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Сиэтл

Сиэтл ( / s i ˈ æ t əl / see-AT-əl) —морской портовыйгород назападном побережье США. Он являетсяадминистративным центромокругаКинг,штат Вашингтон. С населением в 755 078 человек в 2023 году[2]этосамый густонаселенный городкак вштатеВашингтон, так иТихоокеанском северо-западномрегионеСеверной Америки, и18-й по численности населения городв США.столичного района Сиэтласоставляет 4,02 миллиона человек, что делает его15-м по величинев США.[11]Его темпы роста в 21,1% в период с 2010 по 2020 год сделали его одним из самых быстрорастущих крупных городов страны.[12]

Сиэтл расположен на перешейке между заливом Пьюджет-Саунд , входом в Тихий океан , и озером Вашингтон . Это самый северный крупный город в Соединенных Штатах, расположенный примерно в 100 милях (160 км) к югу от канадской границы . Являясь воротами для торговли с Восточной Азией , порт Сиэтла является четвертым по величине портом в Северной Америке по объему обработки контейнеров по состоянию на 2021 год . [13]

Район Сиэтла был заселен коренными американцами (например, дувамишами , у которых было не менее 17 деревень вокруг залива Эллиот) по крайней мере за 4000 лет до появления первых постоянных европейских поселенцев. [14] Артур А. Денни и его группа путешественников, впоследствии известная как « Партия Денни» , прибыли из Иллинойса через Портленд, штат Орегон , на шхуне Exact в мыс Алки 13 ноября 1851 года. [15] Поселение было перенесено на восточный берег залива Эллиот в 1852 году и названо «Сиэтл» в честь вождя Сиэтла , выдающегося лидера местных племен дувамиш и сукуомиш в 19 веке . В настоящее время в Сиэтле проживает большое количество коренных американцев, а также американцев с сильным азиатским, африканским, европейским и скандинавским происхождением. По состоянию на 2015 год, в Сиэтле проживает пятое по величине сообщество ЛГБТ в США [16].

Лесозаготовки были первой крупной отраслью промышленности Сиэтла, но к концу 19 века город стал торговым и судостроительным центром, выступая в качестве ворот на Аляску во время Клондайкской золотой лихорадки . Город разросся после Второй мировой войны , отчасти благодаря местной компании Boeing , которая сделала Сиэтл центром производства самолетов.

Начиная с 1980-х годов, район Сиэтла превратился в технологический центр ; Microsoft разместила свою штаб-квартиру в регионе. В 1994 году в Сиэтле был основан интернет-ритейлер Amazon , а в Сиэтле, штат Вашингтон , базируется авиакомпания Alaska Airlines , обслуживающая международный аэропорт Сиэтла-Такома . Поток нового программного обеспечения, биотехнологий и интернет-компаний привел к экономическому возрождению, которое увеличило население города почти на 50 000 человек за десятилетие с 1990 по 2000 год.

Культура Сиэтла во многом определяется его значительной музыкальной историей . В период с 1918 по 1951 год вдоль Джексон-стрит, от нынешнего Чайнатауна/Интернешнл-Дистрикта до Центрального района , существовало около 24 джазовых ночных клубов . Джазовая сцена взрастила раннюю карьеру Эрнестины Андерсон , Рэя Чарльза , Куинси Джонса и других. В конце 20-го и начале 21-го века город также был местом рождения нескольких рок- групп, включая Foo Fighters , Heart и Джими Хендрикса , а также поджанра гранжа и его пионерских групп, включая Alice in Chains , Nirvana , Pearl Jam , Soundgarden и других. [17]

История

Археологические раскопки показывают, что коренные американцы населяли район Сиэтла по крайней мере 4000 лет. [14] К тому времени, как прибыли первые европейские поселенцы, народ дувамиш занимал по крайней мере 17 деревень в районах вокруг залива Эллиотт . [18] [19] [20] Название современного города Сиэтл в Лушутсиде , dᶻidᶻəlal̓ič , что означает «маленькое место для перехода», происходит от одной из этих деревень, которая располагалась на территории современной станции Кинг-стрит . [21] [22]

В мае 1792 года Джордж Ванкувер был первым европейцем, посетившим район Сиэтла во время своей экспедиции 1791–1795 годов для Королевского флота , целью которой было составить карту северо-запада Тихого океана для британцев. [23]

19 век

Первый трамвай Сиэтла на углу улиц Оксидентал и Йеслер в 1884 году; все изображенные здания были уничтожены Великим пожаром Сиэтла пять лет спустя, в 1889 году.
Вид Сиэтла и окрестностей округа Кинг с воздуха, 1891 г. [24]

В 1851 году большая группа американских пионеров во главе с Лютером Коллинзом обосновалась на суше в устье реки Дувамиш ; они официально заявили свои права на неё 14 сентября 1851 года. [25] Тринадцать дней спустя члены партии Коллинза по пути к своей территории встретили трёх разведчиков партии Денни. [26] Члены партии Денни заявили свои права на землю на мысе Алки 28 сентября 1851 года. [27] Остальная часть партии Денни отплыла на шхуне Exact из Портленда , штат Орегон, остановившись в Астории , и высадилась на мысе Алки во время ливня 13 ноября 1851 года. [27] После тяжёлой зимы большая часть партии Денни перебралась через залив Эллиотт и вторично заявили свои права на землю на месте современной площади Пайонир-сквер , [27] назвав это новое поселение Дувампс . [28]

Чарльз Терри и Джон Лоу остались на первоначальном месте высадки, восстановили свои старые земельные права и назвали его «Нью-Йорк», но переименовали в «Нью-Йорк Алки» в апреле 1853 года, от слова на языке чинук , означающего, примерно, «вскоре» или «когда-нибудь». [29] [30] В течение следующих нескольких лет Нью-Йорк Алки и Дувампс конкурировали за господство, но со временем Алки был заброшен, а его жители перебрались через залив, чтобы присоединиться к остальным поселенцам. [31]

Дэвид Суинсон «Док» Мейнард , один из основателей Duwamps, был главным сторонником названия поселения Сиэтл в честь вождя Сиэтла ( Lushootseed : siʔaɫ , англизировано как «Сиэтл»), вождя племен дувамиш и сукуомиш . [32] [33] [34]

