Портал:История

Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Исторический портал

История Николаоса Гизиса

История (от древнегреческого ἱστορία ( historía ) «исследование; знание, полученное путем исследования») — это систематическое изучение и документирование человеческого прошлого .

Период событий до изобретения систем письма считается предысторией . «История» — это общий термин, охватывающий события прошлого, а также память, открытие, сбор, организацию, представление и интерпретацию этих событий. Историки ищут знания о прошлом, используя исторические источники , такие как письменные документы, устные рассказы, произведения искусства и материальные артефакты, а также экологические маркеры. История неполна и до сих пор хранит спорные загадки.

История — это академическая дисциплина , которая использует повествование для описания, изучения, вопросов и анализа прошлых событий, а также для исследования их причин и следствий. Историки спорят о том, какое повествование лучше всего объясняет событие, а также о значении различных причин и следствий. Историки спорят о природе истории как цели самой по себе и о ее полезности для взгляда на проблемы современности.

Истории, общие для конкретной культуры, но не подтвержденные внешними источниками (например, сказки о короле Артуре ), обычно относят к культурному наследию или легендам . История отличается от мифа тем, что она подкреплена проверяемыми фактами . Однако древние культурные влияния помогли создать различные интерпретации природы истории, которые развивались на протяжении веков и продолжают меняться сегодня. Современное изучение истории носит широкий характер и включает изучение конкретных регионов и определенных актуальных или тематических элементов исторического исследования. История преподается как часть начального и среднего образования, а академическое изучение истории является основной дисциплиной в университетах.

Геродота , греческого историка V века до нашей эры , часто считают «отцом истории» как одного из первых историков западной традиции, хотя его критиковали как «отца лжи». Вместе со своим современником Фукидидом он помог сформировать основы современного изучения прошлых событий и обществ. Их работы продолжают читать и сегодня, а разрыв между Геродотом, ориентированным на культуру, и Фукидидом, ориентированным на военное дело, остается предметом разногласий или подходов в современной исторической литературе. В Восточной Азии государственная хроника «Весенние и осенние летописи » датируется 722 годом до нашей эры, хотя сохранились только тексты II века до нашей эры. ( Полная статья... )

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Избранные статьи – показать другую

Здесь отображаются избранные статьи , которые представляют собой одни из лучших материалов английской Википедии.

Изображение 1

Военный мемориал Северо-Восточной железной дороги — мемориал Первой мировой войны в Йорке на севере Англии. Он был спроектирован сэром Эдвином Лютьенсом в память о сотрудниках Северо-Восточной железной дороги (NER), которые ушли воевать во время Первой мировой войны и погибли во время службы. В начале 1920 года правление NER проголосовало за выделение 20 000 фунтов стерлингов на мемориал и заказало Лютиенсу. Комитет военного мемориала в Йорке последовал этому примеру и также назначил Лютиенса, но обе схемы оказались втянутыми в противоречие. В обществе были высказаны опасения по поводу влияния мемориала НЕР на городские стены и его влияния на предложенную схему городского военного мемориала, учитывая, что два мемориала планировалось разместить на расстоянии 100 ярдов (90 метров) друг от друга, а городская бюджет составлял десятую часть бюджета NER. Споры разрешились после того, как Лютьенс изменил свои планы относительно мемориала NER, переместив его от стен, и город выбрал пересмотренную схему на земле недалеко от стен; по совпадению земля принадлежала НЕР, правление которой передало ее городу.

Мемориал NER был открыт 14 июня 1924 года фельдмаршалом лордом Плумером . Он состоит из обелиска высотой 54 фута (16 метров), который возвышается над задней частью трехсторонней стены-ширмы. Стена образует углубление, в котором стоит характерный Камень памяти Лютьенса . Сама стена украшена несколькими резными гирляндами и венками, в том числе венком, окружающим герб НЭР у подножия обелиска. Мемориал представляет собой здание, внесенное в список памятников архитектуры II * , и является частью «национальной коллекции» военных мемориалов Лютьенса. ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

Первые пять строк De laaudibus Christi с изображением автора Фальтонии Бетиции Проба, держащей свиток.

Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi (Latin: [ˈkɛntoː wɛrɡɪlɪˈaːnʊs deː ˈlau̯dɪbʊs ˈkʰriːstiː]; A Virgilian Cento Concerning the Glory of Christ) is a Latin poem arranged by Faltonia Betitia Proba (c. AD 352–384) after her conversion to Christianity. A cento is a poetic work composed of verses or passages taken from other authors and re-arranged in a new order. This poem reworks verses extracted from the work of Virgil to tell stories from the Old and New Testament of the Christian Bible. Much of the work focuses on the story of Jesus Christ.

