Портал:Медицина

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Медицинский портал

Медицина — это наука и практика ухода за пациентами, управления диагностикой , прогнозированием , профилактикой , лечением , паллиативным лечением их травм или заболеваний и укрепления их здоровья . Медицина охватывает различные практики здравоохранения , разработанные для поддержания и восстановления здоровья путем профилактики и лечения заболеваний . Современная медицина применяет биомедицинские науки , биомедицинские исследования , генетику и медицинские технологии для диагностики , лечения и предотвращения травм и заболеваний, как правило, с помощью фармацевтических препаратов или хирургии , но также с помощью таких разнообразных методов лечения, как психотерапия , внешние шины и вытяжение , медицинские устройства , биологические препараты и ионизирующее излучение , среди прочего.

Медицина практикуется с доисторических времен , и большую часть этого времени это было искусство (область творчества и мастерства), часто связанное с религиозными и философскими верованиями местной культуры. Например, знахарь применял травы и читал молитвы об исцелении, или древний философ и врач применял кровопускание в соответствии с теориями гуморизма . В последние столетия, с появлением современной науки , большая часть медицины стала сочетанием искусства и науки (как базовой , так и прикладной , под эгидой медицинской науки ) . Например, в то время как техника наложения швов является искусством, изучаемым на практике, знание того, что происходит на клеточном и молекулярном уровне в сшиваемых тканях, возникает благодаря науке.

Донаучные формы медицины, теперь известные как традиционная медицина или народная медицина , остаются широко используемыми в отсутствие научной медицины и поэтому называются альтернативной медициной . Альтернативные методы лечения вне научной медицины с этическими, безопасными и эффективными проблемами называются шарлатанством . ( Полная статья... )

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Изображение 1

Тиреотоксический периодический паралич возникает, когда щитовидная железа выделяет избыточное количество тироксина (тиреоидного гормона).

Тиреотоксический периодический паралич ( ТПП ) — редкое заболевание, характеризующееся приступами мышечной слабости при гипертиреозе (повышенная активность щитовидной железы). Гипокалиемия (пониженный уровень калия в крови) обычно присутствует во время приступов. Это состояние может быть опасным для жизни, если слабость дыхательных мышц приводит к дыхательной недостаточности или если низкий уровень калия приводит к аномальным сердечным ритмам . При отсутствии лечения оно обычно носит рецидивирующий характер.

Это состояние связано с генетическими мутациями в генах, которые кодируют определенные ионные каналы , транспортирующие электролиты ( натрий и калий ) через клеточные мембраны . Основными из них являются α1-субъединица кальциевого канала L-типа и калиевый внутренний выпрямитель 2.6 ; поэтому оно классифицируется как каналопатия . Считается, что аномалия в канале приводит к перемещению калия в клетки в условиях высокого уровня тироксина (тиреоидного гормона), обычно с дополнительным преципитатом. ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

Скорбящий старик (У ворот вечности) , портрет 1890 года работы Винсента Ван Гога

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. (Full article...)
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Influenza virus

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin one to four (typically two) days after exposure to the virus and last for about two to eight days. Diarrhea and vomiting can occur, particularly in children. Influenza may progress to pneumonia from the virus or a subsequent bacterial infection. Other complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and worsening of pre-existing health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease.

There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. Influenza B virus (IBV) and influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Transmission through aerosols and surfaces contaminated by the virus also occur. (Full article...)
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Rolph, c. 1870

John Rolph (4 March 1793 – 19 October 1870) was a Canadian physician, lawyer, and political figure. As a politician, he was considered the leader of the Reform faction in the 1820s and helped plan the Upper Canada Rebellion. As a doctor, he founded several medical schools and incorporated new teaching techniques and medical procedures into his lectures. However, his actions against rival medical schools decreased public confidence in the ability of medical professionals to regulate themselves.

