Пакистанская армия ( урду : پاکستان فوج , романизировано : Pākistān Fãuj , произносится [ˈpaːkɪstaːn faːɔːdʒ] ), широко известная как Пакистанская армия ( урду : پاک فوج , романизировано : Pāk Fãuj ), является сухопутным подразделением и крупнейшим компонентом Вооружённых сил Пакистана . Президент Пакистана является верховным главнокомандующим армией. Начальник штаба армии (COAS) , четырёхзвёздный генерал , командует армией. Армия была создана в августе 1947 года после того, как Пакистан обрёл независимость от Соединённого Королевства . [4] : 1–2 Согласно статистическим данным, предоставленным Международным институтом стратегических исследований (IISS) в 2024 году, армия Пакистана насчитывает около 560 000 действующих военнослужащих, поддерживаемых Резервом армии Пакистана , Национальной гвардией и Гражданскими вооруженными силами . [5] Армия Пакистана является шестой по численности армией в мире и крупнейшей в мусульманском мире . [6]
В соответствии с Конституцией Пакистана граждане Пакистана могут добровольно поступать на военную службу с 16 лет, но не могут быть призваны на военную службу до достижения 18 лет.
Основная цель и конституционная миссия пакистанской армии заключается в обеспечении национальной безопасности и национального единства Пакистана путем защиты его от внешней агрессии или угрозы войны. Она также может быть реквизирована пакистанским федеральным правительством для реагирования на внутренние угрозы в пределах его границ. [7] Во время национальных или международных катастроф или чрезвычайных ситуаций она проводит гуманитарные спасательные операции на родине и является активным участником миротворческих миссий, санкционированных Организацией Объединенных Наций (ООН). В частности, она сыграла важную роль в спасении попавших в ловушку американских солдат, которые запросили помощь сил быстрого реагирования во время операции «Готический змей» в Сомали . Войска пакистанской армии также имели относительно сильное присутствие в составе коалиции ООН и НАТО во время Боснийской войны и более крупных югославских войн . : 70 [8]
Пакистанская армия, основной компонент пакистанских вооружённых сил наряду с ВМС Пакистана и ВВС Пакистана , является добровольческим формированием , которое принимало активное участие в трёх крупных войнах с Индией , в нескольких пограничных стычках с Афганистаном на линии Дюранда и в продолжительном мятеже в регионе Белуджистан , с которым оно борется вместе с иранскими силами безопасности с 1948 года . [9] [10] : 31 С 1960-х годов элементы армии неоднократно развертывались в качестве советников в арабских государствах во время арабо-израильских войн и для оказания помощи возглавляемой Соединёнными Штатами коалиции против Ирака во время Первой войны в Персидском заливе . Другие заметные военные операции во время глобальной войны с терроризмом в 21 веке включают: Зарб-и-Азб , Чёрная гроза и Рах-и-Ниджат . [11]
В нарушение своего конституционного мандата, она неоднократно свергала избранные гражданские правительства, выходя за рамки своего защищенного конституционного мандата «действовать в помощь гражданским федеральным правительствам, когда это было необходимо». [12] Армия участвовала в обеспечении военного положения против федерального правительства, утверждая, что она восстанавливает закон и порядок в стране, распуская законодательную власть и парламент несколько раз в последние десятилетия, при этом сохраняя более широкие коммерческие, иностранные и политические интересы в стране. Это привело к обвинениям в том, что она действовала как государство в государстве . [13] [14] [15] [16]
Пакистанская армия оперативно и географически разделена на различные корпуса . [17] Конституция Пакистана определяет роль президента Пакистана как гражданского главнокомандующего пакистанскими вооруженными силами. [18] Пакистанской армией командует начальник штаба армии , который по уставу является четырехзвездным генералом и старшим членом Объединенного комитета начальников штабов, назначаемым премьер-министром и впоследствии утверждаемым президентом. [19] По состоянию на декабрь 2022 года [update]действующим начальником штаба армии является генерал Асим Мунир , назначенный на эту должность 29 ноября 2022 года. [20] [21]
Его существование и конституционная роль защищены Конституцией Пакистана , где его роль заключается в том, чтобы служить в качестве сухопутного унифицированного подразделения вооруженных сил Пакистана . Конституция Пакистана устанавливает основное сухопутное унифицированное подразделение вооруженных сил Пакистана, как указано в ней:
Вооруженные силы, действуя под руководством федерального правительства, защищают Пакистан от внешней агрессии или угрозы войны и, в соответствии с законом, оказывают помощь гражданским властям, когда это необходимо.
— Конституция Пакистана [22]
Пакистанская армия получила свое современное рождение в результате разделения Британской индийской армии , которая прекратила свое существование в результате раздела Индии , приведшего к созданию Пакистана 14 августа 1947 года. : 1–2 [4] Еще до того, как произошел раздел, существовали планы по разделению Британской индийской армии на различные части на основе религиозного и этнического влияния на районы Индии. : 1–2 [4]
30 июня 1947 года Военный департамент британской администрации в Индии начал планировать раздел британской индийской армии численностью около 400 000 человек, но это началось всего за несколько недель до раздела Индии, который привел к жестокому религиозному насилию в Индии . : 1–2 [4] Комитет по восстановлению вооруженных сил (AFRC) под председательством британского фельдмаршала сэра Клода Окинлека разработал формулу для разделения военных активов между Индией и Пакистаном в соотношении 2:1 соответственно. : продолжение. [23]