Название «Сиэтл» появляется в официальных документах Территории Вашингтона от 23 мая 1853 года, когда были поданы первые планы застройки деревни. В 1855 году были созданы номинальные земельные поселения. 14 января 1865 года Законодательное собрание Территориального Вашингтона включило город Сиэтл с советом попечителей, управляющим городом. Город Сиэтл был расформирован 18 января 1867 года и оставался простой территорией округа Кинг до конца 1869 года, когда была подана новая петиция, и город был повторно включен 2 декабря 1869 года с правительством мэра-совета . [27] [35] Корпоративная печать города Сиэтла имеет дату «1869» и изображение вождя Сиэтла в левом профиле. [36] В том же году Сиэтл получил прозвище «Город королевы», официально измененное в 1982 году на «Изумрудный город». [37]

Сиэтл имеет историю циклов подъема и спада, как и многие другие города вблизи областей с обширными природными и минеральными ресурсами. Сиэтл несколько раз поднимался экономически, а затем резко падал, но он обычно использовал эти периоды для восстановления прочной инфраструктуры. [38]

Первый такой бум, охватывающий первые годы города, был связан с лесной промышленностью. В этот период дорога, ныне известная как Yesler Way, получила прозвище «Skid Road», предположительно из-за того, что по ней спускали лес на лесопилку Генри Йеслера . Более позднее запустение этой местности может быть возможным источником термина, который позже вошел в более широкий американский лексикон как Skid Row . [39] Как и большая часть Запада США , Сиэтл переживал конфликты между рабочими и руководством, а также этническую напряженность, которая достигла кульминации в антикитайских бунтах 1885–1886 годов . [40] Это насилие возникло среди безработных белых, которые были полны решимости изгнать китайцев из Сиэтла; антикитайские бунты также происходили в Такоме .

Сиэтл достиг достаточного экономического успеха, когда Великий пожар Сиэтла 1889 года уничтожил центральный деловой район. Однако на его месте быстро возник гораздо более грандиозный городской центр. [41] Например, финансовая компания Washington Mutual была основана сразу после пожара. [42] Паника 1893 года сильно ударила по Сиэтлу. [43]

Второй и самый драматичный бум произошел в результате Клондайкской золотой лихорадки , которая положила конец депрессии, начавшейся с Паникой 1893 года . За короткое время Сиэтл стал крупным транспортным центром. 14 июля 1897 года пароход SS Portland пришвартовался со своей знаменитой «тонной золота», и Сиэтл стал основным транспортным и снабженческим пунктом для шахтеров Аляски и Юкона . Немногие из этих рабочих обрели прочное богатство. Однако именно бизнес Сиэтла по одежде шахтеров и кормлению их лососем в долгосрочной перспективе оказался прибыльным. Наряду с Сиэтлом, другие города, такие как Эверетт , Такома , Порт-Таунсенд , Бремертон и Олимпия , все в регионе залива Пьюджет-Саунд, стали конкурентами за обмен, а не материнскими жилами для добычи драгоценных металлов. [44]

Гравюра Сиэтла, опубликованная в журнале Harper's Magazine в сентябре 1870 года.

20 век

Площадь Пионеров , здание Пионеров , башня Смита и отель «Сиэтл» в 1917 году.
Строительство монорельсовой дороги в Сиэтле , 1961 г.

Бум продолжался до начала 20-го века и финансировал множество новых компаний и продуктов Сиэтла. В 1907 году 19-летний Джеймс Э. Кейси занял 100 долларов у друга и основал American Messenger Company (позже UPS ). Другие компании Сиэтла, основанные в этот период, включают Nordstrom и Eddie Bauer . [42] Сиэтл привлек ландшафтную архитектурную фирму Olmsted Brothers для проектирования системы парков и бульваров. [45]

Эпоха золотой лихорадки достигла своей кульминации на выставке Аляска-Юкон-Тихоокеанский регион 1909 года, которая во многом определила планировку современного кампуса Вашингтонского университета . [46]

Судостроительный бум в начале 20-го века стал массовым во время Первой мировой войны , сделав Сиэтл своего рода городом-предприятием. Последующее сокращение привело к Всеобщей забастовке в Сиэтле 1919 года , ранней всеобщей забастовке в стране. [47] План развития города 1912 года, разработанный Вирджилом Богом, в основном остался нереализованным. Сиэтл был умеренно процветающим в 1920-х годах, но особенно сильно пострадал во время Великой депрессии, пережив некоторые из самых жестких трудовых конфликтов в стране в ту эпоху. Насилие во время Морской забастовки 1934 года стоило Сиэтлу значительной части его морского трафика, который был перенаправлен в порт Лос-Анджелеса . [48]

Великая депрессия в Сиэтле затронула многие группы меньшинств, одной из которых были американцы азиатско-тихоокеанского происхождения; они подвергались расизму, теряли имущество и не получали пособий по безработице из-за своего гражданства. [49]

Сиэтл был одним из крупных городов, которые извлекли выгоду из таких программ, как Works Progress Administration , CCC , Public Works Administration и других. [50] [51] Рабочие, в основном мужчины, строили дороги, парки, плотины, школы, железные дороги, мосты, доки и даже исторические и архивные записи и здания. Сиэтл столкнулся со значительной безработицей, потерей пиломатериалов и строительной промышленности, поскольку Лос-Анджелес преобладал как более крупный город Западного побережья . У Сиэтла были строительные контракты, которые конкурировали с Нью-Йорком и Чикаго , но также проиграли Лос-Анджелесу. Восточные сельскохозяйственные земли Сиэтла исчезли из-за Орегона и Среднего Запада , вынудив людей переехать в город. [52] [53]

Hooverville возник во время Великой депрессии, что привело к росту бездомного населения Сиэтла. Расположенный за пределами Сиэтла, Hooverville вмещал тысячи мужчин, но очень мало детей и ни одной женщины. С рабочими проектами, расположенными близко к городу, Hooverville рос, и WPA обосновалась в городе. [54]

Движение женщин возникло в Сиэтле во время Великой депрессии , отчасти подпитываемое книгой Элеоноры Рузвельт 1933 года It's Up to the Women ; женщины добивались признания не только как домохозяйки, но и как опора семьи. Используя газеты и журналы Working Woman и The Woman Today , женщины добивались того, чтобы их считали равными и чтобы они получали некоторое признание. [55]

Великая депрессия не оказала отрицательного влияния на Университет Вашингтона . В то время как школы по всему Вашингтону теряли финансирование и посещаемость, университет на самом деле процветал в этот период, поскольку сосредоточился на увеличении числа студентов. Хотя государственные школы Сиэтла находились под влиянием суперинтенданта Вашингтона Уорта МакКлура, [56] они все еще боролись за то, чтобы платить учителям и поддерживать посещаемость. [57]