While scholars have proposed a number of hypotheses to explain why the poem was written, a definitive answer to this question remains elusive. Regardless of Proba's intent, the poem would go on to be widely circulated, and it eventually was used in schools to teach the tenets of Christianity, often alongside Augustine of Hippo's De doctrina Christiana. But while the poem was popular, critical reception was more mixed. A pseudonymous work purportedly by Pope Gelasius I disparaged the poem, deeming it apocryphal, and many also believe that St. Jerome wrote negatively of Proba and her poem. Other thinkers like Isidore of Seville, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio wrote highly of Proba, and many praised her ingenuity. During the 19th and 20th centuries the poem was criticized as being of poor quality, but recent scholars have held the work in higher regard. (Full article...)
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The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its conflict with the German Empire during World War I. Due to the significant strategic advantages conferred by the Belgian ports, the Imperial German Navy had used Ostend as a base for the U-boat campaign during the Battle of the Atlantic since 1915.

A successful blockade of these bases would have forced German submarines to operate out of more distant ports, such as Wilhelmshaven, on the German coast. This would expose them for longer to Allied countermeasures and reduce the time they could spend raiding. The ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge (partially blocked in the Zeebrugge Raid three weeks previously) provided sea access via canals for the major inland port of Bruges. Bruges was used as a base for small warships and submarines. As it was 6 mi (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) inland, it was immune to most naval artillery fire and coastal raids, providing a safe harbour for training and repair. (Full article...)
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The Freedom Monument (Latvian: Brīvības piemineklis) is a monument located in Riga, Latvia, honouring soldiers killed during the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920). It is considered an important symbol of the freedom, independence, and sovereignty of Latvia. Unveiled in 1935, the 42-metre (138 ft) high monument of granite, travertine, and copper often serves as the focal point of public gatherings and official ceremonies in Riga.

The sculptures and bas-reliefs of the monument, arranged in thirteen groups, depict Latvian culture and history. The core of the monument is composed of tetragonal shapes on top of each other, decreasing in size towards the top, completed by a 19-metre (62 ft) high travertine column bearing the copper figure of Liberty lifting three gilded stars. The concept for the monument first emerged in the early 1920s when the Latvian Prime Minister, Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, ordered rules to be drawn up for a contest for designs of a "memorial column". After several contests the monument was finally built at the beginning of the 1930s according to the scheme "Mirdzi kā zvaigzne!" ("Shine like a star!") submitted by Latvian sculptor Kārlis Zāle. Construction works were financed by private donations. (Full article...)
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Corporal Charles H. Johnson of the 783rd Military Police Battalion waves on a Red Ball Express motor convoy rushing priority materiel to the forward areas.

American logistics in the Northern France campaign played a key role in the Allied invasion of northwest Europe during World War II. In the first seven weeks after D-Day, the Allied advance was slower than anticipated in the Operation Overlord plan because the well-handled and determined German opposition exploited the defensive value of the Normandy bocage country. The Northern France campaign officially commenced on 25 July, the day First United States Army began Operation Cobra, which saw the breakout from the Normandy lodgment, and ended on 14 September.

Following Operation Cobra the advance was much faster than expected, and the rapid increase in the length of the line of communications threw up unanticipated logistical challenges. The logistical plan lacked the flexibility needed to cope with the rapidly changing operational situation; the rehabilitation of railways and construction of pipelines could not keep up with the pace of the advance, and resupply by air had limited capacity. Major shortages developed, particularly of petrol, oil and lubricants (POL). (Full article...)
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The first illustration of the first roll of the Anthony Roll, depicting the Henry Grace à Dieu, the largest ship in the English navy during the reign of King Henry VIII.

The Anthony Roll is a written record of ships of the English Tudor navy of the 1540s, named after its creator, Anthony Anthony. It originally consisted of three rolls of vellum, depicting 58 naval vessels along with information on their size, crew, armament, and basic equipment. The rolls were presented to King Henry VIII in 1546, and were kept in the royal library. In 1680 King Charles II gave two of the rolls to Samuel Pepys, who had them cut up and bound as a single volume book, which is now in the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge. The third roll remained in the royal collection until it was given by King William IV to his daughter Lady Mary Fox, who sold it to the British Museum in 1858; it is now owned by the British Library.

