Злоупотребление – это ненадлежащее использование или обращение с человеком или вещью, часто с целью несправедливого или неправомерного получения выгоды. [1] Жестокое обращение может проявляться во многих формах, например: физическое или словесное оскорбление, травмы, нападение, насилие, изнасилование, несправедливые действия, преступления или другие виды агрессии . К этим описаниям можно также добавить кантовскую идею о неправильности использования другого человека как средства для достижения цели, а не как цели сами по себе. [2] Некоторые источники описывают насилие как «социально сконструированное», что означает, что страдания жертвы могут быть более или менее признаны в разные времена и в разных обществах. [3]
Злоупотребление властью включает в себя преследование, вмешательство, давление и неуместные просьбы или услуги. [4]
Некрофилия предполагает наличие физического влечения к трупам, которое может привести к действию сексуальных побуждений. Поскольку трупы мертвы и не могут дать согласия, любые манипуляции, удаление частей, нанесение увечий или сексуальные действия, совершаемые с трупом, считаются насилием. [5]
Злоупотребление правом усмотрения – это неспособность принять во внимание должным образом факты и законы, относящиеся к конкретному вопросу; произвольное или необоснованное отступление от прецедента и устоявшихся судебных обычаев. [6]
Доминирование компаний на рынке регулируется государственными и частными законами о конкуренции, также известными как антимонопольное или антимонопольное законодательство. [7] [ нужна ссылка ]
В католической церкви индульгенция — это способ уменьшить наказание за грех, часто посредством молитвы, паломничества или добрых дел. В средние века некоторые церковные чиновники требовали деньги в обмен как на прощение грехов, так и на другие награды, такие как будущее спасение.
Злоупотребление информацией обычно включает в себя нарушение конфиденциальности или плагиат, а также расширение доверия к информации за пределами разрешенных лиц.
В финансовом мире инсайдерскую торговлю также можно рассматривать как неправомерное использование внутренней информации, дающее несправедливое преимущество при инвестировании.
Злоупотребление властью в форме «должностного преступления» или «должностного проступка» представляет собой совершение противоправного деяния, совершенного в служебном качестве, влияющего на исполнение служебных обязанностей. Должностные преступления часто являются основанием для отстранения от должности избранного должностного лица на основании закона или отзыва .
Основание для иска по правонарушению , возникающее в результате злонамеренного и преднамеренного злоупотребления одной из сторон или искажения регулярно проводимого судебного процесса (гражданского или уголовного), не оправданного основным судебным иском.
Ранкинг (также называемый злоупотреблением рангом) — это оскорбительное, дискриминационное или эксплуататорское обращение с людьми более низкого ранга. [8] Роберт В. Фуллер утверждает, что рангизм включает в себя злоупотребление властью, присущей высшему рангу, при этом считает, что злоупотребления на основе ранга лежат в основе многих других явлений, таких как издевательства, расизм, сексизм и гомофобия .
Жестокий надзор чаще всего изучается в контексте рабочего места, хотя может возникнуть и в других сферах, например, в домашнем хозяйстве и в школе. «Злоупотребление надзором было расследовано как предвестник негативных результатов на рабочем месте у подчиненных». [9] [10] « Насилие на рабочем месте имеет сочетание ситуативных и личных факторов». В ходе проведенного исследования изучалась связь между жестоким надзором и различными событиями на рабочем месте. [11]
Академическое насилие — это форма издевательств на рабочем месте, которая имеет место в высших учебных заведениях, таких как колледжи и университеты. В академических кругах существует высокая конкуренция и четко определенная иерархия, при этом младший персонал особенно уязвим.