Главным подразделением армии руководил сэр Чандулал Мадхавлал Триведи , индийский государственный служащий , который оказал влияние на то, чтобы около 260 000 человек были переведены в индийскую армию , в то время как оставшиеся силы были отправлены в Пакистан после принятия Соединенным Королевством в ночь с 14 на 15 августа 1947 года Акта о независимости . : 2–3 [4]
Командование и контроль на всех уровнях новой армии были чрезвычайно сложными, поскольку Пакистан получил шесть бронетанковых, восемь артиллерийских и восемь пехотных полков по сравнению с двенадцатью бронетанковыми, сорока артиллерийскими и двадцатью одним пехотным полком, которые отправились в Индию. : 155–156 [24] В общей сложности численность новой армии составляла около ~150 000 человек. : 155–156 [24] Чтобы заполнить вакансии на командных должностях новой армии, около 13 500 : 2 [4] офицеров из британской армии должны были быть наняты в пакистанскую армию, что было довольно большим числом, под командованием генерал-лейтенанта Фрэнка Мессерви , первого главнокомандующего пакистанской армии. : 70 [25]
Из-за опасений захвата Индией контроля над штатом Кашмир , вооруженные племена и нерегулярное ополчение вошли в долину Кашмира с мусульманским большинством, чтобы выступить против правления Хари Сингха , индуиста и правящего махараджи Кашмира , в октябре 1947 года. : продолжение. [26] Пытаясь сохранить свой контроль над княжеством , Хари Сингх развернул свои войска, чтобы остановить продвижение племен, но его войска не смогли остановить продвигающиеся к долине племена. : 40 [27] В конце концов, Хари Сингх обратился к Луису Маунтбеттену , генерал-губернатору Индии , с просьбой о развертывании индийских вооруженных сил , но индийское правительство утверждало, что войска могут быть введены, если Хари Сингх присоединится к Индии. : 40 [27] Хари Сингх в конечном итоге согласился уступить условиям индийского правительства , что в конечном итоге привело к размещению индийской армии в Кашмире - однако это соглашение было оспорено Пакистаном, поскольку соглашение не включало согласие кашмирского народа . : 40 [27] Начались спорадические бои между ополчением и индийской армией, и подразделения пакистанской армии под командованием генерал-майора Акбара Хана в конечном итоге присоединились к ополчению в их борьбе против индийской армии. : 40 [27]
Хотя именно генерал-лейтенант сэр Фрэнк Мессерви выступил против вторжения племен на заседании кабинета министров с премьер-министром Лиакатом Али Ханом в 1947 году, позже оставив командование армией в 1947 году, : 447 [28] ввиду того, что британские офицеры в индийской и пакистанской армиях будут сражаться друг с другом на фронте войны. : 417 [29] Сообщается, что именно генерал-лейтенант Дуглас Грейси не подчинился прямым приказам Мухаммеда Али Джинны , генерал-губернатора Пакистана , о развертывании армейских подразделений и в конечном итоге отдал постоянные приказы, которые воздержали подразделения пакистанской армии от дальнейшего участия в конфликте. : 59 [30]
К 1948 году, когда в Пакистане стало крайне важно, чтобы Индия собиралась провести крупномасштабную операцию против Пакистана, генерал Грейси не возражал против развертывания армейских подразделений в конфликте против индийской армии. : 59 [30]
Это раннее неподчинение генерала Грейси в конечном итоге вынудило Индию и Пакистан достичь компромисса посредством вмешательства Организации Объединенных Наций , при котором Пакистан контролировал Западный Кашмир , а Индия — Восточный Кашмир . : 417 [29]
Во время раздела Британской Индии британский фельдмаршал (Соединенное Королевство) сэр Клод Окинлек выступал за передачу пехотных дивизий в состав пакистанской армии, включая 7-ю , 8-ю и 9-ю. : 55 [31] В 1948 году офицеры британской армии в пакистанской армии сформировали и сформировали 10-ю, 12-ю и 14-ю пехотные дивизии, причем 14-я была сформирована в Восточной Бенгалии . : 55 [31] В 1950 году с помощью армии Соединенных Штатов была сформирована 15-я пехотная дивизия , за которой последовало формирование 15-го улана в Сиалкоте. : 36 [32] Зависимость пакистанской армии от Соединенных Штатов еще больше возросла, несмотря на то, что это вызывало беспокойство у политиков страны. : 36 [32] В период с 1950 по 1954 год армия Пакистана сформировала еще шесть бронетанковых полков под руководством армии США: в том числе 4-й кавалерийский, 12-й кавалерийский , 15-й уланский и 20-й уланский полки . : 36 [32]
После инцидента, связанного с неподчинением Грейси, существовало твердое убеждение, что командующим пакистанской армии должен быть коренной житель, что привело к тому, что правительство Пакистана отклонило предложение Британского армейского совета о замене генерала Грейси после его замены в 1951 году . : 34 [33] В конце концов, премьер-министр Лиакат Али Хан одобрил документ о повышении генерал-майора Ифтихара Хана в должности первого местного главнокомандующего , выпускника Имперского оборонного колледжа в Англии , но погибшего в авиакатастрофе по пути в Пакистан из Соединенного Королевства . [34]
После смерти генерал-майора Ифтихара в гонке за повышением по службе участвовало четыре старших генерал-майора армии, но самый младший, генерал-майор Аюб Хан , чье имя не было включено в список повышений, был повышен до повышения, что привело к лоббированию, предоставленному Искандаром Мирзой, министром обороны в администрации Али Хана . [35] Традиция назначения, основанная на фаворитизме и квалификации, все еще практикуется гражданскими премьер-министрами Пакистана. [35] Аюб был повышен до исполняющего обязанности полного генерала, чтобы командовать армией, поскольку его предшественники Фрэнк Мессерви и Дуглас Грейси исполняли обязанности главнокомандующего пакистанской армией в исполняющем обязанности генерала, первые главнокомандующие соседней страны Индии были такими же в этом контексте.