The Anthony Roll is the only known fully illustrated inventory of ships of the English navy in the Tudor period. As the work of a successful state official in 16th century England, the artistic value of the Anthony Roll has been described as being characterised by "naive draughtsmanship and conformity to a pattern" though its artistic aspects display "a decent amateur grasp of form and colour". While the inventories listed in its text have proven to be highly accurate, most of the ship illustrations are rudimentary and made according to a set formula. The level of detail of the ship design, armament and especially rigging has therefore proven to be only approximate. Nevertheless, through their depiction of the ceremonial ornamentation the illustrations in the Roll have provided relevant secondary information to the study of Tudor period heraldry, flags and ship ornamentation. (Full article...)
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Martinus (Greek: Μαρτίνος, translit. Martínos) or Marinus (Greek: Μαρίνος, romanized: Marínos; died possibly in 641) was caesar of the Byzantine Empire from c. 639 to 641. Martinus was the fifth son of Emperor Heraclius and Empress Martina, who was Heraclius' second wife and niece. Martinus was elevated to caesar, a junior imperial title that placed him on the line of succession, at some point between 638 and 640 by his father.

Heraclius died on 11 February 641, leaving the Byzantine Empire to Martinus's half-brother Constantine III and his elder full brother Heraclonas; Constantine III soon died of tuberculosis, although some of his partisans alleged that Martina poisoned him. One such partisan, Valentinus, led troops to Chalcedon, across the Bosporus strait from the imperial capital, Constantinople, to force Martina to install Constans II, the son of Constantine III, as co-emperor. Valentinus seized Constantinople and forced Martina to install Constans II in September or October 641, and deposed Martina, Heraclonas, and Martinus. Martinus was mutilated and exiled to Rhodes. He died soon after, possibly during or immediately after the mutilations. (Full article...)
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Design 1047, also known as Project 1047, was a series of plans for a class of Dutch battlecruisers prior to the Second World War. These large capital ships were intended to counter the threat posed by Japanese aggression towards the Dutch colonies in the East Indies.

Dutch intelligence believed that if it came to war, the Imperial Japanese Navy would deploy its capital ships (aircraft carriers and battleships) against their counterparts of the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy. That would leave heavy and light cruisers, along with seaplane carriers, as the largest warships available for an advance into the East Indies. (Full article...)
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Battle of Chiclana, 5 March 1811, Louis-François Lejeune

The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre by an Anglo-Iberian force to break the French siege of Cádiz during the Peninsular War. During the battle, a single British division defeated two French divisions and captured a regimental eagle.

Cádiz had been invested by the French in early 1810, leaving it accessible from the sea, but in March of the following year a reduction in the besieging army gave its garrison of British and Spanish troops an opportunity to lift the siege. A large Allied strike force was shipped south from Cádiz to Tarifa, and moved to engage the siege lines from the rear. The French, under the command of Marshal Victor, were aware of the Allied movement and redeployed to prepare a trap. Victor placed one division on the road to Cádiz, blocking the Allied line of march, while his two remaining divisions fell on the single Anglo-Portuguese rearguard division under the command of Sir Thomas Graham. (Full article...)
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Seal of the Inspector General

The Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army (OTIG) is the agency tasked with investigating the United States Army. Its stated mission is to "provide impartial, objective and unbiased advice and oversight to the army through relevant, timely and thorough inspection, assistance, investigations, and training". The position of Inspector General (IG) has existed since 1777, when Thomas Conway was appointed, and the office has been reorganized many times, varied in size dramatically, and abolished on several occasions before being reinstated. In its early days, the inspectorate was frequently merged with, or proposed to be part of, the Adjutant General's department.

The office expanded greatly in the late 19th century after the American Civil War, undertaking increasing numbers of inspections. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, the War Department was ill-prepared, and much of the blame fell upon the inspectorate. Nevertheless, it continued to expand in the early 20th century, peaking during World War I, with the caseload of the department rising 360 percent from 1916 to 1917. The scope of the department rose further between the world wars. Work undertaken fell during the 1920s and rose again during the 1930s. During World War II, the department increased in size to the point that it had around 3,000 officers in 1945. The inspectorate decreased in size to about 2,000 officers in 1986. (Full article...)
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Blackbeard (c. 1736 engraving used to illustrate Johnson's General History)

Edward Teach (alternatively spelled Edward Thatch, c. 1680 – 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet, but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him.

