Портал:Архитектура

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Архитектурный портал

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Архитектура – это искусство и техника проектирования и строительства, в отличие от навыков, связанных со строительством. Это одновременно процесс и результат создания эскизов, замысла, планирования , проектирования и строительства зданий или других сооружений . Этот термин происходит от латинского зодчества ; от древнегреческого ἀρχιτέκτων ( архитектон ) «архитектор»; от ἀρχι- ( архи- ) «начальник» и τέκτων ( тектон ) «создатель». Архитектурные произведения в материальной форме зданий часто воспринимаются как культурные символы и произведения искусства . Исторические цивилизации часто отождествляют с сохранившимися архитектурными достижениями.

Архитектура начиналась как сельская, устная народная архитектура , которая развивалась методом проб и ошибок к успешному воспроизведению. Древняя городская архитектура была занята строительством религиозных сооружений и зданий, символизирующих политическую власть правителей, пока греческая и римская архитектура не сместила акцент на гражданские добродетели. Индийская и китайская архитектура оказала влияние на формы по всей Азии, а буддийская архитектура , в частности, приняла разнообразные местные особенности. В средние века возникли панъевропейские стили романских и готических соборов и аббатств, в то время как эпоха Возрождения отдавала предпочтение классическим формам, реализованным архитекторами , известными по имени. Позже роли архитекторов и инженеров разделились.

Современная архитектура зародилась после Первой мировой войны как авангардное движение, стремившееся разработать совершенно новый стиль, соответствующий новому послевоенному социальному и экономическому порядку, ориентированному на удовлетворение потребностей среднего и рабочего классов. Особое внимание было уделено современным технологиям, материалам и упрощенным геометрическим формам, что открыло путь к высотным надстройкам. Многие архитекторы разочаровались в модернизме, который они воспринимали как антиисторический и антиэстетический, и развивалась постмодернистская и современная архитектура . С годами сфера архитектурного строительства расширилась и включила в себя все: от проектирования кораблей до внутренней отделки. ( Полная статья... )

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Альберт Шпеер в 1933 году

Бертольд Конрад Герман Альберт Шпеер ( / ʃ p ɛər / ; немецкий: [ˈʃpeːɐ̯] ^ⓘ ; 19 марта 1905 — 1 сентября 1981) — немецкийархитектор, занимавший постминистра вооружений и военного производствавнацистской Германиина протяжении большей частиВторой мировой войны. Близкий соратникАдольфа Гитлера, он был осужден наНюрнбергском процессеи приговорен к 20 годам тюремного заключения.

Архитектор по образованию, Шпеер вступил внацистскую партиюв 1931 году. Его архитектурные способности сделали его все более известным в партии, и он стал членом ближайшего окружения Гитлера. Гитлер поручил ему спроектировать и построить такие сооружения, какРейхсканцелярияисъезд нацистской партиивНюрнберге. В 1937 году Гитлер назначил Шпеера генеральным строительным инспектором Берлина. В этом качестве он отвечал за Центральное управление по переселению, котороевыселяло еврейских жильцовиз их домов в Берлине. В феврале 1942 года Шпеер был назначенрейхсминистром вооружений и военного производства. Используя вводящую в заблуждение статистику, он рекламировал себя как совершившего чудо в области вооружений, которое, как многие считали, помогло удержать Германию в войне. В 1944 году Шпеер создалрабочую группудля увеличения производства истребителей. Оно сыграло важную роль в эксплуатациирабского трудана благо военных действий Германии. ( Полная статья... )
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Уильям Берджес АРА ( / ˈ b ɜː dʒ ɛ s / ; 2 декабря 1827 — 20 апреля 1881) — английский архитектор и дизайнер. Среди величайших архитекторов викторианской эпохи он стремился в своей работе уйти от индустриализации девятнадцатого векаи неоклассического архитектурного стиля и восстановить архитектурные и социальные ценности утопической средневековой Англии . Берджес придерживается традиций готического возрождения , его работы перекликаются с работами прерафаэлитов и предвещают движение искусств и ремесел .

Карьера Берджеса была короткой, но блестящей; он выиграл свой первый крупный заказ на строительство собора Святого Фина Барре в Корке в 1863 году, когда ему было 35 лет. Он умер в 1881 году в своем доме в Кенсингтоне, The Tower House , в возрасте всего 53 лет. Его архитектурные достижения были небольшими, но разнообразными. Работая с многолетней командой мастеров, он построил церкви, собор, склад, университет, школу, дома и замки. ( Полная статья... )
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Queen's Gate House, still commonly known by its previous name of Baden-Powell House, is a conference centre in South Kensington, London. It was built as a tribute to Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, and has served as the headquarters for The Scout Association, as a hostel providing modern and affordable lodging for Scouts, Guides, their families and the general public staying in London and as a conference and event venue.

The building committee, chaired by Sir Harold Gillett, Lord Mayor of London, purchased the site in 1956, and assigned Ralph Tubbs to design the house in the modern architectural style. The foundation stone was laid in 1959 by World Chief Guide Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, and it was opened in 1961 by Queen Elizabeth II. The largest part of the £400,000 cost was provided by the Scout Movement itself and the building previously included a number of tributes to the founder including hosting a small exhibition about Scouting, and a granite statue of Baden-Powell by Don Potter located outside the building. (Full article...)
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A postcard dated July 12, 1907, showing the New Orleans Mint during its last few years of operation as a branch mint facility

The New Orleans Mint (French: Monnaie de La Nouvelle-Orléans) operated in New Orleans, Louisiana, as a branch mint of the United States Mint from 1838 to 1861 and from 1879 to 1909. During its years of operation, it produced over 427 million gold and silver coins of nearly every American denomination, with a total face value of over US$ 307 million. It was closed during most of the American Civil War and Reconstruction.

After it was decommissioned as a mint, the building has served a variety of purposes, including as an assay office, a United States Coast Guard storage facility, and a fallout shelter. (Full article...)
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Illustration 1: Sicilian Baroque. Basilica della Collegiata in Catania, designed by Stefano Ittar, c. 1768.
Sicilian Baroque is the distinctive form of Baroque architecture which evolved on the island of Sicily, off the southern coast of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries, when it was part of the Spanish Empire. The style is recognisable not only by its typical Baroque curves and flourishes, but also by distinctive grinning masks and putti and a particular flamboyance that has given Sicily a unique architectural identity.