Rolph grew up in England and was educated in medicine and law. He immigrated to Upper Canada in 1813 and lived on his father's farm in Port Talbot, where he practiced law and medicine concurrently and opened a medical school called the Talbot Dispensary. In 1824, Rolph was elected to the Parliament of Upper Canada and returned to England to petition the Colonial Office to allow the naturalization of American citizens in Canada. He was elected as an alderman to Toronto's first city council, though he resigned after his council colleagues did not select him to be the city's mayor. (Full article...)
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Everywhere at the End of Time (commonly shortened to EATEOT) is the eleventh recording by the Caretaker, an alias of English electronic musician Leyland Kirby. Released between 2016 and 2019, its six studio albums use degrading loops of sampled ballroom music to portray the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Inspired by the success of An Empty Bliss Beyond This World (2011), Kirby produced Everywhere as his final major work under the alias. The albums were produced in Kraków and released over six-month periods to "give a sense of time passing", with abstract album covers by his friend Ivan Seal. The series drew comparisons to the works of composer William Basinski and electronic musician Burial, while the later stages were influenced by avant-gardist composer John Cage.

The series comprises six hours of music, portraying a range of emotions and characterised by noise throughout. Although the first three stages are similar to An Empty Bliss, the last three depart from Kirby's earlier ambient works. The albums reflect the patient's disorder and death, their feelings, and the phenomenon of terminal lucidity. To promote the series, anonymous visual artist Weirdcore created music videos for the first two stages. At first concerned about whether the series would seem pretentious, Kirby thought of not creating Everywhere at all, but he ended up spending more time producing it than any of his other releases. The album covers received attention from a French art exhibition named after the Caretaker's Everywhere, an Empty Bliss (2019), a compilation of archived songs. (Full article...)
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Photomicrograph of Giemsa-stained Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in human blood

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects in the subfamily Triatominae, known as "kissing bugs". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or swelling at the site of the bite. After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter the chronic phase of disease, which in most cases does not result in further symptoms. Up to 45% of people with chronic infections develop heart disease 10–30 years after the initial illness, which can lead to heart failure. Digestive complications, including an enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon, may also occur in up to 21% of people, and up to 10% of people may experience nerve damage.
T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the kissing bug's bite wound and the bug's infected feces. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consuming food or drink contaminated with the parasites, and vertical transmission (from a mother to her baby). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope or detecting its DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood. (Full article...)
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Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904),
namesake of Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles known as a premonitory urge, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.

Tourette's was once regarded as a rare and bizarre syndrome and has popularly been associated with coprolalia (the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks). It is no longer considered rare; about 1% of school-age children and adolescents are estimated to have Tourette's, though coprolalia occurs only in a minority. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified, because most cases are mild, and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Therefore, many go undiagnosed or may never seek medical attention. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is rare, but for a small minority, severely debilitating tics can persist into adulthood. Tourette's does not affect intelligence or life expectancy. (Full article...)
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Diagram of prostate tumor pressing on urethra

Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. Diagnosis requires a biopsy of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a Gleason score, and a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor. Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a stage 1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease.

Most prostate tumors remain small and cause no health problems. These are managed with active surveillance, monitoring the tumor with regular tests to ensure it has not grown. Tumors more likely to be dangerous can be destroyed with radiation therapy or surgically removed by radical prostatectomy. Those whose cancer spreads beyond the prostate are treated with hormone therapy which reduces levels of the androgens (male sex hormones) that prostate cells need to survive. Eventually cancer cells can grow resistant to this treatment. This most-advanced stage of the disease, called castration-resistant prostate cancer, is treated with continued hormone therapy alongside the chemotherapy drug docetaxel. Some tumors metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. There, tumors cause severe bone pain, leg weakness or paralysis, and eventually death. Prostate cancer prognosis depends on how far the cancer has spread at diagnosis. Most men diagnosed have tumors confined to the prostate; 99% of them survive more than 10 years from their diagnoses. Tumors that have metastasized to distant body sites are most dangerous, with five-year survival rates of 30–40%. (Full article...)
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Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The main uses are infections of the skin and pneumonia although it may be used for a variety of other infections including drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used either by injection into a vein or by mouth.