Департамент армии под руководством генерала Аюба Хана направил потребности армии в сторону сильного фокуса и зависимости от импортной техники, закупленной в Соединенных Штатах , несмотря на то, что она приобреталась у отечественной промышленности, в рамках Консультативной группы по военной помощи, прикрепленной к Пакистану в 1954–56 годах. : 36 [32] В 1953 году была сформирована 6-я пехотная дивизия, а в 1956 году 6-я дивизия была расформирована, после чего последовало расформирование 9-й пехотной дивизии, поскольку американская помощь была доступна только для одной бронетанковой и шести пехотных дивизий. : 36 [32] В это время генерал Аюб Хан с готовностью предоставил армейскую боевую бригадную группу для развертывания в поддержку боевых частей американской армии в Корейской войне . : 270 [36]
Работая в качестве министра кабинета министров в администрации Богры , беспристрастность генерала Аюба была подвергнута серьезным сомнениям со стороны политиков страны и привела оборонную политику Пакистана к зависимости от Соединенных Штатов, когда страна стала участником СЕНТО и СЕАТО , активных мер США против расширения мирового коммунизма . : 60 [37] [38]
В 1956 году была создана 1-я бронетанковая дивизия в Мултане, за которой последовали силы специального назначения в Черате под руководством сил специального назначения армии США . : 55 [31] : 133 [39] Под контролем генерала Аюба армия искоренила британское влияние, но пригласила американскую экспансию и реорганизовала Восточно-Бенгальский полк в Восточной Бенгалии , Пограничный полк в Северном Пакистане , Кашмирский полк в Кашмире и Пограничный корпус в Западном Пакистане . [4] Порядок старшинства изменился с ВМС-Армия-ВВС на Армия-ВМС-ВВС, при этом армия стала самым старшим родом войск в структуре пакистанских вооруженных сил. : 98 [37]
В 1957 году был создан I корпус , штаб-квартира которого находилась в Пенджабе. : 55 [31] В период с 1956 по 1958 год были созданы школы пехоты и тактики, [40] артиллерии, [41] артиллерийского вооружения, [ 42] бронетанкового, [43] медицинского, инженерного, обслуживания, авиации [44] и несколько других школ и учебных центров с участием США или без него. : 60 [37]
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Еще в 1953 году армия Пакистана была вовлечена в национальную политику с целью восстановления ситуации с законом и порядком , когда генерал-губернатор Малик Гулам с одобрения премьер-министра Хаваджи Назимуддина распустил народно утвержденное правительство штата во главе с главным министром Мумтазом Даултаной в Пенджабе в Пакистане и объявил военное положение под руководством генерал-лейтенанта Азама Хана и полковника Рахимуддина Хана, которые успешно подавили религиозную агитацию в Лахоре . : 17–18 [45] : 158 В 1954 году Корпус военной разведки пакистанской армии, как сообщается, отправил разведывательный отчет, указывающий на рост коммунизма в Восточном Пакистане во время выборов в законодательный орган, состоявшихся в Восточной Бенгалии . : 75 [46] В течение двух месяцев после выборов премьер-министр Мохаммад Али Богра с одобрения генерал-губернатора Малика Гулама распустил еще одно народно назначенное правительство штата во главе с главным министром Фазлулом Хаком в Восточной Бенгалии в Пакистане и объявил правление губернатора под руководством Искандара Мирзы , который полагался на пакистанскую армию для управления контролем и безопасностью Восточной Бенгалии на всех уровнях командования. : 75 [46] С генералом Аюбом Ханом, ставшим министром обороны в Министерстве талантов во главе с премьер-министром Богрой , участие армии в национальной политике еще больше возросло с реализацией спорной программы «Единый отряд» , отменившей статус четырех провинций , несмотря на сильные протесты общественности и политиков Западного Пакистана. : 80 [46] Основное финансирование и расходы на оборону были сосредоточены исключительно на армейском департаменте Аюба и департаменте военно-воздушных сил во главе с маршалом авиации Асгаром Ханом , уделяя меньше внимания национальным потребностям в ВМС. [47]
С 1954 по 1958 год Аюб Хан неоднократно получал продления срока службы от гражданских премьер-министров, первое из которых было получено в 1954 году, что продлило его службу до 1958 года. : содержание [48] : 232 [49]
Пакистанская армия под руководством Аюба Хана была менее благосклонна к реализации первого набора Конституции Пакистана , который установил гражданский контроль над армией , и армия полностью одобрила и поддержала первое военное положение в стране, введенное президентом Искандером Мирзой - армия позже взяла под контроль власть у президента Мирзы всего за две недели и назначила Аюба Хана вторым президентом . : 81 [46] Последующая смена командования привела к тому, что генерал Муса Хан стал командующим армией, а Аюб Хан повысил себя до спорного звания фельдмаршала . : 22 [50] [ самостоятельно опубликованный источник? ] В 1969 году Верховный суд отменил свое решение и отменил свои обвинительные приговоры, которые требовали утверждения военного положения в 1958 году. : 60 [51]
Армия провела референдум и жестко контролировала политическую ситуацию через спецслужбы , а также запретила политическую деятельность в стране. [52]
С 1961 по 1962 год Соединенные Штаты продолжали оказывать Пакистану военную помощь, и они создали 25-й кавалерийский полк , за которым последовали 24-й кавалерийский полк , 22-й и 23-й кавалерийский полк. : 36 [32] В 1960–61 годах армейские силы специального назначения , как сообщается, участвовали в перехвате контроля над администрацией Дира у наваба Дира в Читрале в Северо-Западной пограничной провинции из-за опасений афганского вмешательства в регион. [53] В 1964–65 годах пограничные бои и напряженность с индийской армией обострились с серьезным инцидентом, произошедшим около Ранна Кач , за которым последовала провальная тайная операция по взятию под контроль индийской стороны Кашмира, что привело к массированному ответному удару индийской армии 5 августа 1965 года. [54] Ночью 6 сентября 1965 года Индия открыла фронт против Пакистана, когда механизированный корпус индийской армии атаковал вперед, взяв под контроль пакистанскую сторону Пенджаба , почти достигнув Лахора . : 294 [55] Во время конфликта в 1965 году вооружение и техника механизированных подразделений Пакистана были импортированы из Соединенных Штатов, включая M4 Sherman , M24 Chaffee , M36 Jackson и танки M47 и M48 Patton , оснащенные 90-мм пушками. [56] Напротив, бронетехника индийской армии устарела по технологическим параметрам: американские танки M4 Sherman, использовавшиеся в Корейской войне, и британские танки Centurion , произведенные во время Второй мировой войны , оснащенные французскими пушками CN-75. [57]
Несмотря на численное превосходство Пакистана в танках и артиллерии, а также в общем лучшем оснащении, : 69 [58] [59] индийская армия успешно прорвала оборону пакистанской границы и успешно захватила около 360–500 квадратных километров (140–190 квадратных миль) [55] [60] территории пакистанского Пенджаба на окраине Лахора. [61] Крупное танковое сражение произошло в Чавинде , в котором недавно созданная 1-я бронетанковая дивизия смогла остановить индийское вторжение. : 35 [62] В конце концов, индийское вторжение в Пакистан было остановлено, когда индийская армия завершила битву около Бурки . [61] [63] [ нужна страница ] [64] [65] Благодаря дипломатическим усилиям и участию Советского Союза , направленным на прекращение войны двумя странами, администрация Аюба достигла компромисса с министерством Шастри в Индии , когда оба правительства подписали и ратифицировали Ташкентскую декларацию . [64] [65] Согласно данным страновых исследований Библиотеки Конгресса, проведенных Федеральным исследовательским отделом Соединенных Штатов:
