. Barao, took place on February 1 at the Prudential Center.[311]
Government
Local
The city is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council Plan C form of local government, which became effective as of July 1, 1954, after the voters of the city of Newark passed a referendum held on November 3, 1953.[8][312] The city is one of 79 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government.[313] The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the City Council, who are elected concurrently on a non-partisan basis to four-year terms of office at the May municipal election. The mayor is directly elected by the residents of Newark. The city council comprises nine members, with one council member from each of the city's five wards and four council members who are elected on an at-large basis.[314] The structure of the council was established after a 1953 referendum, in which more than 65% of voters approved a change from a five-member commission.[315]
As of 2023[update], the mayor of Newark is Ras Baraka, who is serving a third term of office ending on June 30, 2026;[4] Baraka first took office as the city's 40th mayor on July 1, 2014.[316] Members of Newark's Municipal Council are Council President LaMonica McIver (Central Ward), Luis A. Quintana (at-large), Patrick O. Council (South Ward), C. Lawrence Crump (at-large), Carlos M. Gonzalez (at-large), Dupré L. Kelly (West Ward), Anibal Ramos Jr. (North Ward), Louise Scott-Rountree (at-large) and Michael J. Silva (East Ward), all serving concurrent terms of office ending June 30, 2026.[317][318][319][320][321]
Federal, state, and county
Newark is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts[322] and is part of New Jersey's 28th and 29th state legislative districts.[323][324][325][326] Prior to the 2010 census, Newark had been split between the 10th Congressional District and the 13th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[326] As part of the split that took effect in 2013, 123,763 residents in two non-contiguous sections in the city's north and northeast were placed in the 8th District and 153,377 in the southern and western portions of the city were placed in the 10th District.[322][327]
Essex County is governed by a directly elected county executive, with legislative functions performed by the Board of County Commissioners. As of 2024[update], the County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, Roseland), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[336] The county's Board of County Commissioners is composed of nine members, five of whom are elected from districts and four of whom are elected on an at-large basis. They are elected for three-year concurrent terms and may be re-elected to successive terms at the annual election in November.[337] Essex County's Commissioners are:
Robert Mercado (D, District 1 – Newark's North and East Wards, parts of Central and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[338]
A'Dorian Murray-Thomas (D, District 2 – Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark's South and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[339]Vice President Tyshammie L. Cooper (D, District 3 - Newark: West and Central Wards; East Orange, Orange and South Orange; East Orange, 2026),[340]Leonard M. Luciano (D, District 4 – Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, Livingston, Millburn, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange; West Caldwell, 2026),[341]President Carlos M. Pomares (D, District 5 – Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair and Nutley; Bloomfield, 2026),[342]
Brendan W. Gill (D, at large; Montclair, 2026),[343]
Romaine Graham (D, at large; Irvington, 2026),[344]
Wayne Richardson (D, at large; Newark, 2026),[345]
Patricia Sebold (D, at-large; Livingston, 2026).[346][347][348][349][350]
Constitutional officers elected countywide are:
Clerk Christopher J. Durkin (D, West Caldwell, 2025),[351][352]
Register of Deeds Juan M. Rivera Jr. (D, Newark, 2025),[353][354]Sheriff Armando B. Fontoura (D, Fairfield, 2024),[355][356] and
Surrogate Alturrick Kenney (D, Newark, 2028).[357][358]
Politics
On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party. As of March 23, 2011, out of a 2010 census population of 277,140 in Newark, there were 136,785 registered voters (66.3% of the 2010 population ages 18 and over of 206,253, vs. 77.7% in all of Essex County of the 589,051 ages 18 and up) of which 68,393 (50.0% vs. 45.9% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 3,548 (2.6% vs. 9.9% countywide) were registered as Republicans, 64,812 (47.4% vs. 44.1% countywide) were registered as Unaffiliated and there were 30 voters registered to other parties.[359]
In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 90.8% of the vote (77,112 ballots cast), ahead of Republican John McCain who received 7.0% of the vote (5,957 votes), with 84,901 of the city's 140,946 registered voters participating, for a turnout of 60.2% of registered voters.[360] In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 95.0% of the vote (78,352 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 4.7% (3,852 votes), and other candidates with 0.4% (298 votes), among the 82,030 ballots cast by the city's 145,059 registered voters for a turnout of 56.5%.[361][362] In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 90.7% of the vote (69,042 cast); Republican Donald Trump received 6.7% of the vote (5,094 cast); and other candidates received 1.5% of the vote (1,139 cast).[363]
In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 80.8% of the vote (29,039 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 17.9% (6,443 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (437 votes), among the 37,114 ballots cast by the city's 149,778 registered voters (1,195 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 24.8%.[364][365] In the 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 90.2% of the vote (36,637 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie who received 8.3% of the vote (3,355 votes), with 40,613 of the city's 134,195 registered voters (30.3%) participating.[366]
Political corruption
Newark has been marred with political corruption throughout the years. Five of the previous[when?] seven mayors of Newark have been indicted on criminal charges, including the three mayors before Cory Booker: Hugh Addonizio, Kenneth Gibson and Sharpe James. As reported by Newsweek: "... every mayor since 1962 (except one, Cory Booker) has been indicted for crimes committed while in office".[367]
Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian immigrants, a tailor and World War II veteran, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, whom, ironically, Addonizio characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. In December 1969, Addonizio and nine present or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted by a Federal grand jury; five other persons were also indicted.[368] In July 1970, the former mayor, and four other defendants, were found guilty by a Federal jury on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion.[369] In September 1970, Addonizio was sentenced to ten years in federal prison and fined $25,000 by Federal Judge George H. Barlow for his role in a plot that involved the extortion of $1.5 million in kickbacks, a crime that the judge said "tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government".[370][371]
His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970. He pleaded guilty to federal tax evasion in 2002 as part of a plea agreement on fraud and bribery charges. During his tenure as mayor in 1980, Gibson was tried and acquitted of giving out no-show jobs by an Essex County jury.[372]