Сиэтл был домом импресарио Александра Пэнтаджеса , который, начиная с 1902 года, открыл в городе ряд театров, показывающих водевили и немое кино. Он стал одним из величайших театральных и киномагнатов Америки. Архитектор шотландского происхождения Б. Маркус Притека спроектировал несколько театров для Пэнтаджеса в Сиэтле, которые позже были снесены или переоборудованы для других целей. Сохранившийся театр Paramount в Сиэтле , над которым он сотрудничал, не был театром Пэнтаджеса. [58]

Военные работы снова принесли местному процветанию во время Второй мировой войны , сосредоточенной на производстве самолетов Boeing . Война разбросала многочисленных японо-американских бизнесменов города из-за интернирования японцев-американцев . Однако после Второй мировой войны местная экономика пошла на спад. Она снова поднялась с растущим доминированием Boeing на рынке коммерческих авиалайнеров . [59] Сиэтл отпраздновал свое восстановленное процветание и сделал ставку на мировое признание с Century 21 Exposition , Всемирной выставкой 1962 года , для которой была построена Space Needle . [60]

Другой крупный местный экономический спад произошел в конце 1960-х и начале 1970-х годов, в то время, когда Boeing сильно пострадал от нефтяного кризиса , потери государственных контрактов, а также расходов и задержек, связанных с Boeing 747. Многие люди покинули этот район в поисках работы в другом месте, и два местных агента по недвижимости вывесили рекламный щит с надписью «Последний человек, покидающий Сиэтл, выключит свет». [61]

Сиэтл оставался корпоративной штаб-квартирой Boeing до 2001 года, когда компания отделила свою штаб-квартиру от основных производственных объектов; штаб-квартира была перемещена в Чикаго. [62] В районе Сиэтла по-прежнему находятся узкофюзеляжный завод Boeing в Рентоне и широкофюзеляжный завод в Эверетте . [63] Кредитный союз компании для сотрудников, BECU , по-прежнему базируется в районе Сиэтла и открыт для всех жителей Вашингтона с 2002 года. [64]

20 марта 1970 года двадцать восемь человек погибли, когда неизвестный поджигатель сжег отель «Озарк». [65] В результате резни в Ва Ми в 1983 году в нелегальном игорном клубе в районе Чайнатаун-Интернешнл в Сиэтле погибло 13 человек . [66]

Процветание начало возвращаться в 1980-х годах, начиная с переезда Microsoft в 1979 году из Альбукерке, штат Нью-Мексико , в соседний Белвью, штат Вашингтон . [67]

Сиэтл и его пригороды стали домом для ряда технологических компаний, включая Amazon , F5 Networks , RealNetworks , Nintendo of America и T-Mobile . [68] Этот успех принес приток новых жителей, и население в пределах города увеличилось почти на 50 000 человек в период с 1990 по 2000 год, [69] и недвижимость в Сиэтле стала одной из самых дорогих в стране. [70]

Сиэтл в этот период привлек внимание как место, где компании открыли операции в городе или его окрестностях. В 1990 году в городе прошли Игры доброй воли . [71] Три года спустя, в 1993 году, в Сиэтле состоялась встреча лидеров АТЭС . [72] 1990-е годы также стали свидетелями растущей популярности гранж- музыки, звучания, которое в значительной степени развивалось на независимой музыкальной сцене Сиэтла. [73]

В 1993 году фильм « Неспящие в Сиэтле» привлёк к городу дальнейшее внимание всей страны, [74] как и телевизионный ситком «Фрейзер» . Бум доткомов вызвал большой ажиотаж среди технологических компаний в Сиэтле, но пузырь закончился в начале 2001 года. [75] [76]

В 1999 году Всемирная торговая организация провела свою конференцию в Сиэтле, которая была встречена протестной активностью . Протесты и реакция полиции на них во многом затмили саму конференцию. [77]

21 век

В 2001 году город пострадал от беспорядков на Марди Гра , а на следующий день — от землетрясения в Нискуолли . [78]

Еще один бум начался, когда город вышел из Великой рецессии , начавшись с того, что Amazon переместил свою штаб-квартиру из Норт -Бикон-Хилл в Саут-Лейк-Юнион . Этот шаг положил начало историческому строительному буму, который привел к завершению строительства почти 10 000 квартир в Сиэтле в 2017 году, больше, чем в любой другой год и почти вдвое больше, чем было построено в 2016 году. [79] [80]

С 2010 по 2015 год Сиэтл в среднем набирал 14 511 жителей в год, при этом рост был сильно смещен в сторону центра города, [81] а безработица снизилась примерно с 9 процентов до 3,6 процента. [82] Город оказался «трещащим по швам», с более чем 45 000 домохозяйств, тратящими более половины своего дохода на жилье и по меньшей мере 2 800 человек бездомными , и с шестым худшим в стране трафиком в час пик. [82]

География

Топография

Спутниковое фото Сиэтла в сентябре 2018 года.

Сиэтл расположен между соленым заливом Пьюджет-Саунд (отрог Тихого океана) на западе и озером Вашингтон на востоке. Главная гавань города, залив Эллиотт , является частью залива Пьюджет-Саунд, что делает город океаническим портом. На западе, за заливом Пьюджет-Саунд, находятся полуостров Китсап и Олимпийские горы на полуострове Олимпик ; на востоке, за озером Вашингтон и пригородами Истсайда , находятся озеро Саммамиш и Каскадные горы . Воды озера Вашингтон текут в залив Пьюджет-Саунд через судоходный канал озера Вашингтон (состоящий из двух искусственных каналов, озера Юнион и шлюзов Хирама М. Читтендена в заливе Салмон , заканчивающихся в заливе Шилшоул на заливе Пьюджет-Саунд). [ требуется ссылка ]

Море, реки, леса, озера и поля, окружающие Сиэтл, когда-то были достаточно богаты, чтобы поддерживать одно из немногих в мире оседлых обществ охотников-собирателей . В наше время окрестности прекрасно подходят для парусного спорта, катания на лыжах, езды на велосипеде, кемпинга и пеших походов круглый год. [83] [84]

Город в некоторых местах холмистый. [85] Как и Рим, город, как говорят, лежит на семи холмах ; [86] списки различаются, но обычно включают Капитолийский холм , Первый холм , Западный Сиэтл , Бикон-Хилл , Королеву Анну , Магнолию и бывший Денни-Хилл . Районы Уоллингфорд , Делридж , Маунт-Бейкер , Сьюард-Парк , Вашингтон-Парк , Бродмур , Мадрона , Финни-Ридж , Сансет-Хилл , Блю-Ридж , Бродвью , Лорелхерст , Хоуторн-Хиллс , Мейпл-Лиф и Краун-Хилл расположены на холмах. Многие из самых холмистых районов находятся недалеко от центра города, при этом Капитолийский холм, Первый холм и Бикон-Хилл вместе составляют что-то вроде хребта вдоль перешейка между заливом Эллиотт и озером Вашингтон. [87] Перелом в хребте между First Hill и Beacon Hill является искусственным, результатом двух из многих проектов по перепланировке , которые изменили топографию центра города. [88] Топография центра города также была изменена строительством морской дамбы и искусственного острова Харбор (завершено в 1909 году) в устье промышленного городского водного пути Дувамиш , конечной точки Грин-Ривер. Самая высокая точка в пределах города — Хай-Пойнт в Западном Сиэтле, которая расположена недалеко от 35th Ave SW и SW Myrtle St.