Война была нерешительной в военном отношении; каждая сторона удерживала пленных и некоторую территорию, принадлежащую другой. Потери были относительно тяжелыми — с пакистанской стороны двадцать самолетов, 200 танков и 3800 солдат. Пакистанская армия смогла противостоять индийскому давлению, но продолжение боевых действий привело бы только к дальнейшим потерям и окончательному поражению Пакистана. Большинство пакистанцев, воспитанных на вере в собственную военную доблесть, отказались принять возможность военного поражения своей страны от «индуистской Индии» и вместо этого поспешили обвинить свою неспособность достичь своих военных целей в том, что они считали некомпетентностью Аюб-хана и его правительства. [66]
На момент объявления прекращения огня, по данным нейтральных источников, потери Индии составили 3000 человек, тогда как потери Пакистана составили 3800 человек. [67] [68] [69] Пакистан потерял от 200 до 300 танков во время конфликта, а Индия потеряла приблизительно 150-190 танков. [70] [71] [ нужен лучший источник ]
Однако большинство нейтральных оценок сходятся во мнении, что Индия одержала верх над Пакистаном , когда было объявлено о прекращении огня, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] но пропаганда в Пакистане о войне продолжалась в пользу пакистанской армии. [77] Война не была рационально проанализирована в Пакистане, большая часть вины была возложена на руководство, и мало внимания уделялось провалам разведки, которые сохранялись до разгрома третьей войны с Индией в 1971 году. [78] Действия индийской армии были ограничены регионом Пенджаб с обеих сторон, при этом индийская армия в основном действовала в плодородных секторах Сиалкот, Лахор и Кашмир, [79] [80] в то время как пакистанские земельные приобретения были в основном в южных пустынях напротив Синда и в секторе Чумб около Кашмира на севере. [79]
Из-за эмбарго США на поставки оружия Пакистану из-за войны армия вместо этого обратилась к Советскому Союзу и Китаю за приобретением техники и правильно оценила, что нехватка пехоты сыграла главную роль в неспособности пакистанских бронетанковых войск превратить свое убедительное материальное и техническое превосходство в крупный оперативный или стратегический успех против индийской армии. [81] В конечном итоге, высшее командование армии сформировало 9-ю, 16-ю и 17-ю пехотные дивизии в 1966–68 годах. [81] В 1966 году был сформирован IV корпус и создана его штаб-квартира, которая на постоянной основе дислоцировалась в Лахоре, Пенджаб , Пакистан . [ 82]
Армия продолжала участвовать в гражданских делах страны и в конечном итоге ввела второе военное положение в 1969 году, когда конституция была отменена тогдашним командующим армией генералом Яхья Ханом , который взял под контроль гражданские дела страны после отставки президента Айюба Хана, что привело к массовым забастовкам, спровоцированным Пакистанской народной партией в Западном Пакистане и Народной лигой в Восточном Пакистане . [83]
В иске, урегулированном Верховным судом Пакистана , законность военного положения была признана сомнительной, поскольку Верховный суд урегулировал иск, задним числом отменив военное положение, приостановившее действие Конституции , и, в частности, постановив, что захват власти Яхья Ханом был «незаконной узурпацией». : 59–60 [51] В свете решения Верховного суда армия провела публичную телевизионную конференцию, когда президент Яхья Хан объявил о проведении общенациональных всеобщих выборов в 1969–70 годах. : 59–60 [51]
В 1969 году президент Яхья Хан решил провести административные изменения в армии, назначив генерала Абдул Хамида Хана начальником штаба армии (ACOS) пакистанской армии, который централизовал цепочку командования в Равалпинди в штабе, известном как «Главное командование». : 32 [84] С 1967 по 1969 год пехотные подразделения провели ряд крупных военных учений на границе Восточного Пакистана с Индией. : 114–119 [85] В 1970 году военная миссия пакистанской армии в Иордании, как сообщается, была вовлечена в борьбу с проникновением палестинцев в Иорданию и его сдерживание . [86] В июне 1971 года набор в армию позволил армейскому штабу в Равалпинди сформировать и сформировать 18-ю пехотную дивизию, дислоцированную в Хайдарабаде , Синд , для обороны 900 километров (560 миль) от Рахимьяр-Хана до Ранна в Каче , и перегруппировать 23-ю пехотную дивизию для обороны сектора Чхамб-Дева . [81]
В 1971 году был создан II корпус со штаб-квартирой в Мултане, направленный на защиту от массового вторжения индийской армии. [82] В декабре 1971 года из резервов II корпуса была сформирована 33-я пехотная дивизия , за которой последовало формирование 37-й пехотной дивизии. [81] Сообщается, что армия Пакистана помогла ВМС Пакистана создать амфибийное подразделение, морскую пехоту Пакистана , батальоны которой были переброшены по воздуху в Восточный Пакистан вместе с 9-й пехотной дивизией. [81]
Интервенция в Восточном Пакистане еще больше усилилась, когда операция «Прожектор» привела к захвату правительственных зданий, центров связи и ограничению политиков, выступавших против военного правления. : 263 [87] В течение месяца стратеги национальной безопасности Пакистана осознали свою неспособность реализовать план, который не предполагал гражданского сопротивления на Востоке, и истинную природу индийской стратегии, стоящей за их поддержкой сопротивления. : 2–3 [88]
Администрация Яхьи широко обвиняется в том, что она позволила армии совершать военные преступления против мирных жителей на Востоке и ограничивала гражданские свободы и права человека в Пакистане. Восточное командование под командованием генерал-лейтенанта А. А. К. Ниази , которое отвечало за оборону Восточного фронта и имело обязанность защищать, было обвинено в эскалации политического насилия на Востоке действующими военными офицерами, политиками и журналистами в Пакистане. [89] [90] После всеобщих выборов 1970 года армия задержала нескольких ключевых политиков, журналистов, активистов движения за мир, студентов-юнионистов и других членов гражданского общества, ограничивая свободу передвижения и слова в Пакистане. : 112 [91] В Восточном Пакистане объединенное Восточное военное командование под командованием генерал-лейтенанта. AAK Niazi начала свое взаимодействие с вооруженным ополчением , которое поддерживалось Индией, в апреле 1971 года и в конечном итоге вступила в бой против индийской армии в декабре 1971 года. : 596 [92] : 596 Армия совместно с морскими пехотинцами начала наземные наступления на обоих фронтах, но индийская армия успешно удерживала свои позиции и начала хорошо скоординированные наземные операции на обоих фронтах, первоначально захватив 15 010 квадратных километров (5795 квадратных миль) : 239 [39] территории Пакистана; эта земля была получена Индией в секторах Азад Кашмир , Пенджаб и Синд . : 239 [39]
В ответ на ультиматум, выдвинутый 16 декабря 1971 года индийской армией на востоке, генерал-лейтенант Ниази согласился признать поражение и перейти к подписанию документированной капитуляции с индийской армией, которая эффективно и в одностороннем порядке прекратила вооруженное сопротивление и привела к созданию Бангладеш , только после официального вступления Индии в войну, длившегося 13 дней. [93] Сообщалось, что Восточное командование сдало ~93 000–97 000 военнослужащих индийской армии — самая крупная капитуляция в войне среди всех стран после Второй мировой войны . [94] Потери, понесенные армейским I корпусом, II корпусом и морскими пехотинцами, не понравились президенту Яхье Хану, который передал контроль над гражданским правительством Зульфикару Али Бхутто посредством исполнительного указа. [95]
