Портал:Современная история

Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Портал современной истории

Современная эпоха или современный период считается текущим историческим периодом человеческой истории . Первоначально он применялся к истории Европы и западной истории для событий, которые произошли после Средних веков , часто около 1500 года. С 1990-х годов среди историков все чаще стали называть период после Средних веков и до 19 века ранним современным периодом . Современный период сегодня чаще используется для событий с 19 века до наших дней. Время с конца Второй мировой войны (1945) также можно описать как часть современной истории . Общее определение современного периода сегодня часто связано с такими событиями, как Французская революция , промышленная революция и переход к национализму в сторону либерального международного порядка .

Современный период был периодом значительного развития в области науки , политики , войны и технологий . Это также был век Великих географических открытий и глобализации . В это время европейские державы , а затем и их колонии, усилили свою политическую, экономическую и культурную колонизацию остального мира. Он также создал новый современный образ жизни и навсегда изменил образ жизни людей во всем мире.

В 19-м и начале 20-го века модернистское искусство , политика , наука и культура стали доминировать не только в Западной Европе и Северной Америке , но и почти во всех областях земного шара, включая движения, которые считались противопоставленными западному миру и глобализации . Современная эпоха тесно связана с развитием индивидуализма , капитализма , урбанизации и верой в позитивные возможности технологического и политического прогресса . ( Полная статья... )

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Ранний современный период — исторический период , который является частью или (в зависимости от историка ) непосредственно предшествовал современному периоду , с подразделениями, основанными в первую очередь на истории Европы и более широкой концепции современности . Не существует точной даты, которая отмечает начало или конец периода, и его протяженность может варьироваться в зависимости от изучаемой области истории. В целом считается, что ранний современный период продолжался примерно с начала XVI века до начала XIX века (около 1500–1800 гг.). В европейском контексте он определяется как период, следующий за Средними веками и предшествующий наступлению современности; но даты этих границ далеки от всеобщего согласия. В контексте глобальной истории ранний современный период часто используется даже в контекстах, где нет эквивалентного «средневекового» периода.

Различные события и исторические переходы были предложены в качестве начала раннего современного периода, включая падение Константинополя в 1453 году , начало Ренессанса , конец Крестовых походов и начало Эпохи Великих географических открытий . Его конец часто знаменуется Французской революцией , а иногда также Американской революцией или приходом к власти Наполеона . Историки последних десятилетий утверждают, что с точки зрения всего мира наиболее важной чертой раннего современного периода был его распространяющийся глобализирующий характер. Возникли новые экономики и институты, которые стали более сложными и глобально сформулированными в течение периода. Ранний современный период также включал рост господства меркантилизма как экономической теории. Другие заметные тенденции периода включают развитие экспериментальной науки , все более быстрый технический прогресс , секуляризированную гражданскую политику, ускоренные путешествия из-за улучшений в картографии и конструкции судов, а также возникновение национальных государств . ( Полная статья... )
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Political boundaries at the beginning of year 1700

The 18th century lasted from 1 January 1701 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCI) to 31 December 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the Atlantic Revolutions. Revolutions began to challenge the legitimacy of monarchical and aristocratic power structures. The Industrial Revolution began during mid-century, leading to radical changes in human society and the environment. The European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as part of the Age of Sail. During the century, slave trading expanded across the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, while declining in Russia and China.

Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution, with an emphasis on directly interconnected events. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later.

In Europe, philosophers ushered in the Age of Enlightenment. This period coincided with the French Revolution of 1789, and was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions to oppose the French Republic in the French Revolutionary Wars. Various conflicts throughout the century, including the War of the Spanish Succession and the Seven Years' War, saw Great Britain triumph over its rivals to become the preeminent power in Europe. However, Britain's attempts to exert its authority over the Thirteen Colonies became a catalyst for the American Revolution. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state. Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to prevent partition by the neighboring states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. (Full article...)
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Contemporary history, in English-language historiography, is a subset of modern history that describes the historical period from about 1945 to the present. In the social sciences, contemporary history is also continuous with, and related to, the rise of postmodernity.

Contemporary history is politically dominated by the Cold War (1947–1991) between the Western Bloc, led by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc, led by the Soviet Union. The confrontation spurred fears of a nuclear war. An all-out "hot" war was avoided, but both sides intervened in the internal politics of smaller nations in their bid for global influence and via proxy wars. The Cold War ultimately ended with the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The latter stages and aftermath of the Cold War enabled the democratization of much of Europe, Africa, and Latin America. Decolonization was another important trend in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa as new states gained independence from European colonial empires during the period from 1945–1975. The Middle East also saw a conflict involving the new state of Israel, the rise of petroleum politics, the continuing prominence but later decline of Arab nationalism, and the growth of Islamism. The first supranational organizations of government, such as the United Nations and European Union, emerged during the period after 1945.