When given for short periods, linezolid is a relatively safe antibiotic. It can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. Common side effects with short-term use include headache, diarrhea, rash, and nausea. Serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, bone marrow suppression, and high blood lactate levels, particularly when used for more than two weeks. If used for longer periods it may cause nerve damage, including optic nerve damage, which may be irreversible. (Full article...)
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Microscopic image of a Lewy body (arrowhead) in a neuron of the substantia nigra; scale bar=20 microns (0.02 mm)

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia characterized by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and regulation of automatic bodily functions. Memory loss is not always an early symptom. The disease worsens over time and is usually diagnosed when cognitive impairment interferes with normal daily functioning. Together with Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB is one of the two Lewy body dementias. It is a common form of dementia, but the prevalence is not known accurately and many diagnoses are missed. The disease was first described on autopsy by Kenji Kosaka in 1976, and he named the condition several years later.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)—in which people lose the muscle paralysis (atonia) that normally occurs during REM sleep and act out their dreams—is a core feature. RBD may appear years or decades before other symptoms. Other core features are visual hallucinations, marked fluctuations in attention or alertness, and parkinsonism (slowness of movement, trouble walking, or rigidity). A presumptive diagnosis can be made if several disease features or biomarkers are present; the diagnostic workup may include blood tests, neuropsychological tests, imaging, and sleep studies. A definitive diagnosis usually requires an autopsy. (Full article...)
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Dark Archives: A Librarian's Investigation into the Science and History of Books Bound in Human Skin is a 2020 non-fiction book by the medical librarian and death-positive advocate Megan Rosenbloom. Dealing with anthropodermic bibliopegy, the binding of books in human skin, it expounds upon Rosenbloom's research on such books and their historical, ethical, and cultural implications.

The book focuses on the relationship between anthropodermic bibliopegy and the history of medicine; most confirmed cases of such books were created or owned by medical professionals, in contrast to common stereotypes that they were associated with Nazi Germany, serial killers, or the French Revolution. Rosenbloom discusses how the practice reflects the changing attitudes towards consent, ownership, and disposal of human bodies, and how the history of anthropodermic books intertwines with the history of medical ethics as a field. She interviews librarians, archivists, collectors, and experts on the topic, and examines notable examples of such books and their origins. Though Rosenbloom supports the preservation and maintenance of anthropodermic books, Dark Archives also covers arguments to the contrary, such as those espoused by Princeton University Library senior librarian Paul Needham. (Full article...)
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Micrograph of an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (right of image) adjacent to normal liver cells (left of image). H&E stain.

Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma may include abdominal pain, yellowish skin, weight loss, generalized itching, and fever. Light colored stool or dark urine may also occur. Other biliary tract cancers include gallbladder cancer and cancer of the ampulla of Vater.

Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts), ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, infection with certain liver flukes, and some congenital liver malformations. However, most people have no identifiable risk factors. The diagnosis is suspected based on a combination of blood tests, medical imaging, endoscopy, and sometimes surgical exploration. The disease is confirmed by examination of cells from the tumor under a microscope. It is typically an adenocarcinoma (a cancer that forms glands or secretes mucin). (Full article...)
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The four primary symptoms of ME/CFS according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, sleep issues, and problems with memory or concentration. Further common symptoms include dizziness, nausea and pain. The hallmark symptom is a worsening of the illness which starts hours to days after minor physical or mental activity. This "crash" can last from hours or days to several months.

The cause of the disease is unknown. ME/CFS often starts after an infection, such as mononucleosis. It can run in families, but no genes that contribute to ME/CFS have been confirmed. ME/CFS is associated with changes in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in energy production. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a differential diagnosis because no diagnostic test is available. (Full article...)
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Debora Green (née Jones; born February 28, 1951) is an American physician who pleaded no contest to setting a 1995 fire that burned down her family's home and killed two of her children, and to poisoning her husband with ricin with the intention of causing his death. The case was sensational, and covered heavily by news media, especially in the Kansas–Missouri area, where the crimes occurred. Though Green has petitioned for a new trial twice in recent years, her requests have not been successful.