Комментируя поражение, военный наблюдатель пакистанской армии майор А. Х. Амин сообщил, что военные стратеги в армии не рассматривали всерьез полномасштабное вторжение из Индии до декабря 1971 года, поскольку предполагалось, что индийские военные не пойдут на риск вмешательства Китая или Соединенных Штатов, а высшее командование не осознало, что китайцы не смогут вмешаться в зимние месяцы с ноября по декабрь из-за заснеженных гималайских перевалов, а американцы не предприняли никаких реальных усилий, чтобы убедить Индию не атаковать Восточный Пакистан. [96]
In January 1972, the Bhutto administration formed the POW Commission to investigate the numbers of war prisoners held by the Indian Army while requesting the Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in 1971.: 7–10 [98] The Supreme Court formed the famed War Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures, fractures, and faults within the institution of the department of the army and submitted recommendations to strengthen the armed forces overall.[4] Under the Yahya administration, the army was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed reports of mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.: 5 [98]
Upon returning from the quick visit in the United States in 1971, President Bhutto forcefully dishonourably discharge seven senior army generals, which he called the "army waderas" (lit. Warlords).: 71 [99] In 1972, the army leadership under Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto administration's order to tackle the labor strikes in Karachi and to detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising the federal government to use the Police Department to take the actions.: 7 [98]
On 2 March 1972, President Bhutto dismissed Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan as the army commander, replacing with Lt-Gen. Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first Chief of Army Staff (COAS).: 8 [98] The army under Bhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure, improving its fighting ability, and reorganized with the establishment of the X Corps in Punjab in 1974, followed by the V Corps in Sindh and XI Corps in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan in 1975.[100] The trilateral agreement in India, the Bhutto administration transferred all the war prisoners back to the country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and employments due to some suffering from the PTSD and other mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted to serve in the military any longer.: 19–20 [98] During Bhutto's administration, Pakistan's military pursued a policy of greater self-reliance in arms production. This involved efforts to develop domestic capabilities for manufacturing weapons and military equipment. To address material shortages, Pakistan also turned to China for cooperation in establishing essential metal and material industries.[101]
In 1973, the Bhutto administration dismissed the state government in Balochistan that resulting in another separatist movement, culminating the series of army actions in largest province of the country that ended in 1977.: 319 [102] With the military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of the Bell AH-1 Cobra to Aviation Corps,: 319 [102] the conflict came to end with the Pakistani government offering the general amnesties to separatists in the 1980s.: 151 [103]: 319 : 319 [102] Over the issue of Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage in Omani civil war in favor of Omani government until the rebels were defeated in 1979.[104] The War Enquiry Commission noted the lack of joint grand strategy between the four-branches of the military during the first, the second, and the third wars with India, recommending the establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to maintain strategic military communication between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to be chaired by the appointed Chairman joint chiefs as the government's principal military adviser.: 145 [105] In 1976, the first Chairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen. Muhammad Shariff taking over the chairmanship, but resigned a year later.: 145 [105] In 1975, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals to promote Lt-Gen. Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing him the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army recommendations forwarded to the federal government.: 24 [98]
In the 1970s, the army's engineering formations, notable the Corps of Engineers, played a crucial role in supporting the clandestine atomic bomb program to reach its parity and feasibility, including the constructions of iron-steel tunnels in the secretive nuclear weapons-testing sites in 1977–78.: 144–145 [97]
PAF and Navy fighter pilots voluntarily served in Arab nations' militaries against Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973). According to modern Pakistani sources, in 1974 one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21 shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage flown by Captain M. Lutz, and was honoured by the Syrian government.[106][107][108] The Israeli pilot later succumbed to wounds he sustained during ejection. However, no major sources from the time reported on such an incident,[109][110][111] and there is no mention of "Captain Lutz" in Israel's Ministry of Defense's record of Israel's casualties of war.[112]
The political instability increased in the country when the conservative alliance refused to accept the voting turnout in favor of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after the general elections held in 1977.: 25–26 [98] The army, under Gen. Zia-ul-Haq–the army chief, began planning the military takeover of the federal government under Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto, eventually leading the coup d'état that suspended the writ of the Constitution amid responding to the call from one of the opposition leader of threatening to call for another civil war.: 27 [98] The military interference in civic matters grew further when the martial law was extended for an infinite period despite maintaining that the elections to be held in 90-days prior.: 30–31 [98] At the request from the Saudi monarchy, the Zia administration deployed the company of the special forces to end seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca from Islamists.: 265–280 [113]
The army under President Zia weakened due to the army officers were needed in running the affairs of civic government and the controversial military courts that held trials of the communists, dissidents, and the oppositions of Zia's administration.: 31–32 [98] In 1984–85, Pakistan lost the control of her northern glaciers due to the successful expedition and penetration by the Indian Army, and army had to engage in years long difficult battles with Indian Army to regain their areas from the Indian Army.: 45 [98] Concerns over the military officers and army personnel needed to counter the further advances by the Indian Army in Northern fronts in 1984, the martial law was lifted following the referendum that approved Zia's presidency and provided a way of holding the general elections in 1985.: 45 [98] The military control the under army administration had successfully stabilized the law and order in Balochistan despite the massive illegal immigration from Afghanistan, and issued the general amnesties to separatists and rebels.[114] To address the Afghan containment and security, the army established the XII Corps in 1985 that is permanently headquartered in Quetta, that is designed to provide defence against the infiltration by the Afghan National Army from Afghanistan.[citation needed]