Teach captured a French slave ship known as La Concorde, renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped her with 40 guns, and crewed her with over 300 men. He became a renowned pirate. His nickname derived from his thick black beard and fearsome appearance. He was reported to have tied lit fuses (slow matches) under his hat to frighten his enemies. He formed an alliance of pirates and blockaded the port of Charles Town, South Carolina, ransoming the port's inhabitants. He then ran Queen Anne's Revenge aground on a sandbar near Beaufort, North Carolina. He parted company with Stede Bonnet and settled in Bath, North Carolina, also known as Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. However, he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him. On 22 November 1718, following a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. (Full article...)
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Plaque commemorating Landis's Missouri Battery at Vicksburg National Military Park

Landis's Missouri Battery, also known as Landis's Company, Missouri Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Confederate States Army during the early stages of the American Civil War. The battery was formed when Captain John C. Landis recruited men from the Missouri State Guard in late 1861 and early 1862. The battery fielded two 12-pounder Napoleon field guns and two 24-pounder howitzers for much of its existence, and had a highest reported numerical strength of 62 men. After initially serving in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, where it may have fought in the Battle of Pea Ridge, the unit was transferred east of the Mississippi River. The battery saw limited action in 1862 at the Battle of Iuka and at the Second Battle of Corinth.

In 1863, the unit was transferred to Grand Gulf, Mississippi, a key point on the Mississippi River. After Major General Ulysses S. Grant landed Union infantry at Bruinsburg, Landis's Battery formed part of Confederate defenses at the battles of Port Gibson in early May, after which Landis was promoted and Lieutenant John M. Langan took command. Later that month, it took part in the Battle of Champion Hill. On May 17, the battery was part of a Confederate force tasked with holding the crossing of the Big Black River at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge, where it may have suffered the capture of two cannons. Landis's Battery next saw action during the siege of Vicksburg. While there, the battery helped repulse Union assaults on May 22. Landis's Battery was captured when the Confederate garrison of Vicksburg surrendered on July 4. Although the surviving men of the battery were exchanged, the battery was not reorganized after Vicksburg; instead, it was absorbed into Guibor's Missouri Battery along with Wade's Missouri Battery. (Full article...)
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USS New Jersey underway in January 1985

USS New Jersey (BB-62) is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the U.S. state of New Jersey. She was often referred to fondly as "Big J". New Jersey earned more battle stars for combat actions than the other three completed Iowa-class battleships, and was the only US battleship used to provide gunfire support during the Vietnam War.

During World War II, New Jersey shelled targets on Guam and Okinawa, and screened aircraft carriers conducting raids in the Marshall Islands. During the Korean War, she was involved in raids along the North Korean coast, after which she was decommissioned into the United States Navy reserve fleets, better known as the "mothball fleet". She was briefly reactivated in 1968 and sent to Vietnam to support US troops before returning to the mothball fleet in 1969. Reactivated once more in the 1980s as part of the 600-ship Navy program, New Jersey was modernized to carry missiles and recommissioned for service. In 1983, she participated in US operations during the Lebanese Civil War. (Full article...)
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A Slovak propaganda poster exhorts readers not to "be a servant to the Jew".

The Holocaust in Slovakia was the systematic dispossession, deportation, and murder of Jews in the Slovak State, a client state of Nazi Germany, during World War II. Out of 89,000 Jews in the country in 1940, an estimated 69,000 were murdered in the Holocaust.

After the September 1938 Munich Agreement, Slovakia unilaterally declared its autonomy within Czechoslovakia, but lost significant territory to Hungary in the First Vienna Award, signed in November. The following year, with German encouragement, the ruling ethnonationalist Slovak People's Party declared independence from Czechoslovakia. State propaganda blamed the Jews for the territorial losses. Jews were targeted for discrimination and harassment, including the confiscation of their property and businesses. The exclusion of Jews from the economy impoverished the community, which encouraged the government to conscript them for forced labor. On 9 September 1941, the government passed the Jewish Code, which it claimed to be the strictest anti-Jewish law in Europe. (Full article...)
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Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge, which contains part of the battlefield

The Battle of Marais des Cygnes (/ˌmɛər də ˈziːn, - ˈsiːn, ˈmɛər də ziːn/) took place on October 25, 1864, in Linn County, Kansas, during Price's Missouri Campaign during the American Civil War. It is also known as the Battle of Trading Post. In late 1864, Confederate Major-General Sterling Price invaded the state of Missouri with a cavalry force, attempting to draw Union troops away from the primary theaters of fighting further east. After several victories early in the campaign, Price's Confederate troops were defeated at the Battle of Westport on October 23 near Kansas City, Missouri. The Confederates then withdrew into Kansas, camping along the banks of the Marais des Cygnes River on the night of October 24. Union cavalry pursuers under Brigadier General John B. Sanborn skirmished with Price's rearguard that night, but disengaged without participating in heavy combat.