Sharpe James, who defeated Gibson in 1986 and declined to run for a sixth term in 2006, was indicted on 33 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud by a federal grand jury sitting in Newark. The grand jury charged James with spending $58,000 on city-owned credit cards for personal gain and orchestrating a scheme to sell city-owned land at below-market prices to his companion, who immediately re-sold the land to developers and gained a profit of over $500,000. James pleaded not guilty on 25 counts at his initial court appearance on July 12, 2007. On April 17, 2008, James was found guilty for his role in the conspiring to rig land sales at nine city-owned properties for personal gain. The former mayor was sentenced to serve up to 27 months in prison, and was released on April 6, 2010, for good behavior.[373]
In the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, 13.6% of Newark residents ages 25 and over had never attended high school and 12.5% did not graduate from high school, while 74.1% had graduated from high school, including the 14.4% who had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[381] The total school enrollment in Newark was 77,097 in the 2013–2017 ACS, with nursery and preschool enrollment of 7,432, elementary / high school (K–12) enrollment of 49,532 and total college / graduate school enrollment of 20,133.[382]
The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated school district for two decades and until 2018,[383] is the largest school system in New Jersey. The district was one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke[384] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[385][386] As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of 65 schools, had an enrollment of 40,423 students and 2,886.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.0:1.[387]
Science Park High School, which was the 69th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 50th in 2008 out of 316 schools. Technology High School has a GreatSchools rating of 9/10 and was ranked 165th in New Jersey Monthly's 2010 rankings. Newark high schools ranked in the bottom 10% of the New Jersey Monthly 2010 list include Central (274th), East Side (293rd), Newark Vocational (304th), Weequahic (310th), Barringer (311th), Malcolm X Shabazz (314th) and West Side (319th).[388] Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg donated a challenge grant of $100 million to the district in 2010, choosing Newark because he stated he believed in Mayor Cory Booker and Governor Chris Christie's abilities.[389]
Charter schools in Newark include the Robert Treat Academy Charter School, a National Blue Ribbon School drawing students from all over Newark. It remains one of the top performing K–8 schools in New Jersey based on standardized test scores.[390]University Heights Charter School is another charter school, serving children in grades K–5, recognized as a 2011 Epic Silver Gain School.[391]Gray Charter School, like Robert Treat, also won a Blue Ribbon Award.[392] Also, Newark Collegiate Academy (NCA) opened in August 2007 and serves 420 students in grades 9–12. It will ultimately serve over 570 students, mostly matriculating from other charter schools in the area.[393]
Link Community School is a non-denominational coeducational day school that serves approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. The Newark Boys Chorus School was founded in the 1960s.[395] University Heights Charter School, which opened in 2006, taught 614 students in grades Pre-K–8 in 2014–2015.[396]
Public safety
Newark Department of Public Safety
In 2016, under Mayor Ras Baraka's direction, the city consolidated the then-separate departments of Fire, Police, and Office of Emergency Management as divisions under the newly created Department Of Public Safety.[397]
Fire department
Former Engine 8 firehouse in Newark's Ironbound neighborhood
The city is protected by more than 700 full-time, paid firefighters of the Newark Fire Division (NFD). Founded in 1863, the NFD operates out of 16 firehouses throughout the city that are organized into 4 firefighting battalions (Battalions 1,3,4, and 5), with each Battalion Chief under the command of a deputy chief/tour commander. There is also a Safety Battalion Chief, Battalion 2, and a Special Operations Battalion Chief, Battalion 6, on duty 24/7. The NFD operates 16 engine companies, 8 ladder companies, 1 rescue company, an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) Collapse Rescue Unit (Rescue 2), a USAR Collapse Rescue Shoring Unit, 2 fire boats, a scuba diving unit, a mobile medical ambulance bus, an air cascade unit, a foam unit, a quick attack response vehicle (QRV 1), a mobile command unit, 3 HazMat units, and numerous special, support, and reserve units. The NFD responds to approximately 45,000 emergency calls annually. In 2006, the NFD responded to 2,681 fire and hazardous condition calls. The department is a member of the Metro USAR Strike Team, which includes nine North Jersey fire departments.[398]
The Newark Police Division is a city-operated law enforcement agency. As of January 2014, the force had 1,006 officers in its ranks. The Director of Public Safety is Brian A. O’Hara.[399]
In 2018, the Newark Police began a de-escalation training program, which they credit for the achievement of no officer firing their weapon on duty in all of 2020.[404]
Emergency management
The city's Office of Emergency Management (OEM) purpose is to facilitate coordination of emergency response activities and provide available emergency management resources for support of emergency response activities within the city. The OEM establishes policies, procedures, and mechanisms for the centralized coordination and emergency management of response efforts and the effective collection, processing, and dissemination of pertinent information during potential or actual emergency situations. OEM coordinates the distribution of commodities between the county and municipal agencies and ensures all emergency management capabilities are tested, evaluated, and updated for immediate implementation.[405]
Emergency Medical Services
University Hospital EMS (UH-EMS) operates the EMS system for the city. The department operates a fleet of six BLS units staffed with two EMTs 24/7, supplemented by four 12-hour "power" units (operated during peak demand time hours), five ALS units staffed with two paramedics (one of which is stationed at Newark International Airport and covers the airport and Port Newark-Elizabeth, and frequently responds into the City of Elizabeth), and a critical care unit staffed by a paramedic and an RN. With distinction they also staff the only hospital based heavy rescue truck in the country, known as University EMS Rescue 1. The EMS system is one of the busiest systems per unit in the nation. On average, a BLS unit may be sent to 20–25 dispatches in a 12-hour shift. They also provide the medical staffing for Northstar and Southstar, which are the two NJ State Police medevac helicopters, staffing one flight nurse and a flight medic around the clock. The EMS system in Newark handles upwards of 125,000 requests for service annually.[406] The Ironbound Volunteer Ambulance Squad helps by handling BLS calls in the East Ward when members are on duty and has been in operation since 1969. The Vailsburg Volunteer Rescue Squad helps by handling BLS calls in the West Ward when members are on duty and has been in operation since 2019.