In 1985, the United States approved the military aid package, worth $4.02 billion, to Pakistan when the mujaheddin fighting with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan increased and intensified, with Soviet Army began violating and attacking the insurgents in the tribal areas in Pakistan.: 45–46 [98] In 1986, the tensions with India increased when the Indian Army's standing troops mobilized in combat position in Pakistan's southern frontier with India failing to give notification of exercise to Pakistan prior.: 46 [98] In 1987–88, the XXX Corps, headquartered in North of Punjab, and the XXXI Corps, headquartered in South of Punjab, was raised and established to provide defence against the Indian army's mass infiltration.[82]
After the aviation accident that resulted in passing of President Zia in 1988, the army organized the massive military exercise with the Pakistan Air Force to evaluate the technological assessment of the weapon systems and operational readiness.: 57 [98][116] In the 1980s, Pakistan Army remained engage in the affairs of Middle East, first being deployed in Saudi Arabia during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980–1988, and later overseeing operational support measures and combat actions during the Gulf War in 1990–91.[4]
The period from 1991 to 1998 saw the army engaged in professionalism and proved its fighting skills in the Somalian theater (1991–94), Bosnian-Serb War (on Bosnian side from 1994 to 1998[117]), and the other theaters of the Yugoslav Wars, as part of the United Nation's deployment.: 69–73 [118][119] In 1998, the army's Corps of Engineers played a crucial role in providing the military administration of preparing the atomic weapon-testing in Balochistan when the air force's bombers flown and airlifted the atomic devices.[120] The controversial relief of Gen. Jehangir Karamat by the Sharif administration reportedly disturbed the balance of the civil-military relations with the junior most Lt-Gen. Pervez Musharraf replacing it as chairman joint chiefs and the army chief in 1999.[121]
In May 1999, the Northern Light Infantry, a paramilitary unit based in Gilgit, slipped into Kargil that resulted in heavy border fighting with the Indian Army, inflicted with heavy casualties on both sides.[122] The ill-devised plan without meaningful consideration of the outcomes of the border war with India, the army under Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Pervez Musharraf (also army chief at that time) failed to its combat performance and suffered with similar outcomes as the previous plan in 1965, with the American military observers in the Pakistan military famously commenting to news channels in Pakistan: Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan's (lack of) grand strategy, repeating the follies of the previous wars with India.": 200 [123][124][125]
After its commendable performance, the President of Pakistan made the Northern Light Infantry as a regular army regiment. Its personnel eventually became officers and enlisted personnel in the army in 1999.[126]
Responding to the terror attacks in New York in the United States, the army joined the combat actions in Afghanistan with the United States and simultaneously engage in military standoff with Indian Army in 2001–02. In 2004–06, the military observers from the army were deployed to guide the Sri Lankan army to end the civil war with the Tamil fighters.[127]
To overcome the governance crises in 2004–07, the Musharraf administration appointed several army officers in the civilian institutions with some receiving extensions while others were deployed from their combat service– thus affecting the fighting capabilities and weakening the army.: 37 [128] Under Gen. Musharraf's leadership, the army's capabilities fighting the fanatic Talibans and Afghan Arab fighters in Pakistan further weakened and suffered serious setbacks in gaining control of the tribal belt that fell under the control of the Afghan Arabs and Uzbek fighters.: 37 [128] From 2006 to 2009, the army fought the series of bloody battles with the fanatic Afghan Arabs and other foreign fighters including the army action in a Red Mosque in Islamabad to control the religious fanaticism.: 37 [128] With the controversial assassination of Baloch politician in 2006, the army had to engage in battles with the Baloch separatists fighting for the Balochistan's autonomy.: 37 [128]
In April 2007, the major reorganization of the commands of the army was taken place under Gen. Ahsan S. Hyatt, the vice army chief under Gen. Musharraf, established the Southern, Central, and the Northern Commands.[citation needed] With Gen. Musharraf's resignation and Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani becoming the army chief, the army realigned itself to review its combat policies and withdrew officers in civilian institutions to focus on its primary constitutional mission to protect and responsible in 2009–14.: 37 [128][129] In 2012, there was a serious accident involving the entire battalion from the Northern Light Infantry when the avalanche struck the battalion base in Siachen, entrapping 135 soldiers and including several army officers.[130]
In 2013–16, the homegrown far-right guerrilla war with the Taliban, Afghan Arabs, and the Central Asian fighters took the decisive turn in favor of the army under Sharif administration, eventually gaining the control of the entire country and established the writ of the constitution in the affected lawless regions.[131] As of its current deployment as of 2019, the army remained engage in border fighting with the Indian Army while deploying its combat strike brigade teams in Saudi Arabia in a response of Saudi intervention in Yemen.[132]
Leadership in the army is provided by the Minister of Defense, usually leading and controlling the direction of the department of the army from the Army Secretariat-I at the Ministry of Defense, with the Defense Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[133] The Constitution empowers the President of Pakistan, an elected civilian official, to act as the Commander-in-Chief while the Prime Minister, an elected civilian, to act as the Chief Executive.[134] The Chief of Army Staff, an appointed four-star rank army general, is the highest general officer, under Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Secretary Defense, who acts as the principal military adviser on the expeditionary and land/ground warfare affairs, and a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee– a military body that advises and briefs the elected Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national security affairs and operational military matters under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[135]
The single combat headquarter, the Army GHQ, is located in Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan, in the vicinity of the Joint Staff Headquarters.[135] The Chief of Army Staff controls and commands the army at all levels of operational command, and is assisted the number of Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) who are three-star rank generals.[135]The military administration under the army chief operating at the Army GHQ including the appointed Principal Staff Officers:
In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military bureaucracy at the Army GHQ under Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General Communications and IT.[136]
The Army's corps are divided into three regional-level commands which are assigned for defending the territories of Pakistan.