Overnight, Sanborn's troops were reinforced by cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel Frederick W. Benteen, bringing the total Union strength to 3,500. The battle began early the next morning as Sanborn drove Major General John S. Marmaduke's Confederate rearguard from its position north of the river. Union troops captured cannons, prisoners, and wagons during this stage of the fighting. Marmaduke attempted to make a stand at the river crossing, but his position was outflanked by a Union cavalry regiment, forcing him to abandon it. A rearguard action by Confederate Brigadier General John B. Clark Jr.'s 1,200-man brigade bought Price more time to retreat and disengage. Some of Price's men were still caught near Mine Creek later that morning and were badly beaten in the Battle of Mine Creek. That evening, the Battle of Marmiton River became the day's third action, after which Price burned his supply train so it no longer slowed the retreat. After another defeat at the Second Battle of Newtonia on October 28, Price's column retreated to Texas through Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Only 3,500 of the 12,000 men Price had brought into Missouri remained in his force. (Full article...)

Знаете ли вы (создается автоматически)

... что свинцовый пояс в английском Ист-Мидлендсе назван в честь исторического использования свинца в изготовленных там миниатюрах для военных игр ?
...что рецензент назвал Черного Кррсантана одним из «самых страшных персонажей в истории «Звездных войн »»?
... что местное регулирование и обеспечение правопорядка в ранней истории Брайтона осуществлялось Обществом Двенадцати, бидлом «в треуголке и полных регалиях» и двумя «Старыми Чарли»?
...что археологические раскопки в историческом городе Хараиб выявили сельское поселение со сложной системой цистерн и финикийским храмом ?
... что в период раннего доступа Hogwarts Legacy игра установила новый рекорд на Twitch с наибольшим количеством одновременных зрителей в истории однопользовательской игры?
... что бывший нападающий «Аризона Кардиналс» Седрик Оглсби , один из первых афроамериканских нападающих в истории НФЛ, получил шанс сыграть, когда предыдущий нападающий команды получил травму, празднуя?

Избранная биография – покажи другую

Это избранная статья , в которой представлены одни из лучших материалов английской Википедии.

Статуэтка Неферефра , расписной известняк.

Неферефр Иси ( ок. 25 век до н. э .; также известный как Ранефереф , Ранефер ипо- гречески Χέρης , Черес ) была древнеегипетским фараоном Пятой династии в период Старого царства . Скорее всего, он был старшим сыном фараона Нефериркаре Какаи и царицы Хенткаус II . До того, как взошел на престол, он был известен как принц Ранефер.

Неферефр построил для себя пирамиду в королевском некрополе Абусира под названием Нетджерибау Ранефереф , что означает « Басы Неферефра божественны». Пирамида так и не была завершена, а надпись каменщика показала, что работы над каменной конструкцией были прекращены во время или вскоре после второго года правления короля. Учитывая скудность свидетельств, относящихся к периоду его правления, египтологи воспринимают это как свидетельство того, что Неферефр неожиданно умерла после двух-трех лет пребывания на троне. Тем не менее Неферефр был похоронен в своей пирамиде, наспех завершенной в виде мастабы его вторым преемником и предположительно младшим братом, фараоном Нюсерре Ини . Там были обнаружены фрагменты его мумии, свидетельствующие о том, что он умер, когда ему было чуть больше двадцати. ( Полная статья... )

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В этот день

5 февраля : День Конституции на Филиппинах ( 1987 г. ).

Бакелитовые пуговицы

1909 – Бельгийский химик Лео Бакеланд объявил о своем изобретении бакелита (образцы на фото) , первого в мире синтетического пластика .
1913 – последняя опера Клаудио Монтеверди , «L'incoronazione di Poppea» , была показана в театре впервые за более чем 250 лет.
1958 — После столкновения в воздухе с истребителем во время учений у Тайби-Айленда, штат Джорджия , бомбардировщик ВВС США сбросил ядерную бомбу Mark 15 , которая считалась утерянной.
1985 – Мэры Карфагена и Рима подписали символический мирный договор, официально положивший конец Третьей Пунической войне , спустя 2134 года после ее начала.
2019 – Папа Франциск стал первым Папой, отслужившим папскую мессу на Аравийском полуострове .

Маркус Уорд Лайон младший ( р. 1875)
Уильям Босток ( р. 1892)
Маргарет Окли Дэйхофф ( ум. 1983)
Бхувнешвар Кумар ( р. 1990)

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Фортуна, обладающая огромной властью в других вопросах, но особенно в войне, может вызвать большие изменения в ситуации с помощью очень незначительных сил.
— Юлий Цезарь , римский консул

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