Countercultures rose and the sexual revolution transformed social relations in western countries between the 1960s and 1980s, as seen in the protests of 1968. Living standards rose sharply across the developed world because of the post-war economic boom. Japan and West Germany both emerged as exceptionally strong economies. The culture of the United States spread widely, with American television and movies spreading across the world. Some Western countries began a slow process of deindustrializing in the 1970s; globalization led to the emergence of new financial and industrial centers in Asia. The Japanese economic miracle was later followed by the Four Asian Tigers of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. China launched major economic reforms from 1979 onward, becoming a major exporter of consumer goods around the world. (Full article...)
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Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "liberation war" ensued. Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal pronunciamiento, giving way to the brief Trienio Liberal (1820–1823).

Economic transformations throughout the century included the privatisation of communal municipal lands—not interrupted but actually intensified and legitimised during the Fernandine absolutist restorations —as well as the confiscation of Church properties. The early century saw the loss of the bulk of the Spanish colonies in the New World in the 1810s and 1820s, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The regency of Maria Christina and the reign of Isabella II brought reforms repelling the extremes of the absolutist Ominous Decade (1823–1833). Civil wars broke out in the country—the so-called Carlist Wars—pitting the government forces against the reactionary Carlists, a legitimist movement in favour of the ancien régime. Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government, including the 1854 revolution. The 1868 Glorious revolution deposed Isabella and installed a provisional government, leading up to the election of a constituent assembly under universal manhood suffrage that elaborated the 1869 constitution. The brief spell of Amadeo of Savoy as constitutional monarch was followed after his abdication by the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic, which was replaced after a 1874 coup by the reign of Alfonso XII, bringing the Bourbon dynasty back to power. (Full article...)
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The modern history of Saudi Arabia begins with the declaration of the unification of Saudi Arabia in a single kingdom in 1932. This period of time in Saudi Arabia's history includes the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia and many events. It goes on to encompass Saudi Arabia's brief involvement in World War II in 1945. Afterwards, it includes Saudi Arabia's involvement in the Western Bloc and the Cold War. It also includes Saudi Arabia's proxy conflict with Iran, the Arab Spring, and the ongoing Arab Winter. (Full article...)
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Cyprus was part of the British Empire, under military occupation from 1914 to 1925, and a Crown colony from 1925 to 1960. Cyprus became an independent nation in 1960. (Full article...)
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Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused with Modernism), although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy.

The 17th and early 20th centuries roughly mark the beginning and the end of modern philosophy. How much of the Renaissance should be included is a matter for dispute; likewise modernity may or may not have ended in the twentieth century and been replaced by postmodernity. How one decides these questions will determine the scope of one's use of the term "modern philosophy." (Full article...)
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In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed the early modern period. It began around 1800 and, depending on the author,^[which?] either ended with the beginning of contemporary history in 1945,^{[according to whom?]} or includes the contemporary history period to the present day.^{[according to whom?]}
Notable historical events in the late 18th century, that marked the transition from the early modern period to the late modern period, include:^{[according to whom?]} the American Revolution (1765–91), French Revolution (1789–99), and beginning of the Industrial Revolution around 1760. (Full article...)
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In the history of France, the period from 1789 to 1914, dubbed the "long 19th century" by the historian Eric Hobsbawm, extends from the French Revolution's aftermath to the brink of World War I.

Throughout this period, France underwent significant transformations that reshaped its geography, demographics, language, and economic landscape, marking a period of profound change and development. The French Revolution and Napoleonic eras fundamentally altered French society, promoting centralization, administrative uniformity across departments, and a standardized legal code. Education also centralized, emphasizing technical training and meritocracy, despite growing conservatism among the aristocracy and the church. Wealth concentration saw the richest 10 percent owning most of the nation's wealth. The 19th century saw France expanding to nearly its modern territorial limits through annexations and overseas imperialism, notably in Algeria, Indochina, and Africa. Despite territorial gains, France faced challenges, including a slow population growth, compared to its European neighbors, and a late industrialization that saw a shift from rural to urban living and the rise of an industrial workforce. The loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War further fueled nationalistic sentiments and set the stage for future conflicts.