К северу от центра города, судоходный канал озера Вашингтон соединяет залив Пьюджет-Саунд с озером Вашингтон. Он включает четыре природных водоема: озеро Юнион , залив Салмон , залив Портидж и залив Юнион . [ требуется ссылка ]

Из-за своего расположения в Тихоокеанском огненном кольце Сиэтл находится в зоне крупных землетрясений . 28 февраля 2001 года землетрясение магнитудой 6,8 Нискуолли нанесло значительный архитектурный ущерб, особенно в районе площади Пайонир (построенной на отвоеванной у моря земле , как и промышленный район и часть центра города), и привело к одной смерти. [89] Другие сильные землетрясения произошли 26 января 1700 года (оценочно в 9 баллов), 14 декабря 1872 года (7,3 или 7,4), [90] 13 апреля 1949 года (7,1), [91] и 29 апреля 1965 года (6,5). [92] Землетрясение 1965 года стало причиной трех смертей в Сиэтле напрямую и еще одного от сердечной недостаточности. [92] Хотя Сиэтлский разлом проходит к югу от центра города, ни он [93], ни зона субдукции Каскадия не вызывали землетрясений с момента основания города. Зона субдукции Каскадия представляет угрозу землетрясения магнитудой 9,0 или выше, способного серьезно повредить город и разрушить многие здания, особенно в зонах, построенных на насыпи. [94]

По данным Бюро переписи населения США , общая площадь города составляет 142,5 квадратных миль (369 км 2 ), [95] из которых 84 квадратных мили (220 км 2 ) — это суша, а 58,1 квадратных миль (150 км 2 ) — вода (41% от общей площади). [1]

Городской пейзаж

Вид на горизонт Сиэтла с холма Королевы Анны, включая башню Спейс-Нидл , Climate Pledge Arena , гору Рейнир , залив Эллиотт и порт Сиэтла на заливе Пьюджет-Саунд.

Климат

Согласно системе классификации климата Кёппена , в Сиэтле теплый летний средиземноморский климат ( Csb ), [96] [97] [98], тогда как в системе Треварты он обозначен как океанический климат ( Do ). [99] [100] Здесь прохладная влажная зима и мягкое, относительно сухое лето, что соответствует характеристикам обоих типов климата. [101] [102] Климат иногда характеризуют как «модифицированный средиземноморский», потому что он прохладнее и влажнее «истинного» средиземноморского климата, но имеет характерное сухое лето (что оказывает сильное влияние на растительность региона). [103]

Температурные экстремальные значения смягчаются прилегающим заливом Пьюджет-Саунд , большим Тихим океаном и озером Вашингтон . Таким образом, экстремальные волны тепла редки в районе Сиэтла, как и очень низкие температуры (ниже примерно 15 °F; −9 °C). Район Сиэтла является самым облачным регионом континентальной части Соединенных Штатов , отчасти из-за частых штормов и циклонов , движущихся из прилегающего Тихого океана. В Сиэтле облачно 201 день в году и частично облачно 93 дня. [104] Имея гораздо больше «дождливых дней», чем другие крупные американские города, Сиэтл имеет заслуженную репутацию города с частыми дождями: [105] В среднем за год бывает 150 дней, в течение которых выпадает не менее 0,01 дюйма (0,25 мм) осадков, больше дней, чем почти во всех городах США к востоку от Скалистых гор . [106] Однако, поскольку в течение многих дней с неба часто идет лишь легкий моросящий дождь, в Сиэтле в целом выпадает значительно меньше осадков (или других осадков), чем во многих других крупных городах США, таких как Нью-Йорк , Майами или Хьюстон .

Демография

По данным Американского опроса населения (ACS) за 2012–2016 годы, расовый состав города был следующим: 65,7% — белые неиспаноязычные , 16,9% — азиаты , 6,8% — чернокожие или афроамериканцы , 6,6% — испаноязычные или латиноамериканцы любой расы, 0,4% — коренные американцы , 0,9 % — жители островов Тихого океана , 0,2% — представители других рас и 5,6% — представители двух или более рас . [112]

Население Сиэтла исторически было преимущественно белым. [117] Перепись 2010 года показала, что Сиэтл был одним из самых белых крупных городов в стране, хотя доля белых жителей постепенно снижалась. [118] В 1960 году белые составляли 91,6% населения города, [117] а в 2010 году они составляли 69,5%. [119] [120] Согласно исследованию американского сообщества 2006–2008 годов , примерно 78,9% жителей старше пяти лет говорили дома только по-английски. Те, кто говорил на азиатских языках, отличных от индоевропейских, составляли 10,2% населения, на испанском говорили 4,5% населения, носители других индоевропейских языков составляли 3,9%, а носители других языков составляли 2,5%. [ необходима цитата ]

Этническое происхождение в Сиэтле
Карта расового распределения в Сиэтле, перепись населения США 2010 г. Каждая точка — 25 человек: Белый  Черный  азиатский  испаноязычный  Другой

Численность иностранного населения Сиэтла выросла на 40% между переписями 1990 и 2000 годов. [121] Китайское население в районе Сиэтла имеет происхождение из материкового Китая , Гонконга, Юго-Восточной Азии и Тайваня . Самые ранние китайско-американцы, приехавшие в конце 19-го и начале 20-го веков, были почти полностью из провинции Гуандун . Район Сиэтла также является домом для большого вьетнамского населения, насчитывающего более 55 000 жителей, [122] а также более 30 000 сомалийских иммигрантов. [123] Район Сиэтл-Такома также является домом для одной из крупнейших камбоджийских общин в Соединенных Штатах, насчитывающей около 19 000 камбоджийских американцев, [124] и одной из крупнейших самоанских общин в материковой части США, с более чем 15 000 человек, имеющих самоанское происхождение. [119] [125] Кроме того, в районе Сиэтла был самый высокий процент людей, идентифицирующих себя со смешанной расой, среди всех крупных мегаполисов в Соединенных Штатах, согласно Бюро переписи населения США 2000 года. [126] Согласно исследованию HistoryLink 2012 года , почтовый индекс Сиэтла 98118 (в районе Колумбия-Сити) был одним из самых разнообразных районов табулирования почтовых индексов в Соединенных Штатах. [127]