The commissioned army ranks and insignia authorized in the Pakistan Army are modified and patterned on the British Army's officer ranks and insignia system.[137] There are several paths of becoming the commissioned officer in the army including the admission and required graduation from the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul. [citation needed] To become an officer in the army, the academic four-year college degree is required for the candidates to become officers in the army, and therefore they are designated by insignia unique to their staff community.[citation needed]
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with ~320–700 individuals are allowed to enter in the Pakistan Military Academy annually, with a small number of already graduated physicians, specialists, veterinaries and the engineers from the civilian universities are directly recruited in the administrative staff corps such as Medical Corps, Veterinary Corps, Engineering Corps, Dental Corps and these graduated individuals are the heart of the administrative corps.: 293 [138] The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in their respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities), and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally between military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes English-language skills.: 293 [138] The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction, and administration, and has currently employed 6,500 civilians.[139]
The military officers in the Pakistani military seek retirement between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their ranks, and often seeks employment in the federal government or the private sector where the pay scales are higher as well as the opportunity for gain considerably greater.: 294 [138]
The Pakistan Army uniquely uses the junior commissioned officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of the Warrant officers or the Limited duty officers in the United States military, inherited from the former British Indian Army introduced by the British Army in India between the enlisted and officer ranks.[citation needed] The JCOs are single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen from their enlisted ranks, receiving the promotion (SM3) from the commanding officer.[citation needed]
The usage of the junior commissioned officer is the continuation of the former Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.[citation needed] Over the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and the army has more comfortably adopted the U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[38] Promotion to the JCO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for that enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredited four-year college.[citation needed]
The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are encourage to join the either the Marines or the Air Force.: 292 [138] Most enlisted personnel had come from the poor and rural families with many had only rudimentary literacy skills in the past, but with the increase in the affordable education have risen to the matriculation level (12th Grade).: 292 [138] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.: 292 [138]
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.: 292 [138] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before retiring or gaining a commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.: 292 [138]
The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.: 292 [138] Center point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.: 292 [138] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.: 292 [138] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.: 294 [138] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.: 294 [138]
Prior to August 1947, the British Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of the Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.[4] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army was predominantly favored to recruit from Punjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming from the rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most populous province of Pakistan.: 149 [141][142]
Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the urban areas (i.e. Karachi and Peshawar) where the preference of the college education is quite popular (especially attending post-graduate schools in the United States and the English-speaking countries) as well as working in the settled private industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in the metropolitan cities.: 31 [9]
After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the Quota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.: 163 [143] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage to join the Marines Corps or the Air Force.[4]
In 1991, the department of the army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while encouraging citizens of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh. This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.[citation needed] By 2003–05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43–70%.[144]
The Department of Army has relaxed its recruitment and medical standards in Sindh and Balochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eighth grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters take responsibility of providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.: 31 [9] In Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.[9]
The army cadets undergo training in Kakul at the Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the academy.[140] All the cadets have to attend and be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.[140]
Duration wise, it is one of the longest military training period in the country, and the training continues for two years until the cadet is being able pass out from the academy, before selecting the college to start the career of their choice in the military.[140]
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Women have been part of the Pakistan Army since 1947, and currently there are approximately 4,000 women serving in the military.[145] In the years of 1947, '48 and '49, women were inducted into the Women's Guard Section of the National Guard and trained in medical work, welfare, and clerical positions (this was later disbanded).[146] Pakistan Army has a separate cadet course for women which is known as 'Lady Cadet Course', female cadets are trained in Pakistan Military Academy.[147] After induction, women army officers go through a six-month military training at the Pakistan Military Academy like their male counterparts. The comprehensive training includes military education and development of physical efficiency skills.[148]
Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority nation which appoints women to general officer ranks, such as Major-General Shahida Malik, the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to a two-star rank.[149] In July 2013, the Army trained female paratrooper officers for the first time.[150][151][152] In 2020, Nigar Johar became the first female Lieutenant General in the army, she was from the Pakistan Army Medical Corps.[153]
The Army recruits from all religions in Pakistan including Hindus, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Christians who have held command-level positions.[154] Religious services are provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[82]
In 1993, Major-General Julian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position while Hercharn Singh became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army. Between 1947 and 2000, a policy of restricting Hindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.[155] In 2006, army recruiters began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in the army.[156][157]
The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is developed and manufactured by the local weapons industry and modern arms have been imported from China, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, France and other countries in the European Union.[4]
The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF), National Radio and Telecommunication Corporation (NRTC) and the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) are the major defense contractors for the Army.[158]
The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main battle tanks (MBT) in cooperation with the China and Ukraine, while the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are licensed manufactured by the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF).[158] The Chinese cooperation and further assistance with the Pakistan Army is vital in designing, vehicular construction, and material manufacturing of the main battle tanks.: xxxv [159] The standard rifle for the army is the German designed and POF manufactured Koch G3P4.[158]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion's share", however, in light of CPEC's security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-funded Pakistan navy.[160]
From 1947 to 1971, the army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army, but the uniform changed in preference of Sherwani.[citation needed] The army service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of light khaki (tan) coloured long-sleeved shirt with matching trousers. It is accompanied by beret or peaked cap depending on the regiment the soldier belongs to. Organizational headwear, sashes, belts, spats, medals, lanyards, and other achievements are added for ceremonial duties. Officers wear a greenish-khaki Sherwani with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with two pockets.: 222 [161]
In the 1970s, the Ministry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in the army combat uniform, resembling the British-styled DPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of adopting the U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[162] In winter front such as in the Siachen and near the Wakhan Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.[163]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black BDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.[citation needed] The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage patterns in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on the chest.[citation needed] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.[citation needed]
Unlike other countries in South Asia, Pakistan army officer uniforms don't include a aiguillette, rather it is used mostly by aid-de-camps.
Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,[citation needed] decorations and awards[citation needed] and the ranks.[citation needed]
Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative Services.: 46 [37]: 570 [164] From 1947 to 1971, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of maintaining the British-built Forts, till the new and modern garrisons were built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.[4]
Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty personnel and reservists that operate as members of either Reserves, the National Guard and the paramilitary Civil Armed Forces.[135] The latter includes the Frontier Corps and the Pakistan Rangers, which often perform military police duties for the provincial governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.[135]
The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, also consist of several branches and functional areas that include the army officers, junior commissioned (or warrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.[135] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative branches of the army.[165]
The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each commanded by the GOC-in-C, with a holding three-star rank: Lieutenant-General.[100][failed verification] Each of the six tactical commands directly reports to the office of Chief of Army Staff, operating directly at the Army GHQ.[100][failed verification] Each command consists of two or more Corps– an army field formation responsible for zone within a command theater.[135][failed verification]
There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while the Air Defense, Aviation, and the Aviation and Special Forces are organized and maintained in the separate level of their commands.[135][failed verification]
Established and organized in March 2000, the Army Strategic Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible training in safety, weapons deployments, and activation of the atomic missile systems.[166]
In events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by the Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side Punjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the "Pakistan Army Reserves" as a strategic reserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[167]
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed the British regimental system and culture, and currently there are six organized infantry regiments.[168]
In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments including assisting the federal government in civic administration.[169]
In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part of the brigade combat team (under a Brigadier), division, or a being part of much larger corps.[170]
After the independence from the Great Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow the U.S. Army's standing formation of their Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[170]
The Pakistan Army has a division dedicated towards conducting the unconventional and asymmetric warfare operations, established with the guidance provided by the United States Army in 1956.[172] This competitive special operation force is known as the Special Services Group (Army SSG, distinguishing the Navy SSG), and is assembled in eight battalions, commanded by the Lieutenant-Colonel, with addition of three companies commanded by the Major or a Captain, depending on the availability.[173]