Жестокое обращение со взрослыми означает жестокое обращение с уязвимыми взрослыми. [12]
Расстройство, связанное с употреблением алкоголя, как описано в DSM-IV , представляет собой психиатрический диагноз, описывающий регулярное употребление алкогольных напитков, несмотря на его негативные последствия. [13] Расстройство, связанное с употреблением алкоголя, иногда называют менее конкретным термином «алкоголизм». Есть два типа людей с расстройством, связанным с употреблением алкоголя: те, у кого есть антисоциальные тенденции и склонность к поиску удовольствий, и те, кто охвачен тревогой – люди, которые могут обходиться без употребления алкоголя в течение длительного периода времени, но не могут контролировать себя. как только они начнутся. [14] Пьянство — еще одна форма расстройства, связанного с употреблением алкоголя. Частое пьянство или сильное пьянство более двух раз классифицируется как злоупотребление алкоголем. [15] Согласно исследованиям, проведенным в рамках международных опросов, больше всего пьют представители подросткового поколения Соединенного Королевства. [16]
Жестокое обращение с животными – это причинение страданий или вреда животным, кроме людей, в целях, отличных от самообороны. В более узком смысле это может быть вред ради конкретной выгоды, например, убийство животных ради меха. В юрисдикциях всего мира придерживаются различных точек зрения.
Антисоциальное поведение часто рассматривается как публичное поведение, при котором отсутствует суждение и внимание к другим и которое может нанести ущерб им или их собственности. Это может быть преднамеренным, как в случае вандализма или граффити , или результатом халатности. Стойкое антисоциальное поведение может быть проявлением антисоциального расстройства личности . Противоположностью антисоциального поведения является просоциальное поведение , а именно любое поведение, направленное на то, чтобы помочь или принести пользу другому человеку, группе или обществу. [17]
Запугивание — это повторяющиеся действия с течением времени, которые включают в себя реальный или предполагаемый дисбаланс власти, когда более влиятельный человек или группа нападают на менее влиятельных. [18] Издевательства могут состоять из трех основных видов насилия – словесного , физического и эмоционального . Обычно оно включает в себя тонкие методы принуждения , такие как запугивание . Буллинг можно определить по-разному. Хотя в Великобритании в настоящее время нет юридического определения издевательств, [19] в некоторых штатах США действуют законы, запрещающие это явление. Запугивание обычно совершается с целью принудить других посредством страха или угрозы .
Убийство личности – это попытка запятнать репутацию человека. Это может включать преувеличение или манипулирование фактами с целью представить ложное представление о целевом лице. Это форма клеветы , которая может быть формой аргумента ad hominem (к человеку).
Жестокое обращение с детьми – это физическое или психологическое/эмоциональное жестокое обращение с детьми. В Соединенных Штатах Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (CDC) определяют жестокое обращение с детьми как любое действие или серию действий, совершенных или бездействующих со стороны родителя или другого опекуна, которые приводят к причинению вреда, потенциальному причинению вреда или угрозе причинения вреда ребенку. ребенок. [20] Чаще всего насилие над детьми происходит дома, в меньшей степени – в организациях, школах или сообществах, с которыми взаимодействует ребенок. Существует четыре основные категории жестокого обращения с детьми: пренебрежение , физическое насилие , психологическое/эмоциональное насилие и сексуальное насилие .
Сексуальное насилие над детьми — это форма жестокого обращения с детьми , при которой взрослый или старший подросток подвергает ребенка насилию с целью сексуальной стимуляции. [21] [22] Различные формы этого включают в себя: предложение или принуждение ребенка к участию в сексуальных действиях (независимо от результата), некоторые виды непристойного обнажения гениталий ребенка, демонстрация порнографии ребенку, фактический сексуальный контакт с просмотр или вступление в физический контакт с гениталиями ребенка в сексуальных целях или использование ребенка для производства детской порнографии . [21] [23] [24]
Сексуальное насилие над детьми относится к форме сексуального насилия над детьми , при которой ребенок препубертатного возраста подвергается сексуальному насилию со стороны одного или нескольких других детей или подростков, и в котором ни один взрослый не участвует напрямую. Сюда входят сексуальные действия между детьми, происходящие без согласия, без равенства или в результате принуждения ; [25], особенно когда физическая сила, угрозы, обман или эмоциональные манипуляции используются для того, чтобы добиться сотрудничества.