Согласно годовым оценкам ACS, в 2018 году медианный доход городского домохозяйства составил $93 481, а медианный доход семьи — $130 656. [128] 11,0% населения и 6,6% семей находились за чертой бедности. Из людей, живущих в бедности, 11,4% были моложе 18 лет, а 10,9% были в возрасте 65 лет и старше. [128] Согласно исследованию Henley & Partners за 2024 год , в городе Сиэтл насчитывается около 54 200 миллионеров и 11 миллиардеров. [129]

По оценкам, в округе Кинг каждую ночь находится 8000 бездомных, и многие из них живут в Сиэтле. [130] В сентябре 2005 года округ Кинг принял «Десятилетний план по искоренению бездомности», одним из ближайших результатов которого является перераспределение финансирования с мест в приютах для бездомных на постоянное жилье. [131]

In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.[132] However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.[132] The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city center.[133] As a sign of increasing downtown core growth, the Downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.[134]

In 2021 Seattle experienced its first population decline in 50 years.[135]

Seattle has a relatively high number of adults living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%.[136]

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Seattle has a notably large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco.[137] Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[137] According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 percent, surpassing San Francisco (2.5 percent).[138] The Capitol Hill district has historically been the center of LGBT culture in Seattle.[139]

Economy

Washington Mutual's last headquarters, the WaMu Center, now the Russell Investments Center, (center left), and its prior headquarters, Washington Mutual Tower, now the 1201 Third Avenue Tower
The corporate headquarters of online retailer Amazon, named Day 1 and located in Denny Triangle

Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies and new-economy internet and technology companies, as well as service, design, and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product (GMP) was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th-largest metropolitan economy in the United States.[140][141] The Port of Seattle, which also operates Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska. It also is the 8th-largest port in the United States when measured by container capacity. Its maritime cargo operations merged with the Port of Tacoma in 2015 to form the Northwest Seaport Alliance.[142][143]

Although it was impacted by the Great Recession, Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and is noted for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies.[144] In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to become North America's first "climate neutral" city, with a goal of reaching net-zero per-capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.[145]

Large companies continue to dominate the business landscape. Seven companies on Fortune 500's 2022 list of the United States' largest companies (based on total revenue) are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon (#2), coffee chain Starbucks (#120), freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#225), department store Nordstrom (#245), forest products company Weyerhaeuser (#354), online travel company Expedia Group (#404), and real-estate tech company Zillow (#424) .[146] Other Fortune 500 companies commonly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#11), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#14) is located in Redmond. Furthermore, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#151).[146] Other major companies headquartered in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, and Providence Health & Services (the state's largest health care system and fifth-largest employer) in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption;[147] coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks,[148] Seattle's Best Coffee,[149] and Tully's.[150] There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.[147][needs update]

Before moving its headquarters to Chicago and then ultimately Arlington County, Virginia, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#60) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, is still headquartered within the Puget Sound region.[151][e] The company also has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton; it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area.[152] In 2006 former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense.[153] In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels.[154] Owing largely to the rapidly increasing cost of living, Seattle and Washington State have some of the highest minimum wages in the country, at $15 per hour for smaller businesses and $16 for the city's largest employers.[155]

Operating a hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, Alaska Airlines maintains its headquarters in the city of SeaTac, next to the airport.[156] Seattle is a hub for global health with the headquarters of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH (global health organization), Infectious Disease Research Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. In 2015, the Washington Global Health Alliance counted 168 global health organizations in Washington state. Many are headquartered in Seattle.[157]

Culture

Seattle Central Library

Many of Seattle's neighborhoods host one or more street fairs or parades.[158]

Performing arts

Kreielsheimer Promenade and Marion Oliver McCaw Hall at Seattle Center
Benaroya Hall, home of the Seattle Symphony since 1998

Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra has won many awards and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall.[159] The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened in 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished,[160][161] with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner[162][163] and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States.[164] The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States.[165] The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.[166]

The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows[167] featuring both local talent and international stars.[168] Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies[169] and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre;[170][171] Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters[172] (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract).[169]In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.[173]

Between 1918 and 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street, running from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Bumps Blackwell, Ernestine Anderson, and others.[174]

Early popular musical acts from the Seattle/Puget Sound area include the collegiate folk group The Brothers Four, vocal group The Fleetwoods, 1960s garage rockers The Wailers and The Sonics, and instrumental surf group The Ventures, some of whom are still active.[174]

Seattle is considered the home of grunge music,[17] having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s.[174] The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.

The Seattle-based Sub Pop record company continues to be one of the world's best-known independent/alternative music labels.[174] Over the years, a number of songs have been written about Seattle.

Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ;[175] Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ;[176] and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.[177] Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.[178]

The city also has movie houses showing both Hollywood productions and works by independent filmmakers.[179] Among these, the Seattle Cinerama stands out as one of only three movie theaters in the world still capable of showing three-panel Cinerama films.[180]

Tourism

210 cruise ship visits brought 886,039 passengers to Seattle in 2008.[181]
The Seattle Great Wheel

Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival,[182] Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.[183][184][185][186]

Other significant events include numerous Native American pow-wows, a Greek Festival hosted by St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with Festál at Seattle Center).[187]

There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;[188] an anime convention, Sakura-Con;[189] Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention;[190] a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic;[191] and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival, the Seattle Asian American Film Festival, Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, the Seattle Queer Film Festival, Seattle Latino Film Festival, and the Seattle Polish Film Festival.[192][193]

The Henry Art Gallery opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.[194] The Seattle Art Museum (SAM) opened in 1933 and moved to their current downtown location in 1991 (expanded and reopened in 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's Seattle Asian Art Museum (SAAM).[195] SAM also operates the Olympic Sculpture Park (opened in 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers.[196] The Frye Art Museum is a free museum on First Hill.[197]

Regional history collections are at the Log House Museum in Alki, Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, the Museum of History and Industry, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Industry collections are at the Center for Wooden Boats and the adjacent Northwest Seaport, and the Museum of Flight. Regional ethnic collections include the National Nordic Museum, the Wing Luke Asian Museum, and the Northwest African American Museum. Seattle has artist-run galleries,[198] including ten-year veteran Soil Art Gallery,[199] and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.[200]

The Seattle Great Wheel, one of the largest Ferris wheels in the US, opened in June 2012 as a new, permanent attraction on the city's waterfront, at Pier 57, next to Downtown Seattle.[201] The city also has many community centers for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.[202]