The special operation forces training school is located in Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where the training and education on the philosophy of military arts and tactics take place by the army instructors.[173]
Each battalion in the Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[173] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially known as the Maroon Berets.[173]
In addition to the Army Special Service Group (SSG), the Pakistan Army has trained specialized Ranger units in counter-terrorism tactics. These Rangers are equipped to handle complex counter-terrorism operations involving civilian hostages and assist the Sindh and Punjab governments in maintaining law and order.[174]
In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "The Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".: 310 [175][176] In 1989, the first and official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise, Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul[177]– this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging towards its primary adversary, Indian Army.: 310 [175]
In 1989–99, the JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, the Indian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of population centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the international border with India.[178]
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The national security strategists explored the controversial idea of strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations with Afghanistan and Iran while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the Cold Start Doctrine.[178] Due to the numerical advantage of Indian Army over its smaller adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated – the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing the battle-ranged Hatf-IA/Hatf-IB missiles.[178] In times of national emergency, the Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by the National Guard and Civil Armed Forces, would likely be deployed to reinforce defensive positions and fortifications.[179] However, after the orders are authorized the Corps in both nation's will take between 24 and 72 hours to completely mobilize their combat assets. Therefore, both nation's armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.[179]
Pakistan's military doctrine emphasizes a proactive defense, also referred to as "offensive-defense". This strategy prioritizes seizing the initiative in a conflict and launching limited counteroffensives to preempt potential enemy advances.[179] Proponents of Pakistan's "offensive-defense" doctrine argue that it offers several advantages. One key benefit is the potential to disrupt an enemy's offensive plans, forcing them to shift focus from their initial attack to defending their own territory. This could place Pakistan in a more favorable position by dictating the terms of engagement on the battlefield.[179] The strategic calculations by Pakistan Army's war strategists hope that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army engaged in fighting on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army will be higher.[179] Pakistani planners also estimate that since Indian forces will not be able to reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against India.[179] An important aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the aftermath of a possible ceasefire brought about by the international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.[179]
Due to fortification of LoC in Kashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created the Pakistan Army Reserves in the 1990s that is concentrated in the desert terrain of Sindh-Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of the Pakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian Army.[179]
After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged in critical thinking to evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensive grand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began 2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.[180] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, the Threat Matrix, was unveiled by the ISPR, that was the first time in its history that the army's national security analysts realized that Pakistan faces a real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[180] The Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.[180]
Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a four-tier joint military exercise, code-named: Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment."[181] The objective of such exercises is to assess tactics, procedures, and techniques, and explore joint operations strategies involving all three branches of the military: the Army, Air Force, and Navy.[181] In successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the branch-level exercises into joint warfare exercises, in which all four branches now participate, regardless of the terrain, platforms, and control of command.[181]
The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.[182] The overall directions and management of the army training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by the Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in modern education with combat training.[183]
At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, the Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the colonial period in India in 1905.[184] The British officers in the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in order to raise the dedicated and professional army.[185] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the staff colleges in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.: 293 [138]
The United States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of the military relations between two countries.: 12 [186] In the 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend schooling in the United States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of the IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to choose the schooling in the United Kingdom.: 294 [138]
After the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, the IMET cooperation was again activated with army officers begin attending the schooling in the United States but the training program was again suspended in 2018 by the Trump administration, leveling accusations on supporting armed Jihadi groups in Afghanistan.[187]
During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools as below:
Sources: Army Schools Archived 3 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine and Skills Schools Archived 21 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine of Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of the army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.[182] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education to Pakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualified psc from the Command and Staff College in Quetta.[182] Officers holding the ranks of captains, majors, lieutenants and lieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as psc.: 9 [46]
Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[188] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.: 8 [46] Without securing their graduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.: 8–9 [46]
Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as a qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given admission in a broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.: 8–9 [46] In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.: 9–10 [189] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges and NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.: 8–9 [46]
Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing military colleges of engineering, signals, aeronautical, medical and is a counterpart institution in science and technology to that of the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad.[190]
The foreign military officials and students, including from the United States, have attended the Command and Staff College in Quetta and the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad but the American instructors and observers have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.: 293 [138]: 518 [191]
Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations have been involved in civil engineering of the important landmarks in the country, hydroelectricity, power generation, dams, and national freeways.[139]
The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in the country, including the Karakoram Highway, Skardu Airport, and the national security sites in Kahuta.[139] The Frontier Works Organization of the army, has built several infrastructures with the Corps of Engineers all over the country, and has built the communications lines in Northern Pakistan through its Special Communications Organization (SCO).[139]
The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by the federal government, advising on construction management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.[192]
The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included the Lyari Expressway in Karachi, Makran Coastal Highway in Balochistan and the Khanpur Dam in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[192] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other parts of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[192]
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex security environment has emerged. It's characterized by growing national power politics.
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[195] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations[195]
In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastating earthquake in 2005 or the great floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role in area rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while distributing the relief goods and military rations to the affected civilians.[196] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power generation to affected areas, building dams, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and animals from endangerment.[196]
To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations, reconstructions, and rehabilitation, the federal government appoints the active-duty officers, as an external billets appointments, to lead federal agencies such as the NDMA.[197] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan Army has also engaged in other parts of the world such as coordinating and leading the relief efforts in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka after these countries were affected by the underwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in 2004.[198]
Stephen P. Cohen in his article, Pakistan: Army, Society and Security writes:
There are armies which guard their nation’s borders, there are armies which are concerned with protecting their own position in society, and there are armies which defend a cause or an idea. The Pakistan Army does all three.
— Stephen P. Cohen[199]
The Pakistan Army's business interests, managed through foundations like the Fauji Foundation, have been a subject of international scrutiny. News agencies and investigations by financial regulators allege the military controls a vast network of business enterprises and conglomerates, with estimates suggesting a total revenue of US$20 billion in 2007-2008.[200] The Defence Housing Authority (DHA) and Askari Real Estate are prominent examples of the Pakistan Army's large-scale real estate ventures. However, critics point out that none of the 46 housing schemes directly built by the armed forces cater to ordinary soldiers, civilian officers or other army personnel.[201]
The Fauji Foundation (lit. "Soldier Foundation") is a Pakistani conglomerate publicly traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). It manufactures and sells processed meat, and operates stud and dairy farms primarily for the military's use. The foundation also has subsidiaries that contribute to the civilian economy through various enterprises, including bakeries, security services and banking. Its factories produce a wide range of goods, including sugar and fertilizer.[200]
In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-e-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر) is the highest and most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.: 220 [203] The honour is a namesake of Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.: 4 [204]
Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honoured with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[205]
The Pakistan Army has received foreign awards for its services to other nations. Notably, two army pilots from the Aviation Corps were honored for a daring rescue operation. Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir were awarded the Golden Order for Services by the Slovenian President in the capital, Ljubljana, for rescuing Slovenian mountaineer Tomaz Humar, who was stranded on the 8,125-meter (26,657 ft) peak Nanga Parbat.[206]
In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honoured multiple times with the United States's Legion of Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980s–2015.: 261 [207] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with a gold medal at the Exercise Cambrian Patrol held in Wales in the United Kingdom.[208][209]
The Army offers programs in many sports including boxing, field hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, karate, basketball, soccer, and other sports.[210]
The Army basketball program regularly provides the Pakistan national basketball team with players.[211]
after large numbers of tribesmen.
The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
won a clear victory.Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.
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