The period was also marked by significant linguistic and educational reforms, which sought to unify the country through language and secular education, contributing to a stronger national identity. Economically, France struggled to match the industrial growth rates of other advanced nations, maintaining a more traditional economy longer than its counterparts. Politically, the century was characterized by the end of the ancien régime, the rise and fall of the First and Second Empires, the tumultuous establishment of the Third Republic, and the radical experiment of the Paris Commune, reflecting the ongoing struggle between revolutionary ideals and conservative restoration. The Third Republic embarked on modernizing France, with educational reforms and attempts to create a unified national identity. Foreign policy focused on isolation of Germany and forming alliances, leading to the Triple Entente. Domestically, issues like the Dreyfus affair highlighted the nation's divisions, while laws aimed at reducing the Catholic Church's influence sparked further controversy. (Full article...)
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Habsburg Spain was at the height of its power and cultural influence at the beginning of the 17th century, but military, political, and economic difficulties were already being discussed within Spain. In the coming decades these difficulties grew and saw France gradually taking Spain's place as Europe's leading power through the later half of the century. Many different factors, including the decentralized political nature of Spain, inefficient taxation, a succession of weak kings, power struggles in the Spanish court and a tendency to focus on the American colonies instead of Spain's domestic economy, all contributed to the decline of the Habsburg rule of Spain.

The end of the century also brought the end of Habsburg rule. The 18th century began with the War of the Spanish Succession, which concluded in the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. (Full article...)
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US Army soldiers with M1128 MGS variant Stryker AFVs in a combined arms operation during the War in Afghanistan, May 2013

Modern warfare is warfare that diverges notably from previous military concepts, methods, and technology, emphasizing how combatants must modernize to preserve their battle worthiness. As such, it is an evolving subject, seen differently in different times and places. In its narrowest sense, it is merely a synonym for contemporary warfare.

In its widest sense, it includes all warfare since the "gunpowder revolution" that marks the start of early modern warfare, but other landmark military developments have been used instead, including the emphasis of artillery marked by the Crimean War, the military reliance on railways beginning with the American Civil War, the launch of the first dreadnought in 1905, or the use of the machine gun, aircraft, tank, or radio in World War I. In other senses, it is tied to the introduction of total war, industrial warfare, mechanized warfare, nuclear warfare, counter-insurgency, or (more recently) the rise of asymmetric warfare also known as fourth-generation warfare. (Full article...)
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This is a timeline of modern Greek history. (Full article...)
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The Fifth Republic (French: Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government. It was established on 4 October 1958 by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.

The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Charles de Gaulle, who was the first French president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Under the fifth republic, the president has the right to dissolve the national assembly and hold new parliamentary elections. If the president has a majority in the national assembly, the president sets domestic policy and the prime minister puts it into practice. During a presidential mandate, the president can also change prime ministers and reshuffle the government. If there is a different majority in the national assembly, the president is forced to nominate a prime minister from a different party, which is called a cohabitation. In the beginning of the Fifth Republic, presidential elections were held every seventh year and parliamentary elections every fifth year, which meant the president and the majority elected in the national assembly could be from different parties. Starting in the year 2000, the presidential and parliamentary elections were synchronized and are held every fifth year, which means the president always has a majority. Cohabitation is still possible if the president dissolves parliament in the middle of a presidential term.

The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest-lasting political regime, after the hereditary, feudal monarchy of the Ancien Régime and the parliamentary Third Republic (4 September 1870–10 July 1940). It is expected that the Fifth Republic will overtake the Third Republic as the second-longest French regime and the longest-lasting French republic on 8 August 2028. (Full article...)
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The history of Ireland from 1691–1800 was marked by the dominance of the Protestant Ascendancy. These were Anglo-Irish families of the Anglican Church of Ireland, whose English ancestors had settled Ireland in the wake of its conquest by England and colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, and had taken control of most of the land. Many were absentee landlords based in England, but others lived full-time in Ireland and increasingly identified as Irish. (See Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691). During this time, Ireland was nominally an autonomous Kingdom with its own Parliament; in actuality it was a client state controlled by the King of Great Britain and supervised by his cabinet in London. The great majority of its population, Roman Catholics, were excluded from power and land ownership under the penal laws. The second-largest group, the Presbyterians in Ulster, owned land and businesses but could not vote and had no political power. The period begins with the defeat of the Catholic Jacobites in the Williamite War in Ireland in 1691 and ends with the Acts of Union 1800, which formally annexed Ireland in a United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 and dissolved the Irish Parliament. (Full article...)
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Ireland was part of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1922. For almost all of this period, the island was governed by the UK Parliament in London through its Dublin Castle administration in Ireland. Ireland underwent considerable difficulties in the 19th century, especially the Great Famine of the 1840s which started a population decline that continued for almost a century. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a vigorous campaign for Irish Home Rule. While legislation enabling Irish Home Rule was eventually passed, militant and armed opposition from Irish unionists, particularly in Ulster, opposed it. Proclamation was shelved for the duration following the outbreak of World War I. By 1918, however, moderate Irish nationalism had been eclipsed by militant republican separatism. In 1919, war broke out between republican separatists and British Government forces. Subsequent negotiations between Sinn Féin, the major Irish party, and the UK government led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which resulted in five-sixths of the island seceding from the United Kingdom, becoming the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland), with only the six northeastern counties remaining within the United Kingdom. (Full article...)