Тайное насилие — это сексуальное , психологическое или физическое насилие , «которое с определенной целью хранится в секрете, скрывается или закулисно». [26]
Киберзапугивание «предполагает использование информационных и коммуникационных технологий для поддержки преднамеренного, повторяющегося и враждебного поведения человека или группы, направленного на причинение вреда другим». -Билл Белси [27]
Жестокое обращение при свиданиях — это образец оскорбительного поведения, проявляемый одним или обоими партнерами в отношениях при свиданиях . Поведение может включать, помимо прочего; физическое насилие ; психологическое насилие ; и сексуальное насилие .
Клевета – это сообщение заявления, в котором утверждение, прямо заявленное или подразумеваемое, является фактическим и может создать негативный имидж отдельному лицу , предприятию, продукту , группе , правительству или нации. Обычно, но не всегда, [примечание 1] требуется, чтобы это утверждение было ложным и чтобы публикация была передана кому-либо, кроме оклеветанного лица (так называемого истца ).
Было отмечено, что люди с ограниченными возможностями непропорционально сильно страдают от жестокого обращения и издевательств с инвалидностью , и такая деятельность квалифицируется как преступление на почве ненависти . [28] Издевательства распространяются не только на тех, кто явно инвалид, например, на инвалидов-колясочников или людей с физическими отклонениями (например, заячья губа ), но также и на людей с нарушениями обучаемости , аутизмом [29] [30] или нарушениями координации развития. . [31] [32] В последнем случае это связано с плохими способностями к физическому воспитанию, и такое поведение может поощряться невежественным учителем физкультуры. Жестокое обращение с инвалидами не ограничивается школами; известно много случаев, когда люди с ограниченными возможностями подвергались жестокому обращению со стороны персонала «учреждения по уходу», например, случай, раскрытый в программе BBC Panorama о доме престарелых Каслбек ( Winterbourne View ) недалеко от Бристоля , что привело к его закрытию и приостановке работы или увольнение сотрудников. [33]
Дискриминационное насилие предполагает приставание к кому-либо или несправедливое обращение с ним из-за того, что в нем есть что-то другое; например, относительно:
Дискриминационные законы, такие как «красная черта», существуют во многих странах. В некоторых странах для устранения негативных последствий дискриминации использовались противоречивые попытки, такие как расовые квоты .
Другие акты дискриминации включают политическую клевету , клевету на группы и стереотипы, основанные на преувеличениях .
Домашнее насилие можно в широком смысле определить как любую форму оскорбительного поведения со стороны одного или обоих партнеров в интимных отношениях , таких как брак, сожительство, семья, свидания или даже друзья. Домашнее насилие имеет множество форм, в том числе:
Depending on local statues, the domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, also depending on the severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption[36] and mental illness[37] have frequently been associated with abuse.
Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[38] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[38][39][40]
Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person".[41] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK. The abuse includes violence, neglect, and other crimes committed against an elderly person and their forms include physical, mental, and financial abuses as well as passive and active neglect.[42]
While there is an absence of consensus as to the precise definition of emotional abuse, it is classified by the U.S. federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act as a form of mental injury.[43] The typical legal definition, particularly in the area of child welfare, accepted by the majority of U.S. states describes it as injury to the psychological capacity or emotional stability as evidenced by an observable or substantial change in behavior, emotional response or cognition.[44]
False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts:
Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Countries may have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.
Gaming the system (also called bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to instead manipulate the system for a desired outcome.[45]
Gaslighting is manipulation through persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying in an attempt to destabilize and delegitimize a target. Its intent is to sow seeds of doubt in the targets, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, and sanity.[46][47] Instances may range from the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred up to the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorienting the victim. The term owes its origin to Gaslight, a 1938 play and 1944 film, and has been used in clinical and research literature.[48][49]
Gay bashing and gay bullying are verbal or physical abuse against a person perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual, including people who are actually heterosexual, or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation.
Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing.
Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace.
Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing sexual requests are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group; usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation.[50]
"Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or inflammatory letters (hate mail).[51]
Hazing is considered any activity involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation as a way of initiating a person into a group.
Hazing is seen in many different types of groups; including within gangs, clubs, sports teams, military units, and workplaces. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organisations (fraternities and sororities). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities.
Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[52] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food, the right to work, and—in certain countries—the right to education.
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act.
Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, ranging from rudeness or lack of respect towards elders; vandalism and hooliganism; or public drunkenness and threatening behaviour.[53]
Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following:[54]
Further reading
An insult is an expression, statement or behaviour considered to be degrading and offensive.
Intimidation involves intentional behavior that would cause a person of reasonable apprehension to fear harm or injury. Within the context of a criminal prosecution it is not necessary to prove that the behavior caused the victim to experience terror or panic.[55] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature... through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[56]
Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action.
Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[57]
War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war", including "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[58]
War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of psychological warfare to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale.
Military sexual trauma is sexual assault and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder.[59]
Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".[60] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own thinking, behaviour, emotions or decision making.
Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.
Mobbing means bullying of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as emotional abuse in the workplace (such as "ganging up" on someone by co-workers, subordinates or superiors) to force someone out of the workplace through rumour, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial, general harassment.[61]
Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family.
Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by narcissistic parents of their children, but more recently has come to mean any abuse by a narcissist (egotistical person or someone with arrogant pride).
Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a caregiver responsible for providing care for a victim (a child, a physically or mentally disabled adult, an animal, a plant, or an inanimate object) fails to provide adequate care for the victim's needs, to the detriment of the victim. It is typically seen as a form of laziness or apathy on the form of the caregiver, rather than ignorance due to inability; accordingly, neglect of a child by and adult with mental disorders or who is overworked is not considered abuse, although this may constitute child neglect nonetheless.
Examples of neglect include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for themselves.
Negligence is conduct that is culpable (to blame) because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.
Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under-reported and under-researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression, typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem, so they rarely seek help; nor is much help available today.[62][63]
Passive–aggressive behaviour is a form of covert abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate and repeated failures in accomplishing tasks for which one is (often explicitly) expected to do.
Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[64]
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularised by author Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify bullying as a form of abuse just as one would identify any other form of abuse.[65] The term conveys similar connotations to the term peer victimisation.
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution; though there is naturally some overlap between these terms.
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.
Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force by a police officer. Though usually physical it has the potential to arise in the form of verbal attacks or psychological intimidation. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers.
Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.
Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.
A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, disability, political beliefs, religion, line of work or other personal characteristics. It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence."[66] Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, "prejudice" implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person.
Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:
Professional abusers:[67]
Abuse may be:
Professional abuse always involves:
Further reading
Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace.
Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities. It is a form of pride that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others", according to a Macquarie Dictionary definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, and oppression.
Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[68][69]
Rape, a form of sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse (with or without sexual penetration) of another without the other's consent (this includes those who are considered unable to consent, e.g., if they were inebriated or asleep)
The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of US rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[70] In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[71] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem.[72][73]
Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[74] or covert bullying[75] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[75][76] Relational aggression is more common and has been studied more among girls than boys.[76]
Religious abuse refers to:
Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.
Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s.
School bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[78][79]
Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harm and drug abuse. It can take a variety of forms, and may be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It tends to be most visible in young adults and adolescents, but may affect people of any age.
Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being considered a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or – more pejoratively – molester.[80] The term also covers any behaviour by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[81]
Sibling abuse is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another.
It is estimated[82] that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than either child abuse by parents or spousal abuse.
A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatised group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as mud slinging.
Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God(s), religion, or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.
Stalking is unwanted attention towards others by individuals (and sometimes groups of people). Stalking behaviours are related to harassment and intimidation. The word "stalking" is a term that has different meanings in different contexts in psychology and psychiatry; and some legal jurisdictions use it to refer to a certain type of criminal offence. It may also to refer to criminal offences or civil wrongs that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms.
Structural abuse is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental or psychological level.