Crime
In 1996, Money magazine ranked Newark "The Most Dangerous City in the Nation."[407] By 2007, the city recorded a total of 99 homicides for the year, representing a significant drop from the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[408][409][410][411] The number of murders in 2008 dropped to 65, a decline of 30% from the previous year and the lowest in the city since 2002 when there were also 65 murders.[412]
In 2010, Newark recorded 90 homicides.[413] March 2010 was the first calendar month since 1966 in which the city did not record a homicide.[414] Overall, there was a 6% increase in crime numbers over the previous year, including a rise in carjackings for the third straight year, with the 337 incidents raising concerns that the city was returning to its status as the "car theft capital of the world".[415] Along with the increase in crime, the Newark Police Department increased its recovery of illegally owned guns in 2011 to 696, up from 278 in 2010.[416] The Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded 94 homicides in 2011 and 95 in 2012.[417] In 2012 CNNMoney ranked Newark as the 6th most dangerous city in the United States, based on numbers by FBI Crime in the United States 2011 report.[418] The city had 10 murders in 10 days during the period ending September 6, 2013, a statistic largely attributed to the reduction of the police force.[419][420] In 2013 Newark recorded 111 homicides, the first year ending in triple digits in seven years[421] and the highest tally since 1990, accounting for 27% of all murders statewide.[422] In 2014, the total number of homicides in Newark was 93,[423] while Essex County as a whole had 117 murders.[424]The Star-Ledger reported that there were 105 homicides in the city in 2015.[425] The city had 72 homicides in 2017, a statistic described as a "historic low",[426] and a sharp drop from the 96 murders recorded in the city in 2016.[427] The Newark Police reported 69 homicides for 2018.[428] As of August 13, 2019, after a period of 50 consecutive days without a homicide, a total of 34 had been recorded.[429]
Water contamination
In Newark, lead concentrations in water accumulated for several years in the 2010s as a result of inaccurate testing and poor leadership. Newark's problem came from a negligence of officials who the city relied on to ensure clean water.[430] The decrease in the quality of the water was due to several factors that were all somewhat interconnected. Lead service pipes that carry water were installed in Newark.[431]
When this was recognized, the city had CDM Smith, a construction company that specializes in water systems, conduct a study to determine whether or not the water quality was safe enough to drink. The results revealed that the water was in fact safe to drink, but the results were severely skewed.[432] This is because the city receives water from two water supplies: the Pequannock Treatment Plant and the Wanaque Treatment Plant.[432] In some sampling rounds, only areas served by Pequannock were sampled, and in other rounds, only areas served by Wanaque were sampled, and each had different contaminant control systems in place that varied in their effectiveness. The Pequannock supply uses pH adjustments and silica for its corrosion control method, which worked for two decades before losing its effectiveness in 2016, while the Wanaque supply uses orthophosphate, a much more effective precaution.[433][432]
In addition to this, the EPA requires that samples of drinking water be taken after no one has turned on a faucet for at least eight hours. Therefore, if high levels of lead do not show up in that initial sample, no further samples are required.[432] This sample only represents the water closest to the faucet, that has not been stagnant in lead service lines, whereas the stagnant water in the lead piping may not be drawn until much later.[432][431]
Top officials in Newark denied that their water system had a widespread lead problem, declaring on their website that the water was absolutely safe to drink.[430] Even after municipal water tests revealed the severity of the problem Mayor Ras Baraka mailed a brochure to the cities residents that the water meets all federal standards.[433] Although the city called an emergency declaration to allow them to purchase and distribute water filters for faucets but many of these were faulty.[433] The city has received three noncompliance notices for exceeding lead levels since 2017 and continues to fight its lead problem.[432]
Newark Liberty International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the New York metro area and the 15th-busiest in the United States (in terms of passenger traffic).[435] Newark Airport was the New York City area's first commercial airport, opened in 1928 on land reclaimed by the Port Authority.[31]
Newark Trolley line on Market Street near Newark's present day courthouse
The Morris Canal, stretching 102 miles (164 km) to Newark from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River, was completed in 1831 and allowed coal and other industrial and agricultural products from Pennsylvania to be transported cheaply and efficiently to the New York metropolitan area. The canal's completion led to increased settlement in Newark, vastly increasing the population for years to come. After the canal was decommissioned, its right of way was converted into the Newark City Subway, now known as the Newark Light Rail. Many of the subway stations still portray the canal in its original state, in the form of mosaic works.[437]
As the city became increasingly congested further means of transportation were sought, eventually leading to horse-drawn trolleys. These, in turn, were replaced by electric trolleys that traveled down the main streets of downtown Newark, including Broad Street, and up Market Street near the courthouse.[438] The trolley cars did not last long as the personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity and slowly made the trolley system seem like a burden.[439]
As of May 2010[update], the city had a total of 368.21 miles (592.58 km) of roadways, of which 318.77 miles (513.01 km) were maintained by the municipality, 17.61 miles (28.34 km) by Essex County, 22.66 miles (36.47 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 9.17 miles (14.76 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[440]
Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area. Some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue, as well as Broadway, which had been renamed from Belleville Avenue.[442]
In a city extensively served by mass transit, 44.2% of Newark residents did not have a car as of the 2000 Census, ranked second in the U.S. to New York City in the proportion of households without an automobile among cities with more than 250,000 people.[443] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, the number of households without an automobile has decreased to 39.2%. The same year, the average Newark household owned .89 cars compared to a national average of 1.8 cars per household.[444]
Bus service in Newark is provided by NJ Transit.[445] Newark is served by NJ Transit bus routes 1, 5, 11, 13, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, 108, and 109. The 109 runs in North Newark. The 107 and 108 routes run to New York City. Bus route 319 is an express route to Atlantic City.[446][447]
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 53.7% of working city of Newark residents commuted by driving alone, 9.3% carpooled, 27.3% used public transportation, and 6.5% walked. About 5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 5.7% of working Newark residents worked at home.[450]
Healthcare
Newark is home to five hospitals. University Hospital, an independent institution that is a teaching hospital of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences,[451] has been the busiest Level I trauma center in the state.[452]Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of Barnabas Health, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities.[453] Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901. This 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Catholic Health East operates Saint Michael's Medical Center. Columbus Hospital LTACH is a longterm acute care hospital designed to focus on patients with serious and complex medical conditions that require intense specialized treatment for an extended period of recovery time.[454] Hospitals which have been closed in recent years include the Saint James Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital and the United Hospitals Medical Center.[455][456][457]
In 2016, annual testing of the water in Newark's public schools revealed elevated lead levels; more than 30 schools shut off their water fountains and turned to bottled water. In August 2019 the crisis over lead contamination in drinking water resurfaced because of new warnings from federal environmental officials. It is believed that the contamination was caused by aging lead pipes and changes in the water supply that makes the water more corrosive, causing lead from the pipes to be spread to the water inside.[458][459] In August 2019, New Jersey began supplying water bottles to Newark residents in certain designated neighborhoods.[460] On August 26, 2019, Newark officials announced a $120 million plan to expedite replacing the city's lead service lines in under three years.[461] The 29,000 families affected by the contaminated water were provided with filters and bottled water.[462] After testing in September, it was found that the filters were successful in 97% of homes tested, though bottled water would still be made available to those who request it. Long term-plans include the replacement of lead service lines from the water supply to homes.[463]
Quijos, Ecuador (a canton, not a municipality)[481]
In March 2023, the city held an official ceremony with its sister city in the Hindu nation of Kailaasa. It was later reported that that nation did not actually exist.[482][483]
^Erminio, Vanessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames" Archived April 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 8, 2005, updated April 2, 2019. Accessed November 5, 2019.