The Sicilian Baroque style came to fruition during a major surge of rebuilding following the massive earthquake in 1693. Previously, the Baroque style had been used on the island in a naïve and parochial manner, having evolved from hybrid native architecture rather than being derived from the great Baroque architects of Rome. After the earthquake, local architects, many of them trained in Rome, were given plentiful opportunities to recreate the more sophisticated Baroque architecture that had become popular in mainland Italy; the work of these local architects – and the new genre of architectural engravings that they pioneered – inspired more local architects to follow their lead. Around 1730, Sicilian architects had developed a confidence in their use of the Baroque style. Their particular interpretation led to further evolution to a personalised and highly localised art form on the island. From the 1780s onwards, the style was gradually replaced by the newly fashionable neoclassicism. (Full article...)
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Oregon State Capitol, view from Capitol Mall

The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in the state capital, Salem. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 and expanded in 1977, the current building is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem. The first two capitols in Salem were destroyed by fire, one in 1855 and the other in 1935.

New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston conceived the current structure's Art Deco stripped classical design in association with Francis Keally. Much of the interior and exterior is made of marble. The Oregon State Capitol was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1988. (Full article...)
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Catherine de' Medici, by François Clouet

The French queen Catherine de' Medici was patron for building projects including the Valois chapel at Saint-Denis, the Tuileries Palace, and the Hôtel de la Reine in Paris, and extensions to the château of Chenonceau, near Blois. Born in 1519 in Florence, Catherine de' Medici was a daughter of both the Italian and the French Renaissance. She grew up in Florence and Rome under the wing of the Medici popes, Leo X and Clement VII. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, she left Italy and married Henry, the second son of King Francis I of France. On doing so, she entered the greatest Renaissance court in northern Europe.

King Francis set his daughter-in-law an example of kingship and artistic patronage that she never forgot. She witnessed his huge architectural schemes at Chambord and Fontainebleau. She saw Italian and French craftsmen at work together, forging the style that became known as the first School of Fontainebleau. Francis died in 1547, and Catherine became queen consort of France. But it wasn't until her husband King Henry's death in 1559, when she found herself at forty the effective ruler of France, that Catherine came into her own as a patron of architecture. Over the next three decades, she launched a series of costly building projects aimed at enhancing the grandeur of the monarchy. During the same period, however, religious civil war gripped the country and brought the prestige of the monarchy to a dangerously low ebb. (Full article...)
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Chartwell House

Chartwell is a country house near Westerham, Kent, in South East England. For over forty years it was the home of Sir Winston Churchill. He bought the property in September 1922 and lived there until shortly before his death in January 1965. In the 1930s, when Churchill was out of political office, Chartwell became the centre of his world. At his dining table, he gathered those who could assist his campaign against German re-armament and the British government's response of appeasement; in his study, he composed speeches and wrote books; in his garden, he built walls, constructed lakes and painted. During the Second World War, Chartwell was largely unused, the Churchills returning after he lost the 1945 election. In 1953, when again prime minister, the house became Churchill's refuge when he suffered a debilitating stroke. In October 1964, he left for the last time, dying at his London home, 28 Hyde Park Gate, on 24 January 1965.

The origins of the estate reach back to the 14th century; in 1382, the property then called Well-street was owned by William-at-Well. It passed through various owners and in 1836 was auctioned, as a substantial brick-built manor. In 1848, it was purchased by John Campbell Colquhoun, whose grandson sold it to Churchill. The Campbell Colquhouns greatly enlarged the house and the advertisement for its sale at the time of Churchill's purchase described it as an imposing mansion. Between 1922 and 1924, it was rebuilt and extended by the society architect Philip Tilden. From the garden front, the house has extensive views over the Weald of Kent, "the most beautiful and charming" Churchill had ever seen, and the determining factor in his decision to buy the house. (Full article...)
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Painting of Bruce by John Michael Wright, c. 1664

Sir William Bruce of Kinross, 1st Baronet (c. 1630 – 1710), was a Scottish gentleman-architect, "the effective founder of classical architecture in Scotland," as Howard Colvin observes. As a key figure in introducing the Palladian style into Scotland, he has been compared to the pioneering English architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, and to the contemporaneous introducers of French style in English domestic architecture, Hugh May and Sir Roger Pratt.

Bruce was a merchant in Rotterdam during the 1650s, and played a role in the Restoration of Charles II in 1659. He carried messages between the exiled king and General Monck, and his loyalty to the king was rewarded with lucrative official appointments, including that of Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland, effectively making Bruce the "king's architect". His patrons included John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, the most powerful man in Scotland at that time, and Bruce rose to become a member of Parliament, and briefly sat on the Scottish Privy Council. (Full article...)
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Borobudur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Borobudur, also transcribed Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the city of Magelang and the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia.

Constructed of gray andesite-like stone, the temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome. It is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and originally 504 Buddha statues. The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa. The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades. Borobudur has one of the world's most extensive collections of Buddhist reliefs. (Full article...)
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Main facade of the building's southern section at 18 Broad Street

The New York Stock Exchange Building (also the NYSE Building), in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, is the headquarters of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). It is composed of two connected structures occupying part of the city block bounded by Wall Street, Broad Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The central section of the block contains the original structure at 18 Broad Street, designed in the Classical Revival style by George B. Post. The northern section contains a 23-story office annex at 11 Wall Street, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in a similar style.

The marble facade of 18 Broad Street contains colonnades facing east toward Broad Street and west toward New Street, both atop two-story podiums. The Broad Street colonnade, an icon of the NYSE, contains a pediment designed by John Quincy Adams Ward and Paul Wayland Bartlett, depicting commerce and industry. The facade of 11 Wall Street is simpler in design but contains architectural details similar to those at 18 Broad Street. Behind the colonnades at 18 Broad Street is the main trading floor, a 72-foot-tall (22 m) rectangular space. An additional trading floor, nicknamed the Garage, is at 11 Wall Street. There are offices and meeting rooms in the upper stories of 18 Broad Street and 11 Wall Street. (Full article...)
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Nuffield College, facing New Road, with the library tower topped by a flèche. The main entrance to the college is in the middle of the building to the left of the tower.

The buildings of Nuffield College, one of the colleges of the University of Oxford, are to the west of the city centre of Oxford, England, and stand on the site of the basin of the Oxford Canal. Nuffield College was founded in 1937 after a donation to the University by the car manufacturer Lord Nuffield; he gave land for the college, as well as £900,000 (approximately £246 million in present-day terms) to build and endow it. The architect Austen Harrison, who had worked in Greece and Palestine, was appointed by the University to design the buildings. His initial design, heavily influenced by Mediterranean architecture, was rejected by Nuffield, who called it "un-English" and refused to allow his name to be associated with it. Harrison reworked the plans, aiming for "something on the lines of Cotswold domestic architecture", as Nuffield wanted.