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Image 1Первый полет самолета братьев Райт « Райт Флайер» 17 декабря 1903 года в Китти Хок, Северная Каролина ; Орвилл пилотирует, Уилбур летит на конце крыла. (из 20-го века )
Image 2Нефтяное месторождение в Калифорнии, 1938 год.
Первая современная нефтяная скважина была пробурена в 1848 году русским инженером Ф. Н. Семеновым на Апшеронском полуострове к северо-востоку от Баку . (из 20 века )
Image 3Деколонизация Британской империи в Африке. (из современной истории )
Image 4Всемирный торговый центр в огне во время атак 11 сентября (из современной истории )
Image 5Грибовидное облако от взрыва «Малыша» , первой ядерной атаки в истории, 6 августа 1945 года над Хиросимой , положившее начало ядерному веку с доминирующей нитью международной безопасности взаимного гарантированного уничтожения во второй половине 20-го века. (из 20-го века )
Image 6Элвис Пресли в 1956 году, ведущая фигура рок-н-ролла и рокабилли . (из 20-го века )
Image 7Гонконг , находившийся под управлением Великобритании с 1842 по 1997 год, является одним из первых четырех азиатских тигров . (с 20 века )
Image 8Восход Земли , сделанный 24 декабря 1968 года астронавтом Уильямом «Биллом» Андерсом во время космической миссии «Аполлон-8» . Это была первая фотография Земли , сделанная с лунной орбиты . (из 20-го века )
Image 9Войска армии США в провинции Кунар (из современной истории )
Image 10Карта территориальных изменений в Европе после Первой мировой войны (по состоянию на 1923 год). (из 20 века )
Image 11Международное сообщество значительно выросло во второй половине века из-за новой волны деколонизации, особенно в Африке. Большинство новых независимых государств были сгруппированы вместе со многими другими так называемыми развивающимися странами . Развивающиеся страны привлекли внимание, особенно из-за быстрого роста населения, что привело к рекордному мировому населению в почти 7 миллиардов человек к концу века. (из 20-го века )
Image 12Эмпайр -стейт-билдинг — культовое здание 1930-х годов (из 20 века ) .
Image 13Визуализация различных маршрутов через часть Интернета. Частичная карта Интернета, основанная на 2005 году. (из Новейшей истории )
Image 14Magnavox Odyssey Ральфа Баера , первая игровая консоль, выпущенная в 1972 году. (из 20-го века )
Image 15Страны по темпам роста реального ВВП в 2014 году. (Коричневые страны находились в состоянии рецессии.) (из Новейшей истории )
Image 16Марка в честь Александра Флеминга . Его открытие пенициллина изменило мир медицины, открыв эру антибиотиков. (из 20 века )
Image 17Урожайность пшеницы значительно возросла в результате Зеленой революции в наименее развитых странах мира . (с 20-го века )
Image 18Мартин Лютер Кинг-младший , афроамериканский лидер движения за гражданские права ( Вашингтон, август 1963 г. ) (с 20-го века )
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Мировые державы и империи в 1914 году, непосредственно перед Первой мировой войной.
(из 20 века )
Image 20Чарли Чаплин в фильме 1921 года «Малыш » с Джеки Куганом . (из 20-го века )
Image 21Пионер компьютерной науки Алан Тьюринг (из 20 века )
Image 22Фотография американского астронавта Базза Олдрина во время первой прогулки по Луне в 1969 году, сделанная Нилом Армстронгом . Относительно молодая отрасль аэрокосмического машиностроения быстро росла в течение 66 лет после первого полета братьев Райт. (из 20-го века )
Image 23«Я и деревня» , 1911, Марк Шагал , современный художник ( 20-го века )
Image 24Голубой мрамор , Земля, как ее видят с борта Аполлона-17 в декабре 1972 года. Фотография сделана LMP Харрисоном Шмиттом . Во второй половине 20-го века человечество впервые осуществило исследование космоса . (из 20-го века )
Image 25Раздел Европы во время холодной войны (из современной истории )