^ a b c d eAnnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 20,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2023 Population: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 Archived June 1, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 30, 2024.
^ a bAnnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 Archived May 24, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 16, 2024.
^Dickson, Paul. Labels for Locals: What to Call People from Abilene to Zimbabwe, p. 160. HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 9780060881641. Accessed August 6, 2013.
^Newark – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived March 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Merriam-Webster. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^ a b cSturken, Barbara. "Newark Airport Gains In International Travel" Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 11, 1990. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The oldest airport in the New York metropolitan region, Newark opened in 1928 on 68 acres (28 ha) of reclaimed swampland. It underwent a major overhaul in 1973, when an immense $400 million complex opened to replace an outmoded 20-year-old terminal."
^ a b cNeighborhoods and Wards Archived June 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Newark Community Economic Development Corporation. Accessed September 24, 2019.
^Astudillo, Carla. "10 maps that show Newark's dramatic change since the riots" Archived April 10, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, July 14, 2017. Accessed April 10, 2024. "While Newark’s white population dramatically declined, the city’s black population expanded, especially in the Central, West and South wards.... The other big demographic change is the dramatic increase in the Hispanic population. The percent of Hispanics living in Newark more than doubled from 1970 to 2010. These residents mostly settled in the North and East wards."
^Hartman, David; and Lewis, Barry. "History of Newark" Archived June 28, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, WNET. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In May of 1666, Puritan settlers led by Treat purchased the land directly from the Hackensack Indians for goods -- including gunpowder, one hundred bars of lead, twenty axes, twenty coats, guns, pistols, swords, kettles, blankets, knives, beer, and ten pairs of breeches -- valued at $750, a percentage of which was assessed upon every family that arrived in the new colony within the first year of its settlement."
^1666 - The Founding of Newark Archived March 17, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, Descendants of Founders of New Jersey. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In 1666, Captain Robert Treat, after scouting several locations, successfully completed arrangements with Governor Carteret to settle a plantation on the Passaic River, in the northern section of what was known as the Elizabethtown purchase."
^Miller, Andy. Puritans in Search of a New Haven: 1630–1668
^ a bSnyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968 Archived May 30, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 130. Accessed May 30, 2024.
^Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names Archived November 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^Staff. "Newark on Trent Shows Interest in Newark, New Jersey", p. 123. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume VI, 1921. Accessed September 10, 2015. "It seems to be understood that the name of Newark, New Jersey, is traceable to the influence of the first pastor of the settlement, Rev. Abraham Pierson, who was a native of Yorkshire, England, and is said to have probably ministered first to a church in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire."
^Princeton Alumni Weekly vol. 78; The Puritans in America: a narrative anthology, by Andrew Delbanco, Alan Heimert
^National Archives, Kew, England, T 1/65261-64; Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry, The life and correspondence of James McHenry (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907)
^O'Dea, Colleen. "Newark Before the Comeback: A City Marked by White Flight, Poor Policy" Archived June 28, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Spotlight News, September 4, 2019. Accessed January 3, 2024. "It's unclear where people who left Newark after the war went — Hughes said some suggest many from Newark and its neighboring towns moved down to Ocean County. But the suburbs along the north and western edges of Essex County experienced tremendous growth during the period. From 1950 to 1970, the population more than doubled in Roseland and West Caldwell, and it more than tripled in Fairfield, Livingston and North Caldwell.... 'The riots certainly accelerated' white flight, Hughes said. It drove some of the whites who had remained in Newark out to the suburbs. While the exact timing of when people left is unknown, another 100,000 whites left Newark between 1960 and 1970, and the city lost more than 5 percent of its population, according to U.S. Census data.
^Riche, Patrick. "Newark's Prudential Center: A Key Player in Newark's Re-Branding Efforts" Archived November 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, January 10, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark is currently undergoing a major revitalization. The Prudential Center, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, The Newark Symphony, Riverfront Stadium and Red Bull Park in nearby Harrison and home to Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls represent just part of the nearly $2 billion in construction underway."
^ a bArena, John. Expelling Public Schools: How Antiracist Politics Enable School Privatization in Newark, p. 41. University of Minnesota Press, 2023. ISBN 9781452970042. Accessed January 3, 2024.
^Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area, in Principal City, Not in Principal City, and County; and for Puerto Rico Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today. United States Census Bureau American Fact Finder. Accessed June 4, 2012.
^The Official Website of the City of Newark, NJ Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine 2005. Accessed May 28, 2012.
^Report on the Social statistics of Cities, p. 708. United States Government Printing Office, 1886. Accessed September 24, 2019. "Newark lies in latitude 40° 44' north, longitude 74° 10' west from Greenwich on the Passaic river, 3 above Newark bay, and 9 miles west of New York by railroad, or 18 miles by water. The elevation of the part of the city is 30 feet above high water, the lowest point being the salt meadows, on a level with high water, and the highest point 230 feet above this."
^A View of Mt. Prospect Archived April 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, NewarkHistory.com. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Of the upper class districts of Old Newark – High Street, Lincoln Park, Weequahic and Forest Hill – Forest Hill is the most famous and best preserved."
^Erminio, Vinessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames" Archived October 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, December 8, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark also was known as the Gateway City about 1960. This may have been because of a statewide tourism campaign in which regions of the state were designated with names. Newark, Jersey City and the surrounding communities were called Gateway."
^Areas touching Newark Archived March 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, MapIt. Accessed March 1, 2020.
^Ueda, Reed. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places, p. 612. ABC-CLIO, 2017. ISBN 9781440828652. Accessed March 9, 2022. "Newark, located just 11 miles west of New York City, is New Jersey's largest and second-most racially diverse city."
^Wards Archived May 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, City of Newark. Accessed October 7, 2019.
^ a bLiving Here: Neighborhoods Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Brick City Development Corporation for Newark, New Jersey. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The city is divided into five wards, each with distinct neighborhoods. Residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central and West Wards, while industry is concentrated largely in the East and South Wards near the airport and seaport.... East Ward. The most densely populated section of Newark, the East Ward, is home of one of the largest Portuguese-speaking communities in the country."
^Reock Jr., Ernest C. Redistricting New Jersey After the Census of 2010 Archived August 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, March 2008, pp. 7–9. Accessed September 10, 2015. "The law requires that wards be formed of compact and contiguous territory. The most precise requirement is that the population of the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest ward by more than 10% of the mean average population of the wards."
^Staff. "'Obvious gerrymander,' Scrimmage says of plans" Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Afro-American, April 12, 1969. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Hernandez, Roger. "Hispanics Deserve a Slice of the Pie" Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Rocky Mountain News, May 31, 1991. Accessed June 25, 2012. "In Newark, New Jersey, Hispanic leaders are considering a lawsuit to reverse a decision that chops a heavily Hispanic ward among three legislative districts..."
^Waggoner, Walter H. "Voting Boundaries Awaited in Essex" Archived July 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 27, 1977. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Central Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of November 9, 2012. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^ a bNorth Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of April 5, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^West Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of June 23, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^Strunsky, Steve. "Fatal shooting of West Ward pizza chef is latest 'tragic and senseless' Newark slaying" Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 4, 2012. Accessed August 30, 2015
^South Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of April 5, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^Ironbound Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Marriott. Accessed January 4, 2014.
^Home Page, Ironbound Business Improvement District, backed up by the Internet Archive as of January 27, 2014. Accessed June 13, 2016.
^Staff. "EPA Grant to Help Newark Community Target Environmental Problems" Archived May 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Environmental Protection Agency, March 11, 2010. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Ironbound Community Corporation is the largest comprehensive social service provider located in the East Ward of Newark, NJ. The community that will be served has a population of more than 50,000 people and is one of the most densely populated and diverse areas of the city."
^East Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of June 27, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^ a b c d e"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
^"Station: Newark INTL AP, NJ". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
^ a b"Newark, New Jersey, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^Compendium of censuses 1726–1905: together with the tabulated returns of 1905 Archived February 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Department of State, 1906. Accessed August 6, 2013.
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^Bowen, Francis. American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843 Archived July 15, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842. Accessed August 6, 2013. Population for 1840 is listed as 17,303, which is 13 higher than the number shown in other sources.
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^Ahearn, James. "Opinion: Mission accomplished, NJPAC chief moves on" Archived April 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Record, October 26, 2010. Accessed April 7, 2015. "The first project, on a 1.2-acre lot across the street from the center, is conceived as a high-rise, multi-use tower, which at 44 stories would be the tallest building in the city.... The sixth-largest performing arts center in the country, home to the increasingly respected New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, NJPAC attracts more than 400,000 patrons annually."
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^Portraits 360° VR Tour Archived April 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Gateways to Newark. Accessed June 11, 2018.
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^Sobko, Katie. "Halsey, Demi Lovato coming to music and tech event North to Shore Jersey Festival" Archived March 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, The Record, March 13, 2023. Accessed March 13, 2023. "The North to Shore Jersey Festival will be a music and technology event taking place over the course of three consecutive weekends at three cities across the state. Events will happen in Atlantic City from June 7 to 11, in Asbury Park from June 14 to 18, and in Newark from June 21 to 25. There will be a variety of entertainment events, including concerts, comedy shows and movies, as well as presentations from tech and business entrepreneurs."
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^Joseph G. Minish Passaic River Waterfront Park and Historic Area Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, United States Army Corps of Engineers. Accessed June 11, 2018. "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, is partnered with the State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and City of Newark to construct the Minish Park Project which will reduce riverbank erosion and lay the foundation for waterfront park development and return of public access to the Passaic River in Newark, NJ. Phase I of the project includes 6,000 linear feet of bulkhead construction, and 3,200 linear feet of riverbank grading and native plantings."
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^Ivers, Dan. "Former Newark Bears stadium sold to NYC developer for $23M" Archived November 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 20, 2016. Accessed November 20, 2016. "The former home of the Newark Bears minor league baseball team – left to languish along Broad Street since the hard-luck franchise folded in 2013 – has been sold to a New York-based developer for $23.5 million.The site at the corner of Broad Street and Orange Street has been sold to the Lotus Equity Group, city officials confirmed this week. Lotus plans to demolish Riverfront Stadium and build a mixed-use, high-rise tower in its place."