Woodland Park Zoo opened as a private menagerie in 1889 but was sold to the city in 1899.[203] The Seattle Aquarium has been open on the downtown waterfront since 1977 (undergoing a renovation in 2006).[204] The Seattle Underground Tour is an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire.[205]

Since the mid-1990s, Seattle has experienced significant growth in the cruise industry, especially as a departure point for Alaska cruises. In 2008, a record total of 886,039 cruise passengers passed through the city, surpassing the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises.[206]

Religion

A 2024 Household Pulse Survey from the United States Census Bureau estimated that 64 percent of adults in the Seattle area never attend religious services or attend less than once a year, the highest percentage among large U.S. metropolitan areas.[207]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the largest religious groupings are Christians (52%), followed by those of no religion (37%), Hindus (2%), Buddhists (2%), Jews (1%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings.[208] According to the same study by the Pew Research Center, about 34% of Seattleites are Protestant, and 15% are Roman Catholic. Meanwhile, 6% of the residents in Seattle call themselves agnostics, while 10% call themselves atheists.[209][210]

Sports

Notes
A Originally founded in 1974, the MLS version of the Sounders franchise was legally re-incorporated in 2007 and entered the league for the 2009 season.
Lumen Field, home of the Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC, and Seattle Reign FC
T-Mobile Park, home of the Seattle Mariners
Climate Pledge Arena, home of the Seattle Kraken and Seattle Storm
Lumen Field during a Sounders match

Seattle has four major men's professional sports teams: the National Football League (NFL)'s Seattle Seahawks, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Seattle Mariners, the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Seattle Kraken, and Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Seattle Sounders FC. Other professional sports teams include the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm, the National Women's Soccer League's Seattle Reign FC; and Major League Rugby (MLR)'s Seattle Seawolves.

Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.[218]In 1969, Seattle was awarded a Major League Baseball franchise, the Seattle Pilots. Based at Sick's Stadium in Mount Baker, home to Seattle's former minor-league teams, the Pilots played in Seattle for one season before relocating to Milwaukee and becoming the Milwaukee Brewers.[219] The city, alongside the county and state governments, sued the league and was offered a second expansion team, later named the Seattle Mariners, as settlement.[220]

The Mariners began play in 1977 at the multi-purpose Kingdome, where the team struggled for most of its time. Relative success in the mid-to-late 1990s saved the team from being relocated and allowed them to move to a purpose-built baseball stadium, T-Mobile Park (formerly Safeco Field), in 1999.[221][222] The Mariners have never reached a World Series and only appeared in the MLB playoffs five times, mostly between 1995 and 2001, but had Hall of Fame players and candidates like Ken Griffey Jr., Randy Johnson, Ichiro Suzuki, and Alex Rodriguez.[223] The team tied the all-time MLB single regular season wins record in 2001 with 116 wins.[224] From 2001 to 2022, the Mariners failed to qualify for the playoffs—the longest active postseason drought in major North American sports, at 20 seasons.[225]

The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an expansion team and have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014.[226] The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now Lumen Field) at the same site in 2003.[226] The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play.[226] Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively known as the "12th Man".[226][227]

Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, as the latest continuation of the original 1974 Sounders team of the North American Soccer League after an incarnation in the lower divisions of American soccer.[228] Sharing Lumen Field with the Seahawks, the team set various attendance records in its first few MLS seasons, averaging over 43,000 per match and placing themselves among the top 30 teams internationally.[229][230] The Sounders have won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2014[231] and the U.S. Open Cup on four occasions: 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2014.[232] The Sounders won the first of their two MLS Cup titles in 2016, defeating Toronto FC 5–4 in a penalty shootout in Toronto,[233] before finishing as runners-up in a rematch against Toronto in MLS Cup 2017. In 2019 the Sounders made their first-ever home-field appearance in MLS Cup, once again against Toronto FC, and won the game 3–1 to earn their second MLS Cup title in front of a club-record attendance of 69,274.[234] The stadium also hosted the second leg of the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League Final, played in front of 68,741 to break the tournament attendance record. The Sounders became the first MLS team to win a continental title since 2000 and the first to win the modern Champions League.[235]

Seattle's Major League Rugby team, the Seattle Seawolves, play in nearby Tukwila at Starfire Sports Complex, a small stadium that is also used by the Sounders for their U.S. Open Cup matches.[236] The team began play in 2018 and won the league's inaugural championship.[237] They successfully defended their title in the 2019 season and finished as runners-up in the 2022 championship game.[238][239]

From 1967 to 2008, Seattle was home to the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A frequent playoff participant, the Sonics were the 1978–79 NBA champions, and also contended for the championship in 1978 and 1996. Following a team sale in 2006, a failed effort to replace the aging KeyArena, and settlement of a lawsuit to hold the team to the final two years of its lease with the city, the SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder ahead of the 2008–09 season.[240][241] An effort in 2013 to purchase the Sacramento Kings franchise and relocate it to Seattle as a resurrected Sonics squad was denied by the NBA board of governors.[242]

The Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association have also played their games at KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena) since their foundation in 2000. The WNBA granted Seattle their expansion side following the popularity of the recently folded Seattle Reign, a women's professional basketball team that played from 1996 to 1998 in the rival American Basketball League.[243] The Storm began as a sister team to the now-defunct Sonics of the NBA, but sold to separate Seattle-based ownership in 2006. Tied for the league record, the Storm have claimed the WNBA championship on four occasions, winning in 2004, 2010, 2018, and 2020.[244][245] The team also won the first-ever WNBA Commissioner's Cup in 2021.

The Seattle Thunderbirds hockey team has represented Seattle in the Canadian major-junior Western Hockey League since 1977. Originally playing in Mercer Arena and the Seattle Center Coliseum (which had hosted previous minor-league hockey teams), the Thunderbirds have been based at the ShoWare Center in the suburb of Kent since 2007, and have won one WHL championship in 2017.[246] In 1974, Seattle was awarded a conditional expansion franchise in the National Hockey League; however, this opportunity did not come to fruition. In 2018, a new Seattle-based group successfully applied for an expansion team in the NHL, which was named the Seattle Kraken and began play in 2021.[247][248][249] The SuperSonics' former home arena, KeyArena (now Climate Pledge Arena), underwent major renovations from 2018 to 2021 to accommodate the new NHL team.[250] The NHL ownership group reached its goal of 10,000 deposits within 12 minutes of opening a ticket drive, which later increased to 25,000 in 75 minutes.[251]