A substance use disorder is a patterned use of a drug in which the person consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of substance-related disorder. Widely differing definitions of substance use disorder are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well.[83] In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.[84]
Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.
A taunt is a battle cry, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or insult intended to demoralise the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviours without thinking.[85] Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's cultural capital (i.e. status).[86][87] In sociological theory, the control of the three social capitals[note 2] is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly bullying, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk.
Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of harassment. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their appearance, weight, behaviour, abilities, and clothing.[89] This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognise this as play; but in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of bullying and abuse.
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[90]At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[91][92] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (e.g., neutral military personnel or civilians). It is sometimes sponsored by state policies when a country is not able to prove itself militarily to another enemy country.
Trans bashing is the act of victimising a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[93] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation.
Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards an umpire, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be verbal abuse (such as namecalling), or physical abuse (such as punching).
Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behaviour involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. While oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it also includes abusive words in written form.
Verbal abuse is a pattern of behaviour that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organised by the abuser for the purposes of control.
A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumours or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumours seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).
Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying, is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behaviour against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organisation and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms.
Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[94]
Abusive power and control (or controlling behaviour or coercive control) is the way that abusers gain and maintain power and control over a victim for an abusive purpose such as psychological, physical, sexual, or financial abuse. The abuse can be for various reasons such as personal gain, personal gratification, psychological projection, devaluation, envy, or just for the sake of it as the abuser may simply enjoy exercising power and control.
Controlling abusers may use multiple tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The tactics themselves are psychologically and sometimes physically abusive. Control may be helped through economic abuse thus limiting the victim's actions as they may then lack the necessary resources to resist the abuse.[95] The goal of the abuser is to control and intimidate the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.[96]
Manipulators and abusers control their victims with a range of tactics, including positive reinforcement (such as praise, superficial charm, flattery, ingratiation, love bombing, smiling, gifts, attention), negative reinforcement, intermittent or partial reinforcement, psychological punishment (such as nagging, silent treatment, swearing, threats, intimidation, emotional blackmail, guilt trips, inattention) and traumatic tactics (such as verbal abuse or explosive anger).[97]
The vulnerabilities of the victim are exploited with those who are particularly vulnerable being most often selected as targets.[97][98][99] Traumatic bonding can occur between the abuser and victim as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change and a climate of fear.[100] An attempt may be made to normalise, legitimise, rationalise, deny, or minimise the abusive behaviour, or blame the victim for it.[101][102][103]
Isolation, gaslighting, mind games, lying, disinformation, propaganda, destabilisation, brainwashing and divide and rule are other strategies that are often used. The victim may be plied with alcohol or drugs or deprived of sleep to help disorientate them.[104][105]
Certain personality types feel particularly compelled to control other people.
In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[106] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression. Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while they argue that antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners.
Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[107][108][109] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%–20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[110] Female perpetrators have been found to possess personality disorders revolving around narcissistic and compulsive behaviors.[111] Some reports on child maltreatment[112] state that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[113]
Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[114][115]
English et al.[116] report that children whose families are characterised by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[117] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynaecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[118] report that victims exhibit high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism.
Namie's study[119] of workplace bullying found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviours). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[120] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population.
A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[121] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterise the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions).
Jacobson et al.[122] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[123] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[124] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[125] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.
Analysis of a large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[126] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%).
In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[127] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[128] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.
abuse [may be defined as the following]...to treat (a person or animal) in a harsh or harmful way...[or] to use or treat (something) in a way that causes damage [or] to use (something) wrongly
Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.
The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.
[Terrorism is] [t]he calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals, political, religious, or ideological in nature. This is done through intimidation, coercion, or fear. Terrorism involves a criminal act often symbolic in nature and intended to influence an audience beyond the immediate victims. (AR 190-52)
Mind control (also referred to as 'brainwashing,' 'coercive persuasion,' 'thought reform,' and the 'systematic manipulation of psychological and social influence') refers to a process in which a group or individual systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated.
Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the paedophile and incest offender.
First known usage: 1795