Green married Michael Farrar in 1979 while practicing as an emergency physician. The marriage was tumultuous, and Farrar filed for divorce in July 1995. Between August and September 1995, Farrar repeatedly fell violently ill, and despite numerous hospitalizations his doctors could not pinpoint the source of his illness. Green's emotional stability deteriorated and she began to drink heavily, even while supervising her children. On October 24, 1995, the Farrar family home, occupied by Green and the couple's three children — Timothy (age 13), Kate (age 10), and Kelly (age 6) — caught fire. Debora Green and Kate escaped without harm. Despite the efforts of firefighters, Timothy and Kelly died in the blaze. Investigation showed that trails of accelerant in the house led back to Green's bedroom, and that the source of Michael Farrar's intractable illness had been ricin, a poison served to him in his food by Green. (Full article...)
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Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the United Nations (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position.

In the book and the lectures, Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by their 2015 deadline. Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s, citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by international financial institutions that contributed to, rather than reduced, poverty. He connects the structural adjustment loans, with conditions of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure, to the uncontrolled spread of AIDS and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working-age population. Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children. To help alleviate problems, he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by G8 countries to levels beyond what they promise. (Full article...)

Выбранное изображение –показать еще

Нормальная анатомия молочной железы, поперечный разрез.

Фото предоставлено: Патриком Дж. Линчем, медицинским иллюстратором.

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Официальный портрет, 2022 г.

Рэндал Говард Пол (родился 7 января 1963 года) — американский политик, занимающий пост младшего сенатора США от Кентукки с 2011 года. Член Республиканской партии , он называет себя конституционным консерватором и сторонником движения «Чаепитие» . Его либертарианские взгляды сравнивают со взглядами его отца, трехкратного кандидата в президенты и 12-летнего представителя США от Техаса, Рона Пола .

Пол учился в Университете Бэйлора и является выпускником Медицинской школы Университета Дьюка . Он был практикующим офтальмологом в Боулинг-Грин, штат Кентукки , с 1993 года до своих выборов в Сенат США в 2010 году . Он был переизбран на второй срок в 2016 году и выиграл третий срок в 2022 году . ( Полная статья... )
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Martha Maria "Mattie" Hughes Cannon (July 1, 1857 – July 10, 1932) was a British-American politician, physician, Utah women's rights advocate, suffragist, and a polygamous wife engaged in polygyny. Her family immigrated to the United States as converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and traveled West to settle in the Utah territory with other church members. She started working at the age of fourteen, and at sixteen she enrolled in the University of Deseret (now called the University of Utah), receiving a bachelor's degree in Chemistry. She later attended the University of Michigan and received an M.D.. She became the fourth of six wives in a polygamous marriage to Angus M. Cannon, a prominent Latter-day Saint leader during the anti-polygamy crusade. Cannon exiled herself to Europe so she wouldn't have to testify against her husband and others. Upon returning to Utah, Cannon worked as a doctor and fought for women's rights. She helped put women enfranchisement into Utah's constitution when it was granted statehood in 1896. On November 3, 1896, Cannon became the first female state senator elected in the United States, defeating her own husband, who was also on the ballot. Cannon was the author of Utah sanitation laws and was a founder and member of Utah's first State Board of Health. (Full article...)
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Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing optimal, overweight, and obese

Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)—a person's weight divided by the square of the person's height—is over 30 kg/m2; the range 25–30 kg/m2 is defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values to calculate obesity. Obesity is a major cause of disability and is correlated with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis.

Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are diet, physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. (Full article...)
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Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx "lime", which was obtained from heating limestone.

Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium–lead alloy, in making automotive batteries. (Full article...)
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Multiple white cells seen in the urine of a person with a urinary tract infection using microscopy

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra (urethritis) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination (dysuria), frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection, on the other hand, are more systemic and include fever or flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely, the urine may appear bloody. Symptoms may be vague or non-specific at the extremities of age (i.e. in patients who are very young or old).