^Mazzeo, Mike. "Chris Christie: No love lost for Nets" Archived September 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, ESPN New York, April 24, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The New Jersey Nets are playing their final game in New Jersey on Monday night and leaving for Brooklyn at the end of this season, but the governor of New Jersey isn't about to get all nostalgic over it."
^"New York Liberty Return To Madison Square Garden For 2012 Home Opener" Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback MachinePrudential Center, May 14, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The Liberty's 2012 season will mark the second of three seasons the team will call Prudential Center home court while Madison Square Garden continues a historic, top-to-bottom Transformation."
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^Strunsky, Steve. "Newark airport gets upgrades for Super Bowl XLVIII" Archived December 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, October 11, 2013. Accessed June 13, 2016.
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^Robert Mercado, Commissioner, District 1, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed July 20, 2020.
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^Grutzner, Charles. "U.S. Indicts Mayor Of Newark, 9 Present Or Former Officials On $253,000 Extortion Charges; Addonizio On Bail Evasion of Tax Also Charged – Boiardo Among Accused Mayor Addonizio Is Indicted on Extortion Charge", The New York Times, December 18, 1969. Accessed August 22, 2018. "Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio and nine present or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted yesterday by a Federal grand jury with five other persons, among whom was Anthony (Tony Boy) Boiardo, a reputed member of the Mafia."
^Brady, Thomas F. "Addonizio and 4 Convicted Of Extortion by U.S. Jury", The New York Times, July 23, 1970. Accessed November 13, 2016. "Hugh J. Addonizio, former Mayor of Newark, and four other defendants were found guilty by Federal jury tonight on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion."
^Sullivan, Ronald. "Addonizio Given a 10-Year Term", The New York Times, September 23, 1970. Accessed November 13, 2016. "Former Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio of Newark was sentenced to 10 years in prison and fined $25,000 in Federal Court here today for conspiracy and extortion. Convicted of sharing in the proceeds of extorted kickbacks totaling $1.5 million from contractors on city water and sewer lines, Addonizio stood impassively with his head bowed as Judge George H. Barlow declared that his crimes were of 'monumental proportion' that 'tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government.'"
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^Narvaez, Alfonso A. "Gibson Acquitted Of A Conspiracy In 'No Show' Case", The New York Times, October 22, 1982. Accessed September 10, 2015. "Mayor Kenneth A. Gibson was found not guilty today of conspiracy in connection with charges that he had helped create a 'no show' job for a former city official. But the Superior Court jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on a charge of official misconduct."
^Martin, John. "Judge, prosecutors clash over James' 27-month jail term", NJ.com, July 29, 2008. Accessed April 7, 2015. "Former Newark mayor Sharpe James was ordered Tuesday to serve 27 months in prison and pay a $100,000 fine for fraud and conspiracy – a sentence that capped a spectacular downfall for one of New Jersey's political titans, but one that incensed prosecutors who thought it was too light."
^Delgado, Samuel A. "Newark could be a real college town", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2017. "With 60,000 students and faculty at six colleges and universities, Newark has the fifth-highest concentration of higher education on the East Coast, after Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.... With the recent burst in construction, Newark's universities off Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and the Central Ward are increasingly becoming residential campuses, as more students want the experience of living and studying in a big city."
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^Steadman, Andrew. "Bayonne firefighters participate in mock disaster drills in Newark", The Jersey Journal, May 1, 2012. Accessed August 22, 2018. "According to the press release, the Metro USAR Strike Team is made up of nine fire departments from Bayonne, Elizabeth, Hackensack, Hoboken, Jersey City, Newark, Paterson, Morristown as well as the five-municipality North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue Agency."
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^Queally, James. "State Troopers deployed to battle rising Newark crime as part of new initiative", The Star-Ledger, April 16, 2014. Accessed April 7, 2015.
^"Newark police: No officer fired a single shot in 2020, thanks to de-escalation program". News 12 – New Jersey. December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
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^University Hospital Emergency Medical Services Archived January 8, 2012, at the Wayback MachineThe University Hospital. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Ranking among the top providers in the country and representing among the busiest and most experienced units nationally, in excess of 125,000 requests for service are received annually within our coverage areas."
^Fried, Carla. "America's safest city: Amherst, N.Y.; the most dangerous: Newark, N.J", Money, January 1, 1997, Vol. 25, Issue 13, p. 22. Accessed June 21, 2016.
^Lueck, Thomas J. "As Newark Mayor Readies Crime Fight, Toll Rises", The New York Times, January 8, 2007. Accessed October 6, 2007. "For all of 2006, the police said, Newark had 104 homicides, far below its record of 161 in 1981, but more than in any other year since 1995."
^Murr, Andrew; and Noonoo, Jemimah. "A Return To The Bad Old Days?", Newsweek, August 17, 2007. "Murders rose 27 percent in Newark (population 280,000) in the past two years, as killings rose from 83 in 2004 to 104 last year. So far, the pace this year is slower—61 deaths since January."[dead link]
^This link Archived November 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine contains a reference to a June 11, 2007, article in Newsday stating that "Meanwhile, homicides in Newark have jumped from 65 in 2002 to 113 last year, with nonfatal shootings also on the rise." "SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles on Camden". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^Newark and New York Comparative Crime Ratios per 100,000 People, area Connect. Accessed October 7, 2007.
^Schweber, Nate. "Newark Murder Rate Dropped 30 Percent in 2008", The New York Times, January 3, 2009. Accessed February 15, 2012. "Newark recorded 67 homicides in 2008, according to the police, the fewest since 2002, when there were 65. In 2007, there were 97 homicides; in 2006, just over 100."
^"Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2010" in Crime 2010, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Queally, James. "Newark records first homicide-free month in more than 40 years", The Star-Ledger, April 1, 2010. Accessed July 9, 2015. "For the first time in more than 40 years, an entire calendar month has come and gone without a homicide in the state's largest city. It's been 32 days since a homicide took place in Newark, marking the first time there has been a slay-free calendar month in the city since 1966."