Seattle Reign FC,[252] a founding member of the National Women's Soccer League, was founded in 2012, holding their home games in Seattle from 2014 to 2018 and again since 2022. The team name was chosen to honor the defunct women's basketball team of the same name.[243] The club played at Starfire Sports Complex in nearby Tukwila for the league's inaugural 2013 season before moving to Seattle Center's Memorial Stadium in 2014. Under new management, the team moved to Tacoma's Cheney Stadium in 2019, before moving to Seattle's Lumen Field in 2022.[253] In 2020, OL Groupe, the parent company of French clubs Olympique Lyonnais and Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, became the team's majority owner and rebranded the club as OL Reign.[253] The Seattle Reign name was restored in 2024.[254]

Seattle has also been home to various minor-league professional teams, of which currently Ballard FC and West Seattle Junction FC of USL League 2 in soccer remain. Representing the Seattle neighborhood of Ballard, Ballard FC was founded in 2022 as an independent, semi-professional soccer team in the fourth-division USL League 2. The team is owned by a group led by former Sounders player Lamar Neagle and won its first national title in 2023. Ballard FC's primary home is the 1,000-seat Interbay Soccer Stadium (also home to Seattle Pacific University's and Ballard High School's soccer teams), but during that field's renovations in the 2024 season, Ballard will play out of Memorial Stadium at the Seattle Center.[255][256] Starting in 2024, Ballard FC's division will be joined by a new cross-town rival, West Seattle Junction FC representing the neighborhood of West Seattle.[217]

The short-lived Seattle Sea Dragons, originally the Dragons, of the XFL played at Lumen Field in the league's inaugural season in 2020 prior to its suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[257] The Sea Dragons returned alongside the XFL in 2023 after the league's re-launch under new ownership.[258] The team folded prior to the 2024 season during the XFL's merger with the United States Football League to form the United Football League.[259]

Seattle also boasts two collegiate sports teams based at the University of Washington and Seattle University, both competing in NCAA Division I for various sports.[260] The University of Washington's athletic program, nicknamed the Huskies, competes in the Pac-12 Conference, and Seattle University's athletic program, nicknamed the Redhawks, mostly competes in the Western Athletic Conference. The Huskies teams use several facilities, including the 70,000-seat Husky Stadium for football and the Hec Edmundson Pavilion for basketball and volleyball.[261][262] The two schools have basketball and soccer teams that compete against each other in non-conference games and have formed a local rivalry due to their sporting success.[260]

The Major League Baseball All-Star Game has been held in Seattle three times, once at the Kingdome in 1979, and twice at T-Mobile Park in 2001 and 2023.[263] The NBA All-Star Game was also held in Seattle twice: the first in 1974 at the Seattle Center Coliseum and the second in 1987 at the Kingdome.[264] Lumen Field hosted MLS Cup 2009, played between Real Salt Lake and the Los Angeles Galaxy, as a neutral site in front of 46,011 spectators.[265] Seattle will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with matches played at Lumen Field and training facilities at Longacres in Renton, Washington.[266]

Parks and recreation

Lake Union Park at the southern end of Lake Union

Seattle's mild, temperate marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motorboating, sailing, team sports, and swimming.[267] In town, many people walk around Green Lake, through the forests and along the bluffs and beaches of 535-acre (2.2 km2) Discovery Park (the largest park in the city) in Magnolia, along the shores of Myrtle Edwards Park on the Downtown waterfront, along the shoreline of Lake Washington at Seward Park, along Alki Beach in West Seattle, or along the Burke-Gilman Trail.[citation needed] Gas Works Park features the preserved superstructure of a coal gasification plant closed in 1956. Located across Lake Union from downtown, the park provides panoramic views of the Seattle skyline.[citation needed] Also popular are hikes and skiing in the nearby Cascade or Olympic Mountains and kayaking and sailing in the waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Strait of Georgia.[citation needed]

Government and politics

Seattle City Council consists of two at-large positions and seven district seats representing the areas shown from 2016 to 2023.

Seattle is a charter city, with a mayor–council form of government. From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.[268] For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at-large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the city attorney and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are officially non-partisan.[269] Like some other parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referendums (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws or tax increases directly to the people).[270]

Seattle is widely considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States.[271] In the 2012 U.S. general election, a majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state.[272] In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of cannabis in the state.[273] Like much of the Pacific Northwest (which has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism[274][275]), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.[276] Seattle's political culture is very liberal and progressive for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the Democratic Party. All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election.[277] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are known to be Democrats, the most notable exception being Seattle City Attorney Ann Davison.[citation needed]

In 1926, Seattle became the first major American city to elect a female mayor, Bertha Knight Landes.[278] It has also elected an openly gay mayor, Ed Murray,[279] and a third-party socialist councillor, Kshama Sawant.[280] For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councilor in 1991.[281][282] In 2015, the majority of the city council was female.[283]

Bruce Harrell was elected as mayor in the 2021 mayoral election, succeeding Jenny Durkan, and took office on January 1, 2022. The mayor's office also includes three deputy mayors, appointed to advise the mayor on policies.

In 2023, the city council voted to ban caste discrimination as part of the city's anti-discrimination laws. The ban is the first in the United States.[284]

Seattle lies within four districts on the King County Council: the 1st district includes the northeastern corner of the city; the 2nd district generally covers areas east of Interstate 5 and south of Northeast 65th Street; the 4th district consists of the northwestern neighborhoods of Ballard, Fremont, Magnolia, and Queen Anne; and the 8th district includes Downtown Seattle, First Hill, SODO, and West Seattle.[285] At the state level, Seattle is divided into six districts that each have one state senator and two state representatives.[286][287]

Federally, Seattle is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in 7th congressional district,[288] represented by Democrat Pramila Jayapal, the first Indian-American woman elected to Congress. She succeeded 28-year incumbent and fellow Democrat Jim McDermott.[289] Part of southeastern Seattle is in the 9th congressional district,[288] represented by Democrat Adam Smith since 1997.[290] The border between the two districts follows the Tukwila city limits around Boeing Field, Interstate 5, South Dearborn Street, 4th Avenue South, James Street, Madison Street, East Union Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and East Yesler Way.[288]

Education

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.[291] The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.[292]

Seattle Public Schools is the school district for the vast majority of the city.[293] That school district desegregated without a court order[294] but continue to struggle to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north).[295] In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, but the ruling left the door open for desegregation formulae based on other indicators (e.g., income or socioeconomic class).[296] A very small portion of the city is within the Highline School District.[293]

The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: Five of the private high schools are Catholic, one is Lutheran, and six are secular.[297]