Construction of the second design began in 1949 and was finished in 1960. Progress was hampered by post-war building restrictions, and the effects of inflation on Nuffield's donation led to various cost-saving changes to the plans. In one change, the tower, which had been planned to be ornamental, was redesigned to hold the college's library. It was the first tower built in Oxford for 200 years and is about 150 feet (46 m) tall, including the flèche on top. The buildings are arranged around two quadrangles, with residential accommodation for students and fellows in one, and the hall, library and administrative offices in the other. The chapel has stained glass windows designed by John Piper. (Full article...)
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The double, superimposed colonnade on the south front of West Wycombe. It has a Tuscan order ground floor and Corinthian upper floor with a central projecting pediment, very unusual in English architecture. (Marked M on plan below)

West Wycombe Park is a country house built between 1740 and 1800 near the village of West Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England. It was conceived as a pleasure palace for the 18th-century libertine and dilettante Sir Francis Dashwood, 2nd Baronet. The house is a long rectangle with four façades that are columned and pedimented, three theatrically so. The house encapsulates the entire progression of British 18th-century architecture from early idiosyncratic Palladian to the Neoclassical, although anomalies in its design make it architecturally unique. The mansion is set within an 18th-century landscaped park containing many small temples and follies, which act as satellites to the greater temple, the house.

The house, a Grade I listed building, was given to the National Trust in 1943 by Sir John Dashwood, 10th Baronet (1896–1966), an action strongly resented by his heir. Dashwood retained ownership of the surrounding estate and the contents of the house, most of which he sold; after his death, the house was restored at the expense of his son, the 11th Baronet. Today, while the structure is owned by the National Trust, the house is still the home of the Dashwood family. The house is open to the public during the summer months and is a venue for civil weddings and corporate entertainment, which help to fund its maintenance and upkeep. (Full article...)
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The main entrance on East 79th Street in 2010

The Harry F. Sinclair House is a mansion at the southeast corner of East 79th Street and Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The house was built between 1897 and 1899. Over the first half of the 20th century, the house was successively the residence of businessmen Isaac D. Fletcher and Harry F. Sinclair, and then the descendants of Peter Stuyvesant, the last Director of New Netherland. The Ukrainian Institute of America acquired the home in 1955. After the house gradually fell into disrepair, the institute renovated the building in the 1990s. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1978.

The mansion was designed in an eclectic French Renaissance style by C. P. H. Gilbert and built by foreman Harvey Murdock. The building largely retains its original design, except for a tankhouse on the roof. Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the house with brick, which was then faced with limestone ashlar. The northern façade on 79th Street, containing the main entrance, is characterized by multiple windows in square recesses or semi-elliptical and fully Gothic arches. The western façade on Fifth Avenue is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projecting pavilion. The interior of the mansion comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor-space of 20,000 square feet (1,900 m²). Critical reviews of the house's architecture over its history have been largely positive. (Full article...)
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The entry portico in 2010

The Tweed Courthouse (also known as the Old New York County Courthouse) is a historic courthouse building at 52 Chambers Street in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in the Italianate style with Romanesque Revival interiors. William M. "Boss" Tweed – the corrupt leader of Tammany Hall, a political machine that controlled the New York state and city governments when the courthouse was built – oversaw the building's erection. The Tweed Courthouse served as a judicial building for New York County, a county of New York state coextensive with the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is the second-oldest city government building in the borough, after City Hall.

The structure comprises pavilions to the east and west of a central section, as well as a rear wing to the south. Architect John Kellum and political appointee Thomas Little designed the first portion of the building, which was constructed from 1861 to 1872. Construction was interrupted in 1871 when Kellum died and the corruption involved in the building's construction was exposed to the public. The project was completed by architect Leopold Eidlitz, who added the rear wing and finished the interior between 1877 and 1881. (Full article...)

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Осколок в апреле 2015 года

The Shard , также называемый Shard London Bridge и ранее называвшийся London Bridge Tower , представляет собой 72-этажный сверхвысокий небоскреб смешанного назначения в форме пирамиды, спроектированный итальянским архитектором Ренцо Пиано в Саутварке , Лондон , который является частью The Shard. Квартал развития. Осколок высотой 309,6 метра (1016 футов) является самым высоким зданием в Соединенном Королевстве и седьмым по высоте зданием в Европе, вторым по высоте за пределами России, всего на 40 см ниже, чем башня Варсо в Варшаве . Это также второе по высоте отдельно стоящее сооружение в Соединенном Королевстве после бетонной башни передающей станции Эмли Мур . The Shard заменил Southwark Towers , 24-этажное офисное здание, построенное на этом месте в 1975 году.

Строительство «Осколка» началось в марте 2009 года; ее завершение было завершено 30 марта 2012 года и торжественно открыто 5 июля 2012 года. Практическое завершение было завершено в ноябре 2012 года. Частная смотровая площадка башни « Вид из осколка » была открыта для публики 1 февраля 2013 года. Пирамидальная башня имеет 72 жилых этажа, со смотровой галереей и смотровой площадкой под открытым небом на 72 этаже, на высоте 244 метра (801 фут). Shard был разработан Sellar Property Group от имени LBQ Ltd и находится в совместной собственности Sellar Property (5%) и Государства Катар (95%). ( Полная статья... )

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Общий план синтоистского святилища: 1. Тории , 2. Каменная лестница, 3. Сандо , 4. Тёдзуя или Темизуя , 5. Торо , 6. Кагура-дэн (здание, посвящённое Но или священному танцу Кагура ), 7. Сямушо . (административный офис), 8. Эма , 9. Сэсша/масса , 10. Комаину , 11. Хайден , 12. Тамагаки , 13. Хонден