^Queally, James. "Newark carjackings rise for 3rd straight year", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The increases have sparked concerns among business leaders and residents that the state's largest city is once again becoming the 'car theft capital of the world,' a dubious monicker it earned in the 1990s."
^Eustachewich, Lia. Newark Releases 2011 Crime Statistics, Newark Patch. January 26, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
^Table 4 January to December 2011–2012 Offenses Reported to Law Enforcement by State by City 100,000 and over in population, Crime 2012 • January–December 2012 Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report in the United States 2012, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Accessed December 12, 2013.
^"Most Dangerous U.S. Cities: 6 – Newark, N.J.", CNNMoney, January 23, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Samaha, Albert. "Newark's 10 Day Stretch of 10 Homicides Reflects Drop in Cop Numbers" Archived December 17, 2013, at the Wayback MachineThe Village Voice, September 6, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "And after three years, the cuts to the police budget produced a sad crescendo: In a 10 day stretch, from Monday August 26 to Wednesday September 4, there were 10 homicides in the city, as well as three more non-fatal shootings and one non-fatal stabbing."
^Queally, James; and Gaimbusso, David. "Ten days, 10 dead: Shooting deaths plague Newark", The Star-Ledger, September 5, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Johnson, Anthony. "Newark murders hit triple digits", WABC-TV, December 27, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015."Murders in Newark hit triple digits this year for the first time in seven years.... So far in 2013, there have been 102 murders. The last time the murder rate was in triple digits was in 2007 when there were 107 murders."
^Queally, James. "N.J. homicides soared to seven-year high in 2013 after surges in Newark, Trenton", The Star-Ledger, January 1, 2014. Accessed July 9, 2015. "A Star-Ledger survey of county prosecutors' offices found at least 409 people died violently last year. More than a quarter of those killings took place in Newark, where a spate of Christmas season slayings pushed the homicide total to 111, including one in the final hours of the year. The tally is the highest since 1990."
^Ivers, Dan. "Declines in Newark, Camden drive N.J. homicides to 5-year low in 2014", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2015, updated January 5, 2015. "More than a third of those incidents took place in Essex County, where Newark and Irvington accounted for all but five of the county's 117 homicides. The state's largest city totaled 93 for the year – by far the highest in the state, but a sizeable reduction from the 111 it recorded last year."
^Ivers, Dan. "Despite progress in cities, N.J. homicides jump 4 percent in 2015", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2016, updated January 14, 2016. Accessed June 13, 2016. "More than a quarter of those slayings took place in Newark, where a bloody finish to the year, which included 25 homicides over November and December, drove the city's total to 105*, according to police department statistics – an uptick of 12 over 2014."
^Cohen, Noah; and Iati, Marisa. "Homicides dropped by 7 percent in 2017. Here's how many each county had.", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 8, 2018. Accessed June 11, 2018. "Newark saw homicides fall to a historic low this year, city officials said at a December press conference. The state's largest city saw 72 murders in 2017, a roughly 25 percent decline from the year prior."
^Yi, Karen. "Homicides hit a low but shootings on the rise in N.J.'s largest city", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 14, 2017. Accessed June 11, 2018. "There were 70 homicides to date this year – about a 28 percent drop from the year prior, Mayor Ras Baraka said during a press conference on the city's year-end crime statistics at the police-fire communications center. That's 26 fewer murders than last year's 96, officials said."
^"Newark Crime Rates Continue to Drop, But It's as Much About Perception as Reality | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^NJ.com, Sophie Nieto-Munoz | NJ Advance Media for (August 13, 2019). "Despite 5 murders in one week, officials calm anxious residents with reminder that Newark crime is at 50-year low". nj. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a bLeyden, Liz (October 30, 2018). "In Echo of Flint, Mich., Water Crisis Now Hits Newark". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a bWernick, Adam. "Newark, NJ, has a lead contamination problem in its water". PRI. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a b c d e fPanico, Rebecca. "Study Shows How Newark's Lead Problem Got So Bad". Tapinto. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a b cCorosanti, Nick; Kilgannon, Corey; and Schwartz, John. "Tainted Water, Ignored Warnings and a Boss With a Criminal Past; How a long line of questionable decisions led to the crisis over lead contamination in Newark.", The New York Times, August 24, 2019, updated September 23, 2019. Accessed March 1, 2020.
^New Jersey's Long-Range Transportation Plan: Urban Supplement Report, City of Newark, New Jersey Department of Transportation, September 2008. Accessed June 13, 2016.
^Lipton, Eric. "New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade", The New York Times, November 22, 2004. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Last year, $100 billion worth of wares moved through the port, up 12 percent in just a year."
^Solarino, Audrey. "The history of the Morris Canal", Suburban Trends, May 20, 2010. Accessed June 28, 2012.
^McGeehan, Patrick. "Commuters Feel Pinch as Christie Tightens", The New York Times, May 16, 2011. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Without the Port Authority money, Mr. Simpson said, New Jersey would have to spend about $30 million a year just to keep the Pulaski Skyway – a 70-year-old bridge that serves as a link between Newark Liberty International Airport and the Holland Tunnel – from falling down. Now, it will invest about $900 million over five years to 'basically rebuild the whole bridge.'"
^On Broadway, NewarkHistory.org. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Newark's Broadway was called Belleville Avenue in the Nineteenth Century. Like Springfield Avenue, Bloomfield Avenue, and South Orange Avenue, Broadway is one of Newark's great radial streets. The name of the street, for reasons unknown to me, was changed from Belleville Ave to Broadway in the early Twentieth century."
^Communities in any state having populations between 250000 and 999999999, Bikes at Work, backed up by the Internet Archive as of October 6, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. December 9, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
^Greater Newark Bus System Study Archived July 25, 2013, at the Wayback MachineNorth Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Approximately 50 of these bus routes, operated by NJ TRANSIT and Coach USA, converge in the City of Newark, making it a critical hub for people transferring between buses, as well as between bus and rail."
