Family of proteins
Rhodopsin-like receptors are a family of proteins that comprise the largest group of G protein-coupled receptors.[2]
Scope
G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. GPCRs are usually described as "superfamily" because they embrace a group of families for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence.[2] The currently known superfamily members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs (this family), the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the fungal mating pheromone receptors, and the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. There is a specialised database for GPCRs.[3]
Function
The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices.[4][5][6]
Classes
Rhodopsin-like GPCRs have been classified into the following 19 subgroups (A1-A19) based on a phylogenetic analysis.[7]
Subfamily A1
Subfamily A2
Subfamily A3
Subfamily A4
Subfamily A5
Subfamily A6
Subfamily A7
Subfamily A8
Subfamily A9
Subfamily A10
Subfamily A11
Subfamily A12
Subfamily A13
Subfamily A14
Subfamily A15
Subfamily A16
- Opsins InterPro: IPR001760[8]
- Rhodopsin (RHO, OPSD)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), short-wave-sensitive (color blindness, tritan) (OPN1SW, OPSB) (blue-sensitive opsin)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), medium-wave-sensitive (color blindness, deutan) (OPN1MW, OPSG) (green-sensitive opsin)
- Opsin 1 (cone pigments), long-wave-sensitive (color blindness, protan) (OPN1LW, OPSR) (red-sensitive opsin)
- Opsin 3, Panopsin (OPN3)
- Opsin 4, Melanopsin (OPN4)
- Opsin 5 (OPN5, GPR136)
- Retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR)
- Retinal pigment epithelium-derived rhodopsin homolog (RRH, OPSX) (visual pigment-like receptor opsin) InterPro: IPR001793
Subfamily A17
Subfamily A18
- Histamine H1 receptor (HRH1, HH1R) InterPro: IPR000921
- Histamine H3 receptor (HRH3) InterPro: IPR003980
- Histamine H4 receptor (HRH4) InterPro: IPR008102
- Adenosine receptor InterPro: IPR001634
- A1 (ADORA1, AA1R)
- A2a (ADORA2A, AA2A)
- A2b (ADORA2B, AA2B)
- A3 (ADORA3, AA3R)
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor InterPro: IPR000995
- M1 (CHRM1, ACM1)
- M2 (CHRM2, ACM2)
- M3 (CHRM3, ACM3)
- M4 (CHRM4, ACM4)
- M5 (CHRM5, ACM5)
- GPR21 (GPR21, GPRL)
- GPR27 (GPR27)
- GPR45 (GPR45, PSP24)
- GPR52 (GPR52)
- GPR61 (GPR61)
- GPR62 (GPR62)
- GPR63 (GPR63)
- GPR78 (GPR78)
- GPR84 (GPR84)
- GPR85 (GPR85)
- GPR88 (GPR88)
- GPR101 (GPR101)
- GPR161 (GPR161, RE2)
- GPR173 (GPR173, SREB3)
Subfamily A19
Unclassified
References
- ^ Palczewski K, Kumasaka T, Hori T, et al. (August 2000). "Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor". Science. 289 (5480): 739–45. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..739P. doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.739. PMID 10926528.
- ^ a b Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1994). "Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors". Protein Eng. 7 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1093/protein/7.2.195. PMID 8170923.
- ^ "Information system for G protein-coupled receptors". GPCRDB. www.gpcr.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ Birnbaumer L (1990). "G proteins in signal transduction". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30: 675–705. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.30.040190.003331. PMID 2111655.
- ^ Gilman AG, Casey PJ (1988). "G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (6): 2577–2580. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69103-3. PMID 2830256.
- ^ Attwood TK, Findlay JB (1993). "Design of a discriminating fingerprint for G-protein-coupled receptors". Protein Eng. 6 (2): 167–176. doi:10.1093/protein/6.2.167. PMID 8386361.
- ^ Joost P, Methner A (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands". Genome Biol. 3 (11): research0063.1–0063.16. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-research0063. PMC 133447. PMID 12429062.
- ^ Terakita A (2005). "The opsins". Genome Biol. 6 (3): 213. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213. PMC 1088937. PMID 15774036.
- ^ a b Nordström KJ, Sällman Almén M, Edstam MM, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (September 2011). "Independent HHsearch, Needleman—Wunsch-based, and motif analyses reveal the overall hierarchy for most of the G protein-coupled receptor families". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (9): 2471–80. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr061. PMID 21402729.
External links
- Vriend G, Horn F, Oliveira L, Bywater RP, Cohen FE. "GPCRDB (G Protein-Coupled Receptor Data Base): sequence-derived data". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- Horn F, Bettler E, Oliveira L, Campagne F, Cohen FE, Vriend G (2003). "GPCRDB information system for G protein-coupled receptors". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (1): 294–7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg103. PMC 165550. PMID 12520006. This database includes multiple sequence alignments of all GPCR families and sub-families.