Сегодня число синтоистских святынь в Японии оценивается более чем в 150 000. Святыни с одиночной структурой являются наиболее распространенными. Здания святилищ могут также включать в себя молельни (перед главным святилищем), залы очищения, залы подношений, называемые хайден (между хонден и хайден ), танцевальные залы, каменные или металлические фонари , заборы или стены, тории и другие сооружения. Термин « национальное достояние » используется в Японии для обозначения культурных ценностей с 1897 года.
Определение и критерии изменились с момента появления этого термина. Святыни в этом списке были признаны национальным достоянием после вступления в силу Закона о защите культурных ценностей 9 июня 1951 года. Таким образом, они имеют право на государственные субсидии на ремонт, техническое обслуживание и установку противопожарных сооружений и других стихийных бедствий. системы профилактики. Владельцы обязаны сообщать о любых изменениях в национальных сокровищах, таких как повреждение или утрата, а также получать разрешение на передачу права собственности или предполагаемый ремонт. Предметы отбираются Министерством образования, культуры, спорта, науки и технологий на основании их «особо высокой исторической или художественной ценности». В этом списке представлены 42 записи о национальных сокровищницах храмовых сооружений от классического периода Хэйан 12-го века до периода Эдо начала Нового времени 19-го века . Число перечисленных структур на самом деле превышает 42, поскольку в некоторых случаях группы связанных структур объединяются в одну запись. Сооружения включают в себя главные залы ( хондэн ), оратории ( хайден ), ворота, залы для подношений ( хэйдэн ), залы очищения ( хараэдоно ) и другие сооружения, связанные со святынями. ( Полная статья... )
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The Philadelphia skyline as seen from Boathouse Row in June 2019 (annotated version)

Philadelphia, the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, is home to more than 300 completed high-rise buildings up to 330 feet (101 m), and 58 completed skyscrapers of 330 feet (101 m) or taller, of which 34 are 400 feet (122 m) or taller and are listed below.

, the tallest building in the city is the 60-story Comcast Technology Center, which topped out at 1,150 feet (351 m) in Center City on November 27, 2017, and was opened in 2018. (Full article...)
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Skyline of Tulsa (Use cursor to identify buildings)

Tulsa, the second largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, is the site of 26 completed high-rises over 200 feet (61 m), 4 of which stand taller than 492 feet (150 m). The tallest building in the city is the BOK Tower, which rises 667 feet (203 m) in Downtown Tulsa and was completed in 1975. It also stands as the 2nd-tallest building in Oklahoma. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city is the Cityplex Central Tower, which rises 648 feet (198 m) and was completed in 1979. The First Place Tower, completed in 1975 and rising 516 feet (157 m), is the third-tallest building in Tulsa. Five of the ten tallest buildings in Oklahoma are located in Tulsa. (Full article...)
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Skyline of Dallas (use cursor to identify buildings)

Dallas, the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas, is the site of 43 completed high-rise buildings over 350 feet (107 m), 21 of which stand taller than 492 feet (150 m). The tallest building in the city is the Bank of America Plaza, which rises 921 feet (281 m) in Downtown Dallas and was completed in 1985. It also stands as the 3rd-tallest building in Texas and the 40th-tallest building in the United States. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city is the Renaissance Tower, which rises 886 feet (270 m) and was completed in 1974. The Comerica Bank Tower, completed in 1987 and rising 787 feet (240 m), is the third-tallest building in Dallas. Three of the ten tallest buildings in Texas are located in Dallas. (Full article...)
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Himeji Castle is the most visited castle in Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Japanese Sengoku period from the mid-15th to early 17th century was a time of nearly continual military conflict. Powerful military lords known as daimyōs, such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi or Tokugawa Ieyasu, struggled to unify Japan. During the Sengoku period, because of constant warfare, many fortifications and castles were built. Archetypal Japanese castle construction is a product of the Momoyama period and early Edo period.

A new era of castle construction began when the daimyo Nobunaga built Azuchi Castle from 1576 to 1579. Earlier fortifications of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods were crude large-scale structures; Azuchi, however, with rich ornamentation and a keep rising seven stories high, became the prototype for castle construction of the period. The style of Azuchi Castle marked a shift in the function of the castles from a place that was merely a fortress and military garrison to a political, cultural and economic center. The newer style castles functioned as home to the daimyōs, his family, and his most loyal retainers. Because of the expense of building such a lavish structure, castles in the style of Azuchi, functioned also to highlight the power and prestige of the daimyōs. These new castles were built of wood and plaster on a stone foundation. Generally the main keep or tenshu was positioned at the highest point, surrounded by a series of interlocking baileys with walls, small towers and pathways. Residential buildings were located in one of the outer circles. The daimyō conducted his business in the citadel. (Full article...)
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Mendip is a local government district in the English county of Somerset. The Mendip district covers a largely rural area of 285 square miles (738 km²) ranging from the Mendip Hills through on to the Somerset Levels. It has a population of approximately 11,000. The administrative centre of the district is Shepton Mallet.

In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be "buildings of exceptional interest". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, severe restrictions are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or its fittings. In England, the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 rests with Historic England, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport; local authorities have a responsibility to regulate and enforce the planning regulations. (Full article...)
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Eastgate Clock designed by Douglas and erected on Chester's Eastgate in 1899 to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee

John Douglas (1830–1911) was an English architect based in Chester, Cheshire. His designs included new churches, alterations to and restoration of existing churches, church furnishings, new houses and alterations to existing houses. He also designed a variety of other buildings, including shops, banks, offices, schools, memorials and public buildings. His architectural styles were eclectic, but as he worked during the period of the Gothic Revival, much of his work incorporates elements of the English Gothic style. Douglas is probably best remembered for his incorporation of vernacular elements in his buildings, especially half-timbering. Of particular importance is Douglas' use of joinery and highly detailed wood carving.

Douglas was born in the Cheshire village of Sandiway and was articled to the Lancaster architect E. G. Paley, later becoming his chief assistant. He established an office in Chester in either 1855 or 1860, from where he practised throughout his career. Initially he ran the office himself but in 1884 he appointed a former assistant, Daniel Porter Fordham, as a partner. When Fordham retired in 1897, he was succeeded by Charles Howard Minshull. In 1909 this partnership was dissolved and Douglas ran the office alone until his death in 1911. As his office was in Chester, most of his work was carried out in Cheshire and North Wales, although some was further afield in regions including Merseyside, Greater Manchester, and Shropshire. (Full article...)
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Bath and North East Somerset shown within Somerset and England

Bath and North East Somerset (commonly referred to as BANES or B&NES) is a unitary authority created on 1 April 1996, following the abolition of the County of Avon, which had existed since 1974. Part of the ceremonial county of Somerset, Bath and North East Somerset occupies an area of 220 square miles (570 km²), two-thirds of which is green belt. It stretches from the outskirts of Bristol, south into the Mendip Hills and east to the southern Cotswold Hills and Wiltshire border. The city of Bath is the principal settlement in the district, but BANES also covers Keynsham, Midsomer Norton, Radstock and the Chew Valley. The area has a population of 170,000, about half of whom live in Bath, making it 12 times more densely populated than the rest of the area.