^Essex County Bus/Rail Connections, NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22, 2009. Accessed August 26, 2011.
^Essex County System Map Archived July 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed November 2, 2019.
^Romano, Jay. "A Busy Weekend At Trauma Center", The New York Times, September 19, 1993. Accessed November 27, 2013. "And so began a typical weekend at the busiest trauma center in New Jersey."
^Keller, Susan Jo. "New Jersey Daily Briefing; Hospitals Consider Partnership", The New York Times, November 6, 1995. Accessed March 11, 2012. "Newark Beth Israel, founded in 1901 and the only hospital in New Jersey that performs heart and lung transplants, has 607 beds and about 3,300 employees."
^What Is, Columbus Hospital LTACH. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^Heininger, Claire. "Two Newark hospitals to close under deal; Mayor Booker 'furious'", The Star-Ledger, January 10, 2008. Accessed June 21, 2016. "Two struggling Newark hospitals – Saint James and Columbus – will close their doors this spring, while the city's third Catholic hospital will receive an infusion of cash under an agreement reached tonight."
^"Public Announcement: Closure of Mount Carmel Guild Behavior Health Hospital", Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Newark, January 31, 2010. Accessed June 21, 2016.
^Corasaniti, Nick; Kilgannon, Corey; and Schwartz, John. "Lead Crisis in Newark Grows, as Bottled Water Distribution Is Bungled; Worries about the safety of the drinking water in New Jersey's largest city have raised comparisons to Flint, Mich.", The New York Times, August 14, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019. "Generally, he said, those pipes and fixtures begin to shed lead when there are changes in the water supply that make the water more corrosive, causing the lead to leach from the pipes."
^Enking, Molly (August 28, 2019). "Flint, Newark, and the Persistent Crisis of Lead in Water". Wired. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^"Newark Water Crisis: Racing to Replace Lead Pipes in Under 3 Years". The New York Times. August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^Yi, Karen. "Newark to release lead filter testing results Monday, as 29K families rely on bottled water", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 22, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019.
^Yi, Karen; and Warren, Michael Sol. "Newark says no more need for bottled water, but it's unclear why some homes fail tests", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 23, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019. "Newark residents can go back to using 38,000 city-distributed filters to reduce lead in the water, state officials announced on Monday, citing preliminary testing that found 97% of filters were working as expected. The city, however, will continue offering free bottled water for those who remain concerned until the state launches a new $1 million program to provide door-to-door to assistance with filter installation."
^Home Page, Consulado de Colombia en newark. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Haddon, Heather. "Saying Arrivederci to N.J.'s Consulate", The Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has decided to close its consulate in Newark, the only full-fledged office in a state renowned as the home of Italian-American pop-culture fixtures such as Frank Sinatra and The Sopranos."
^Rose, Liza. "Planned closure of Italian consulate in Newark sparks criticism", The Star-Ledger, September 20, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian consulate in Newark is slated to close in March, passing its jurisdiction over to New York. Although 13 other Italian consulates worldwide are being shuttered due to fiscal woes, the New Jersey office is the only location in the United States that is getting the boot."
^Home Page Archived February 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Consulate of Italy in Newark. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Consulate Of Italy In Newark, New Jersey Is Closed As Of February 28, 2014."
^Regan, Brian. Gothic Pride: The Story of Building a Great Cathedral in Newark, p. 227. Rutgers University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780813553467. Accessed July 9, 2015. "1995 – During his visit on October 4, Pope John Paul II designates Sacred Heart a minor basilica."
^Piazza, Jo. "Dalai Lama's Latest Peace Project: Newark", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2011. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Tibetan spiritual leader has been to 62 countries on six continents in his 75 years on Earth, but until Thursday, he had never had an extended stay in Newark, save for a brief stop in 1990 to consecrate a Buddhist altar at the Newark Museum."
^"City Search / Newark, New Jersey". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^"Thomas P. Giblin, 2014 Honorary Grand Marshal" (PDF). Queens County St. Patrick's Day Parade Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^Newark Sister City Agreement with Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador. March 15, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Sister City Agreement - City of Newark, N.J. The City of KINSHASA, CONGO. August 10, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Sister City Agreement - City of Newark, USA with Canton Loja, Canton Olmedo, Canton Alausi, Ecuador. May 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^City of Newark, N.J. & The City Of Macara Loja, Ecuador, Sister City Agreement. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^City of Newark Sister City Agreement with City of Machala, Ecuador. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^"Ribeira y Newark sellaron su hermanamiento". La Voz de Galicia. June 15, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^Sister City agreement - Newark - NJ - USA and Quijos - Ecuador. September 14, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Helmore, Edward (March 16, 2023). "Newark mayor signs deal with Hindu nation that does not exist". The Guardian.
^City of Newark falls for Sister City scam: "Whose job was it to do a simple Google search?", CBS News, March 8, 2023
Further reading
City of Newark, New Jersey (2005). Newark's land use plan including historical data (PDF). Newark, New Jersey. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Cunningham, John T. (1966). Newark. Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society.
Galishoff, Stuart (1988). Newark: The Nation's Unhealthiest City, 1832–1895. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1281-5.
Rabig, Julia. The Fixers: Devolution, Development, and Civil Society in Newark, 1960–1990. (U of Chicago Press, 2016). viii, 333 pp
Shales, Ezra (2010). Made in Newark: Cultivating Industrial Arts and Civic Identity in the Progressive Era. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rivergate Books/Rutgers University Press.
Strummer, Helen M. (1994). No Easy Walk: Newark, 1980–1993. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2005-Newark's land use plan including historical data
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newark, New Jersey.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Newark, New Jersey.
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Aveiro, Portugal
Banjul, Gambia
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Douala, Cameroon
Freeport, Bahamas
Ganja, Azerbaijan
Kumasi, Ghana
Monrovia, Liberia
Umuaka, Nigeria
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Castlerea, Ireland[473][474]
Cuenca, Ecuador[475]
Kinshasa[476]
Ribeira, Spain[480]
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