University of Washington Quad
University of Washington Quad

Seattle is home to the University of Washington and its professional and continuing education unit, the University of Washington Educational Outreach. In 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Washington eleventh in the world.[298] The UW receives more federal research and development funding than any public institution. Over the last 10 years, it has also produced more Peace Corps volunteers than any other U.S. university.[299]

Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities, including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter a Free Methodist institution. The Seattle Colleges District operates three colleges: North Seattle College, Seattle Central College, and South Seattle College. Universities aimed at the working adult are the City University and Antioch University. Seminaries include Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, saying that the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams."[300]

Media

As of 2019, Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce,[301] and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers.[302] The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner as well as numerous neighborhood newspapers.[citation needed]

Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.[303] Seattle cable viewers also receive CBUT 2 (CBC) from Vancouver, British Columbia.[citation needed]

Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KNKX 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other non-commercial stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format, is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio.[304] Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).[305]

Infrastructure

Health systems

Seattle Children's in Laurelhurst

The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. The university-run UW Medicine system encompasses several major local hospitals, including Harborview Medical Center, the public county hospital and the only Level I trauma hospital for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.[306] Harborview and two other major hospitals—Virginia Mason Medical Center and Swedish Medical Center—are located on First Hill, which is nicknamed "Pill Hill" for its concentration of medical facilities.[307]

Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and UW Medical Center - Northwest near Northgate Station.[308]

Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970.[309] In 1974, a 60 Minutes story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a heart attack."[310] The city also has several pharmacy chains; these include Bartell Drugs, which was family-run in Seattle until its acquisition by Rite Aid in 2020. As of 2024, Seattle lacks a 24-hour retail pharmacy due to the closure of locations across several chains.[311][312]

Transportation

Interstate 5 passing through downtown Seattle
King County Water Taxi and downtown Seattle
1 Line light rail trains in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel at University Street Station
King Street Station, the 15th-busiest Amtrak station in the nation, also serves commuter trains.

The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile began the dismantling of rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.[313]

King County Metro provides regular bus service in the city and county, and the South Lake Union Streetcar line and the First Hill Streetcar line.[314] Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Transit provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area, two Sounder commuter rail lines between the suburbs and downtown, and its 1 Line light rail line between Northgate and Angle Lake.[315][316] Washington State Ferries, which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third-largest in the world, connects Seattle to Bainbridge and Vashon Islands in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and Southworth on the Kitsap Peninsula.[317] King Street Station in Pioneer Square serves Amtrak intercity trains and Sounder commuter trains, and is located adjacent to the International District/Chinatown light rail station.[318]

According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 18.6% of Seattle residents used one of the three public transit systems that serve the city, giving it the highest transit ridership of all major cities without heavy or light rail prior to the completion of Sound Transit's 1 Line.[319] The city has also been described by Bert Sperling as the fourth most walkable U.S. city and by Walk Score as the sixth most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities.[320][321]

Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, Boeing Field is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners. A secondary passenger airport, Paine Field, opened in 2019 and is located in Everett, 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle. It is predominantly used by Boeing and their large assembly plant located nearby.[322][323]

The main mode of transportation, however, is the street system, which is laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting the plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North.[324] Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways) run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. From 1953 to 2019, State Route 99 ran through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, an elevated freeway on the waterfront. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct was replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. The world's largest tunnel boring machine, named "Bertha", was commissioned for the project, measuring 57 feet (17 m) in diameter. The tunnel's opening was delayed to February 2019 due to issues with the machine, which included a two-year halt in excavation.[325] Seattle has the 8th-worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 10th among all North American cities according to Inrix.[326]

The city has started moving away from the automobile and toward mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%.[327] In 2006, voters in King County passed the Transit Now proposition, which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five limited-stop bus lines called RapidRide.[328] After rejecting a roads and transit measure in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the Link light rail system, and expand and improve Sounder commuter rail service.[329]

A light rail line (now the 1 Line) from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service in 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. An extension north to the University of Washington opened on March 19, 2016,[330] followed by the Northgate extension in October 2021.[331] Further extensions are planned to reach Lynnwood to the north, Federal Way to the south, and Bellevue and Redmond to the east by 2026.[332][333] Voters in the Puget Sound region approved an additional tax increase, part of the Sound Transit 3 package, in November 2016 to expand light rail to West Seattle and Ballard as well as Tacoma, Everett, and Issaquah.[334]

Utilities

Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light, respectively. Other utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy (natural gas, electricity), Seattle Steam Company (steam), Waste Management, Inc and Recology CleanScapes (curbside recycling, composting, and solid waste removal), CenturyLink, Frontier Communications, Wave Broadband, and Comcast (telecommunications and television).[citation needed] About 90% of Seattle's electricity is produced using hydropower. Less than 2% of electricity is produced using fossil fuels.[335]

Seattle Public Utilities manages two tap water supply systems on the Cedar River and Tolt River.[336] These systems are fed by melted snowpack in the Cascade Mountains over the autumn and winter that fill reservoirs as they melt.[337] The city's wastewater system includes 1,422 miles (2,288 km) of sewers that reach treatment plants that discharge into Puget Sound; a 485-mile (781 km) network of separate tunnels for stormwater serve other treatment facilities.[338] Older areas of the city have a combined sewer system that dumps stormwater and untreated wastewater into Puget Sound during overflow events.[339]

Crime

2023 Map of crimes committed in Seattle in each neighborhood

In 2023, Seattle had 5000 violent crimes, and from 2013 to 2018 there was a slow increase in crimes, however it dipped in 2020, before spiking up again in 2021 and 2022. As of 2023 the city has a violent crime rate of 683 per 100,000 people, and 5,174 property crimes per 100,000 people.[340]

International relations

Seattle has the following sister cities:[341]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ November 13, 1851, is often referred to as the unofficial date of Seattle's founding, when much of the Denny Party arrived at Alki Point. However, the first White settlers to inhabit the area had already arrived in September, which included some members of the Denny clan. The modern city did not take shape until the following spring after much of the party abandoned Alki to move across the bay. The name "Seattle" didn't become official until May 23, 1853.
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ Official records are restricted to SeaTac Airport from January 1945 onward.[107]
  4. ^ a b From 15% sample
  5. ^ The division currently rotates its headquarters between sites within the region; the previous one in Renton was put up for sale in April 2021.

References

  1. ^ a b "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Washington". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "QuickFacts: Seattle city, Washington". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  3. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  4. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  5. ^ Balk, Gene (October 2, 2012). "When can you call yourself a Seattleite?". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  6. ^ Wilson-Codega, Lily. "About Seattle: Sister Cities". City of Seattle. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  7. ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. December 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  8. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015.
  9. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Archived from the original on November 12, 2015.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links