In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be "buildings of exceptional interest". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or fittings. In England, the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 rests with Historic England, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport; local authorities have a responsibility to regulate and enforce the planning regulations. (Full article...)
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North Somerset is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be "buildings of exceptional interest". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, severe restrictions are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or its fittings. In England, the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 rests with Historic England, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport; local authorities have a responsibility to regulate and enforce the planning regulations.

North Somerset constitutes part of the ceremonial county of Somerset. As a unitary authority, North Somerset is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county of Somerset. Its administrative headquarters are located in the town hall of Weston-super-Mare. North Somerset includes areas that were once part of Somerset before the creation of Avon in 1974. (Full article...)
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The Salesforce Tower (right) has been San Francisco's tallest building since its construction in 2017. Prior to that, the Transamerica Pyramid (left) was the tallest building from its construction in 1972 until 2017. (Photographed on March 1, 2018)

San Francisco, California, in the United States, has at least 482 high-rises, 58 of which are at least 400 feet (122 m) tall. The tallest building is Salesforce Tower, which rises 1,070 ft (330 m) and is the 17th-tallest building in the United States. The city's second-tallest building is the Transamerica Pyramid, which rises 853 ft (260 m), and was previously the city's tallest for 45 years, from 1972 to 2017. The city's third-tallest building is 181 Fremont, rising to 802 ft (244 m).

San Francisco has 27 skyscrapers that rise at least 492 feet (150 m). Six more skyscrapers of over 150 m are under construction, have been approved for construction, or have been proposed. Its skyline is currently ranked second in the Western United States (after Los Angeles) and sixth in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Miami, Houston, and Los Angeles. (Full article...)
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Downtown Miami skyline from Bayfront Park, February 2020

The U.S. city of Miami, Florida has the country's third-tallest skyline (after New York City and Chicago) with 439 high-rises, over 100 of which stand taller than 400 feet (120 m) and 68 which are taller than 491 feet (150 m). The tallest building in the city is the 85-story Panorama Tower, which rises 868 feet (265 m) in Miami's Brickell district and surpassed all other buildings in height when it topped out in 2017. Nine of the ten tallest buildings in Florida are located in Miami. Overall, the skyline of Miami ranks as the fourth largest in North America and the 28th largest in the world. (Full article...)
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Victoria Harbour and the Hong Kong skyline at night, taken in June 2019

Hong Kong has over 9,000 high-rise buildings, of which over 4,000 are skyscrapers standing taller than 100 m (328 ft) with 517 buildings above 150 m (492 ft).^[A] The tallest building in Hong Kong is the 108-storey International Commerce Centre, which stands 484 m (1,588 ft) and is the 13th tallest building in the world. The total built-up height (combined heights) of these skyscrapers is approximately 333.8 km (207 mi), making Hong Kong the world's tallest urban agglomeration. Furthermore, reflective of the city's high population densities, Hong Kong has more inhabitants living at the 15th floor or higher, and more buildings of at least 100 m (328 ft) and 150 m (492 ft) height, than any other city in the world.

Most of Hong Kong's buildings are concentrated on the northern shore of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the new towns (satellite towns) of the New Territories, such as Tsuen Wan and Sha Tin. Additional high-rises are located along Hong Kong Island's southern shoreline and areas near the stations of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR). (Full article...)
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All Saints' Church, Daresbury,
listed at Grade II

Runcorn is an industrial town in the borough of Halton, Cheshire, England. This list contains the 27 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings in the part of the borough lying to the south of the River Mersey outside the urban area of Runcorn. The area covered includes the villages of Clifton, Daresbury, Preston Brook, Preston on the Hill, and Moore. Three of the buildings in the area are classified as Grade II*, and the others are at Grade II; there are no buildings in Grade I. In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance. These buildings are in three grades: Grade I consists of buildings of outstanding architectural or historical interest; Grade II* includes particularly significant buildings of more than local interest; Grade II consists of buildings of special architectural or historical interest. Buildings in England are listed by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport on recommendations provided by English Heritage, which also determines the grading.

Although the urban area of Runcorn grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, and again with the growth of the New Town during the 1960s and 1970s, the surrounding area, mainly to the west of the town, has experienced only a small growth in population. The villages are small and discrete, and are separated by farmland and woodland. The area covered by the list is crossed by roads, railways, and canals, with which some of the listed buildings are associated. The oldest of these are the canals: the Bridgewater Canal, the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Weaver Navigation and the Manchester Ship Canal. The railways consist of the West Coast Main Line – the section between Crewe and Warrington, and the branch to Liverpool – and the Chester-Manchester Line. The major roads are the M56 motorway and the A6 road, together with sections of the A533, the A557 and the A558 roads. (Full article...)
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The skyline of Detroit in 2015

This list of tallest buildings in Detroit ranks skyscrapers and high rises in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan by height. The tallest skyscraper in Detroit is the 73-story Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, which rises 727 feet (222 m) along Detroit's International Riverfront.^[A] It is the tallest building in the state of Michigan, the 97th-tallest building in the United States, and the second tallest hotel building in the Western Hemisphere. Another famous skyscraper is Ally Detroit Center, which stands as the 2nd-tallest building in the city and the state.

Detroit's history of skyscrapers began in 1889, with completion of the historic 10-story Hammond Building—considered the city's first steel-framed skyscraper. It was followed by the Savings Bank Building in 1895, the Majestic Building in 1896, and the Union Trust Building in 1896. Detroit witnessed a massive building boom during the Roaring Twenties, resulting in the construction of many of the city's ornate skyscrapers, including the Penobscot, Guardian, Fisher, Buhl, Stott, and Broderick. (Full article...)
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Skyline of Minneapolis

Minneapolis, the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota, is home to 190 completed high-rises, 41 of which stand taller than 300 feet (91 m). The tallest building in Minneapolis is the 57-story IDS Center, which rises 792 feet (241 m) and was designed by architect Philip Johnson. The tower has been the tallest building in the state of Minnesota since its completion in 1973, and is the 66th-tallest building in the United States. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city and the state is Capella Tower, which rises 775 feet (236 m) and was completed in 1992. Overall, seventeen of the twenty tallest buildings in Minnesota are located in Minneapolis. Additionally, most of the tallest buildings in Downtown Minneapolis are linked via the Minneapolis Skyway System, the largest pedestrian skywalk system in the world.

The history of skyscrapers in the city began with the construction of the Lumber Exchange Building, now also known as the Edison Building, in 1886; this structure, rising 165 feet (50 m) and 12 floors, is often regarded as the first skyscraper in Minnesota and one of the first fire-proof buildings in the country. The Lumber Exchange Building also stands as the oldest structure outside of New York City with at least 12 floors. Minneapolis went through a small building boom in the early 1920s, and then experienced a much larger boom lasting from 1960 to the early 1990s. During this time, 24 of the city's 36 tallest buildings were constructed, including the IDS Center, Capella Tower and Wells Fargo Center. The city is the site of twelve skyscrapers at least 492 feet (150 m) in height, including three which rank among the tallest in the United States. , the skyline of Minneapolis is ranked 2nd in the Midwest (after Chicago), 11th in the United States, and 82nd in the world with 32 buildings rising at least 328 feet (100 m). (Full article...)

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Южный вход незадолго до сноса

University Mall , первоначально The Mall — несуществующий торговый центр в Литл-Роке, штат Арканзас , который работал около 40 лет, с 1967 по 2007 год. На момент закрытия University Mall был старейшим закрытым торговым центром в столичном районе Литл-Рока . Расположенный в центральной части Литл-Рока, участок расположен вдоль авеню Южного Университета, к северу от Университета Арканзаса в Литл-Роке и межштатной автомагистрали 630 . Торговым центром управляла компания Simon Property Group из Индианаполиса . Первоначально торговый центр имел успех, но его популярность снизилась, поскольку новые торговые точки в Литл-Роке привлекли клиентов. Из-за ухода основных магазинов, начавшегося с банкротством Montgomery Ward в 2001 году, более половины торгового центра осталось пустым. На протяжении 1990-х годов торговый центр неуклонно приходил в упадок по мере ухода розничных продавцов и покупателей. Из-за снижения популярности и судебных разбирательств, связанных с ухудшением состояния здания, торговый центр был продан в 2007 году компании Strode Property Company, а оставшимся арендаторам было приказано покинуть его. Снос основного строения начался в начале 2008 года. До этого, начиная с декабря 2007 года, были снесены сопутствующие здания, начиная с бывшего автоцентра Montgomery Ward , а также бывшего автоцентра JCPenney , который несколько лет использовался в качестве автомобильного завода. объект технического обслуживания города Литл-Рок. ( Полная статья... )
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5th Avenue Theatre marquee, Holiday 2016

The 5th Avenue Theatre is a landmark theatre located in the Skinner Building, in the downtown core of Seattle, Washington, United States. It has hosted a variety of theatre productions and motion pictures since it opened in 1926. The building and land are owned by the University of Washington and were once part of the original campus. The theatre operates as a venue for nationally touring Broadway and original shows by the non-profit 5th Avenue Theatre Association.

The 2,130-seat theatre is the resident home to the 5th Avenue Musical Theatre Company, and employs over 600 actors, musicians, directors, choreographers, designers, technicians, stage hands, box office staff, and administrators, making it the largest theatre employer in the Puget Sound region. A non-profit, the theatre company is supported by individual and corporate donations, government sources, and box office ticket sales. (Full article...)
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The William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Bill Clinton, who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. It is located in Little Rock, Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library, the offices of the Clinton Foundation, and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service. It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States, the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration, and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978.

It is situated on 17 acres (69,000 m²) of land located next to the Arkansas River and Interstate 30 and was designed by architectural firm Polshek Partnership, LLP with exhibition design by Ralph Appelbaum Associates. Polk Stanley Wilcox Architects also contributed. The main building cantilevers over the Arkansas River, echoing Clinton's campaign promise of "building a bridge to the 21st century". With a 68,698-square-foot (6,382.3 m²) floor plan, the library itself is the largest presidential library in terms of physical area, although the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library has the greatest space overall, due to its addition of the 90,000 square feet (8,400 m²) Air Force One Pavilion in 2005. The archives are the largest as well, containing 2 million photographs, 80 million pages of documents, 21 million e-mail messages, and 79,000 artifacts from the Clinton presidency. The Clinton Library is also the most expensive, with all funding coming from 112,000 private donations. (Full article...)
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Klis Fortress and the city of Split in the background.

The Klis Fortress (Croatian: Tvrđava Klis) is a medieval fortress situated above a village bearing the same name, near Split, Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, becoming a royal castle that was the seat of many Croatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its more-than-two-thousand-year-long history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman advance, and has been a key crossroad between the Mediterranean belt and the Balkan rear. (Full article...)
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Linton Park house from the south

Linton Park, formerly Linton Place or Linton Hall, is a large 18th-century country house in Linton, Kent, England. Built by Robert Mann in 1730 to replace a much earlier building called 'Capell's Court', the estate passed through the ownership of several members of Mann's family before coming into the Cornwallis family. The house was enlarged to its current size in 1825.

The house sits in a prominent location, part way down a south-facing slope which provides excellent views of the grounds and the Weald beyond. Gardens close to the house contain formal walks laid out in 1825 with specimen trees planted then and later. (Full article...)
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A view of the castle's massive defensive wall
and the original gateway (right)

Conwy Castle (Welsh: Castell Conwy; Welsh pronunciation: [kastɛɬ 'kɔnwɨ̞]) is a fortification in Conwy, located in North Wales. It was built by Edward I, during his conquest of Wales, between 1283 and 1287. Constructed as part of a wider project to create the walled town of Conwy, the combined defences cost around £15,000, a massive sum for the period. Over the next few centuries, the castle played an important part in several wars. It withstood the siege of Madog ap Llywelyn in the winter of 1294–95, acted as a temporary haven for Richard II in 1399 and was held for several months by forces loyal to Owain Glyndŵr in 1401.

Following the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, the castle was held by forces loyal to Charles I, holding out until 1646 when it surrendered to the Parliamentary armies. In the aftermath, the castle was partially slighted by Parliament to prevent it being used in any further revolt, and was finally completely ruined in 1665 when its remaining iron and lead was stripped and sold off. Conwy Castle became an attractive destination for painters in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Visitor numbers grew and initial restoration work was carried out in the second half of the 19th century. In the 21st century, the ruined castle is managed by Cadw as a tourist attraction. (Full article...)
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The chapel in 2017

The Upper Brook Street Chapel, also known as the Islamic Academy, the Unitarian Chapel and the Welsh Baptist Chapel, is a former chapel with an attached Sunday School on the east side of Upper Brook Street, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Greater Manchester, England. It is said to be the first neogothic Nonconformist chapel, having been constructed for the British Unitarians between 1837 and 1839, at the very beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria. It was designed by Sir Charles Barry, later architect of the Palace of Westminster.

A listed building since 3 October 1974 (currently Grade II*), it is owned by Manchester City Council and was on the Buildings at Risk Register, rated as "very bad". It was partially demolished in 2006. The Victorian Society placed the building on a list of ten most threatened buildings in England and Wales. It was restored and converted to student accommodation in 2017 by Buttress Architects. (Full article...)
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St George's Tower, Oxford Castle, viewed from the Castle Mill Stream

Oxford Castle is a large, partly ruined medieval castle on the western side of central Oxford in Oxfordshire, England. Most of the original moated, wooden motte and bailey castle was replaced in stone in the late 12th or early 13th century and the castle played an important role in the conflict of the Anarchy. In the 14th century the military value of the castle diminished and the site became used primarily for county administration and as a prison. The surviving rectangular St George's Tower is now believed to pre-date the remainder of the castle and be a watch tower associated with the original Saxon west gate of the city.

Most of the castle was destroyed in the English Civil War and by the 18th century the remaining buildings had become Oxford's local prison. A new prison complex was built on the site from 1785 onwards and expanded in 1876; this became HM Prison Oxford. (Full article...)
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Durham Cathedral, above the River Wear.

The medieval cathedrals of England, which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country's artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. Though diverse in style, they are united by a common function. As cathedrals, each of these buildings serves as central church for an administrative region (or diocese) and houses the throne of a bishop (Late Latin ecclēsia cathedrālis, from the Greek, καθέδρα). Each cathedral also serves as a regional centre and a focus of regional pride and affection.

Only sixteen of these buildings had been cathedrals at the time of the Reformation: eight that were served by secular canons, and eight that were monastic. A further five cathedrals are former abbey churches which were reconstituted with secular canons as cathedrals of new dioceses by Henry VIII following the dissolution of the monasteries and which comprise, together with the former monastic cathedrals, the "Cathedrals of the New Foundation". Two further pre-Reformation monastic churches, which had survived as ordinary parish churches for 350 years, became cathedrals in the 19th and 20th centuries, as did the three medieval collegiate churches that retained their foundations for choral worship. (Full article...)
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Aerial view over northern Bath from a hot air balloon. The famous Royal Crescent is in the centre.

The buildings and architecture of Bath, a city in Somerset in the south west of England, reveal significant examples of the architecture of England, from the Roman Baths (including their significant Celtic presence), to the present day. The city became a World Heritage Site in 1987, largely because of its architectural history and the way in which the city landscape draws together public and private buildings and spaces. The many examples of Palladian architecture are purposefully integrated with the urban spaces to provide "picturesque aestheticism". In 2021, the city was added to a second World Heritage Site, a group of historic spa towns across Europe known as the "Great Spas of Europe". Bath is the only entire city in Britain to achieve World Heritage status, and is a popular tourist destination.

Important buildings include the Roman Baths; neoclassical architect Robert Adam's Pulteney Bridge, based on an unused design for the Rialto Bridge in Venice; and Bath Abbey in the city centre, founded in 1499 on the site of an 8th-century church. Of equal importance are the residential buildings designed and built into boulevards and crescents by the Georgian architects John Wood, the Elder and his son John Wood, the Younger – well-known examples being the Royal Crescent, built around 1770, and The Circus, built around 1760, where each of the three curved segments faces one of the entrances, ensuring that there is always a classical facade facing the entering visitor. (Full article...)
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The Louvre Museum

The Louvre (English: /ˈluːv(rə)/ LOOV(-rə)), or the Louvre Museum (French: Musée du Louvre [myze dy luvʁ] ^ⓘ), is a national art museum in Paris, France. It is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement (district or ward) and home to some of the most canonical works of Western art, including the Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built in the late 12th to 13th century under Philip II. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. Due to urban expansion, the fortress eventually lost its defensive function, and in 1546 Francis I converted it into the primary residence of the French Kings.

The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace. In 1682, Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his household, leaving the Louvre primarily as a place to display the royal collection, including, from 1692, a collection of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. In 1692, the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years. During the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nation's masterpieces. (Full article...)
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The lone sandstone wall, all that remains of Caludon Castle. Photographed in 2012.

Caludon Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and Grade I listed building in Coventry, in the West Midlands of England. A second moated site 190 metres (620 ft) to the south is a Scheduled Ancient Monument in its own right. The castle is now a ruin, and all that remains is a large fragment of sandstone wall. What remains of the estate is now an urban park, owned and run by Coventry City Council, but much of it was sold and developed into housing estates in the early 20th century.

The site has been occupied since at least the 11th century CE. The original building, pre-dating the Norman conquest of England, was a large house, which became the property of the Earl of Chester after the conquest. The house was given to the Segrave family in the 13th century, and was first described as a manor in 1239. A licence for crenellation was granted in 1305, at which point the house is thought to have been re-styled as a castle. Another licence was received in 1354, and the property was again rebuilt. In the 14th century, it came into the possession of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, who was banished in 1398, after which the castle fell into disrepair. Mowbray's son, John, inherited the building, and it remained in the Mowbray family until 1481, when it passed to William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley. It was rebuilt again circa 1580, this time as a mansion, having lain derelict since Mowbray's banishment. The castle was all but destroyed in 1662, and remained in ruins until 1800, when the remains were used in the construction of a farmhouse on the site. (Full article...)
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Swaminarayan Akshardham in Delhi, India

Swaminarayan Akshardham is a Hindu temple, and spiritual-cultural campus in Delhi, India. The temple is close to the border with Noida. Also referred to as Akshardham Temple or Akshardham Delhi, the complex displays millennia of traditional and modern Hindu culture, spirituality, and architecture. Inspired by Yogiji Maharaj and created by Pramukh Swami Maharaj, it was constructed by BAPS. It is the world's second-largest BAPS Hindu temple, following Akshardham, New Jersey, in the U.S.

The temple was officially opened on 6 November 2005 by Pramukh Swami Maharaj in the presence of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Manmohan Singh, L.K Advani and B.L Joshi. The temple, at the centre of the complex, was built according to the Vastu shastra and Pancharatra shastra. (Full article...)
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St Briavels Castle.

St Briavels Castle is a moated Norman castle at St Briavels in the English county of Gloucestershire. The castle is noted for its huge Edwardian gatehouse that guards the entrance.

St Briavels Castle was originally built between 1075 and 1129 as a royal administrative centre for the Forest of Dean. During the 13th century the castle became first a favourite hunting lodge of King John, and then the primary centre in England for the manufacture of arrows for use with the longbow, the predominant missile weapon of the English in the later medieval period, and quarrels, large numbers of which were required for crossbows in medieval warfare. (Full article...)
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Typical brick houses with columns and west-facing veranda, near Antananarivo

The architecture of Madagascar is unique in Africa, bearing strong resemblance to the construction norms and methods of Southern Borneo from which the earliest inhabitants of Madagascar are believed to have immigrated. Throughout Madagascar, the Kalimantan region of Borneo and Oceania, most traditional houses follow a rectangular rather than round form, and feature a steeply sloped, peaked roof supported by a central pillar.

Differences in the predominant traditional construction materials used serve as the basis for much of the diversity in Malagasy architecture. Locally available plant materials were the earliest materials used and remain the most common among traditional communities. In intermediary zones between the central highlands and humid coastal areas, hybrid variations have developed that use cob and sticks. Wood construction, once common across the island, declined as a growing human population destroyed greater swaths of virgin rainforest for slash and burn agriculture and zebu cattle pasture. The Zafimaniry communities of the central highland montane forests are the only Malagasy ethnic group who have preserved the island's original wooden architectural traditions; their craft was added to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003. (Full article...)

Общие изображения – загрузить новую партию

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных архитектуре.

Image 1Базилика Бом Иисуса . Объект всемирного наследия , построенный в стиле барокко и завершенный в 1604 году нашей эры. В нем находится тело святого Франциска Ксавьера . (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 2Часовня Плащаницы , Турин ( архитектура барокко )
Image 3В Лесото : камни рондавель (из архитектуры )
Image 4Церковь Санта-Энграсиа , Лиссабон (ныне Национальный Пантеон Португалии; начато в 1681 году) ( архитектура в стиле барокко )
Image 5Типичные перила, плоская крыша, лепнина и цветные детали в скандинавском фанкисе (склад и офисы SOK, 1938, Финляндия ) (из «Функционализма (архитектура) )»
Image 6План корпуса корабля с указанием формы корпуса (из книги «Архитектура »)
Image 7Ратуша Стокгольма , 1923 год ( Рагнар Эстберг ) (из школы традиционалистов (архитектура) )
Image 8Церковь Тела Христова , Великое княжество Литовское (ныне Несвиж , Беларусь ), 1586 и 1593 годы (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 9Фасад Санта-Сусанны в Риме работы Карло Мадерно (1603 г.) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 10Метрополитен -собор Мехико , построенный с 1573 по 1813 год ( архитектура в стиле барокко ).
Image 11Жилой комплекс Брандевоорт в Хелмонде , 2005 год ( Роб Криер ) (из Традиционалистской школы (архитектура) )
Image 12Чарльз Ренни Макинтош – Музыкальная комната 1901 года (из книги «Архитектура »)
Image 13Сёдра Энгбю , 1938 (из функционализма (архитектура) )
Image 14Церковь Святых Петра и Павла, Краков , Польша , автор Джованни Мария Бернардони (1605–1619) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 15Гринвичская больница сэра Кристофера Рена (1694 г.) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 16Вилянувский дворец , Варшава (1677–1696) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 17Интерьер базилики и монастыря Носа-Сеньора-ду-Карму в Ресифи, Бразилия, построенных между 1665 и 1767 годами ( архитектура в стиле барокко )
Image 18Злин в Чехии (от функционализма (архитектура) )
Image 19Дворец Троя , Прага (1679–1691) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 20Стоурхед в Уилтшире , Англия, спроектированный Генри Хоаром (1705–1785) (из книги «Архитектура »)
Image 21План второго этажа (мансардного этажа) отеля Брион в Париже – 1734 г. (из «Архитектуры »).
Image 22Купол Дома Инвалидов в Париже (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 23Биржа ван Берлаге в Амстердаме , 1903 год ( Хендрик Петрус Берлаге ) (из традиционалистской школы (архитектура) )
Image 24Фасад церкви Джезу в Риме (освящена в 1584 г.) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 25В Норвегии : дерево и возвышения (из Архитектуры )
Image 26В Ирландии : хижина Йола (из «Архитектуры »)
Image 27Пристроив купол к Флорентийскому собору ( Италия ) в начале 15 века, архитектор Филиппо Брунеллески не только изменил здание и город, но также роль и статус архитектора . (из Архитектуры )
Image 28Дворец Верхний Бельведер в Вене (1721–23) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 29Музей Бойманса Ван Бёнингена в Роттердаме , 1935 год ( Ad van der Steur ) (из школы традиционалистов (архитектура) )
Image 30Центральный вокзал Хельсинки , 1919 год ( Элиэль Сааринен ) (из школы традиционалистов (архитектура) )
Image 31Obchodný a obytný dom Luxor (Жилой и торговый дом Луксор), 1937 год, в Братиславе (Словакия) (из функционализма (архитектура) )
Image 32Знаменская церковь (Дубровицы) 1690-1698 Подольск, Москва (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 33Внутренний вид купола церкви Джезу работы Джакомо Бароцци да Виньола и Джакомо делла Порта (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 34Цвингер в Дрездене работы Маттеуса Даниэля Пёппельмана (1697–1716), реконструированный в 1950-х и 1960-х годах после разрушений, нанесенных Второй мировой войной. (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 35Собор Святого Георгия в Тимишоаре работы Йозефа Эмануэля Фишера фон Эрлаха (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 36Королевский дворец Амстердама Якоба ван Кампена (1665 г.) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 37Башня Олимпийского стадиона Хельсинки (Ю. Линдегрен и Т. Янтти, построена в 1934–38) (из «Функционализма (архитектура) )»
Image 38Национальный конгресс Бразилии , спроектированный Оскаром Нимейером (из журнала «Архитектура »)
Image 39Церковь Спасителя, Копенгаген (1682–1747) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 40Люксембургский дворец Саломона де Бросса (1615–1624) (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 41Андреевская церковь, Киев (из архитектуры барокко )
Image 42Церковь Сен-Жерве и Сен-Проте , первая парижская церковь с фасадом в стиле нового барокко (1616–20) (из архитектуры барокко )

Знаете ли вы (создается автоматически) – загрузить новую партию

... что жилой проект Twin Parks в Нью-Йорке, на месте пожара в январе 2022 года, в результате которого погибло семнадцать человек, получил архитектурные награды после того, как был построен в начале 1970-х годов?
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