The most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria or fungi may sometimes be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, catheterisation, and family history. Although sexual intercourse is a risk factor, UTIs are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pyelonephritis usually occurs due to an ascending bladder infection but may also result from a blood-borne bacterial infection. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. In those with vague symptoms, diagnosis can be difficult because bacteria may be present without there being an infection. In complicated cases or if treatment fails, a urine culture may be useful. (Full article...)
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Colored Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of SARS-CoV-2, speculated in 2020 as being the first virus to create Disease X

Disease X is a placeholder name that was adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2018 on their shortlist of blueprint priority diseases to represent a hypothetical, unknown pathogen that could cause a future epidemic. The WHO adopted the placeholder name to ensure that their planning was sufficiently flexible to adapt to an unknown pathogen (e.g., broader vaccines and manufacturing facilities). Director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Anthony Fauci stated that the concept of Disease X would encourage WHO projects to focus their research efforts on entire classes of viruses (e.g., flaviviruses), instead of just individual strains (e.g., zika virus), thus improving WHO capability to respond to unforeseen strains. In 2020, experts, including some of the WHO's own expert advisors, speculated that COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus strain, met the requirements to be the first Disease X. (Full article...)
Image 7

"Thou hell o' a' diseases" – William Hole's illustration for Robert Burns' poem "Address to the Toothache" (1897, poem c. 1786).

Toothaches, also known as dental pain or tooth pain, is pain in the teeth or their supporting structures, caused by dental diseases or pain referred to the teeth by non-dental diseases. When severe it may impact sleep, eating, and other daily activities.

Common causes include inflammation of the pulp, (usually in response to tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors), dentin hypersensitivity, apical periodontitis (inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone around the root apex), dental abscesses (localized collections of pus), alveolar osteitis ("dry socket", a possible complication of tooth extraction), acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (a gum infection), and temporomandibular disorder. (Full article...)
Image 8

Formation of wheals on the arm

Solar urticaria (SU) is a rare condition in which exposure to ultraviolet or UV radiation, or sometimes even visible light, induces a case of urticaria or hives that can appear in both covered and uncovered areas of the skin. It is classified as a type of physical urticaria. The classification of disease types is somewhat controversial. One classification system distinguished various types of SU based on the wavelength of the radiation that causes the breakout; another classification system is based on the type of allergen that initiates a breakout.

The agent in the human body responsible for the reaction to radiation, known as the photoallergen, has not yet been identified. The disease itself can be difficult to diagnose properly because it is so similar to other dermatological disorders, such as polymorphous light eruption or PLE. The most helpful test is a diagnostic phototest, a specialized test which confirms the presence of an abnormal sunburn reaction. Once recognized, treatment of the disease commonly involves the administration of antihistamines, and desensitization treatments such as phototherapy. In more extreme cases, the use of immunosuppressive drugs and even plasmapheresis may be considered. (Full article...)
Image 9
Robert White (1688 – 1752) was an early American physician, military officer, pioneer, and planter in the Colony of Virginia.

White was born in Scotland, the son of John White, a physician practicing in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and later served as a surgeon with the rank of captain in the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of Great Britain. He relocated to the Thirteen Colonies between 1720 and 1730, first to Delaware, then Pennsylvania, and finally as a "pioneer settler" in present-day Frederick County, Virginia between 1732 and 1735. White was one of two physicians practicing in Frederick County, and conducted his practice from his residence near Great North Mountain. White was part of a larger wave of Scottish physicians who settled in Virginia prior to the American Revolutionary War. (Full article...)
Image 10

An eight-year-old boy displaying characteristic facial features of Down syndrome

Down syndrome (United States) or Down's syndrome (United Kingdom and other English-speaking nations), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is usually associated with developmental delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic physical features.

The parents of the affected individual are usually genetically normal. The incidence of the syndrome increases with the age of the mother, from less than 0.1% for 20-year-old mothers to 3% for those of age 45. It is believed to occur by chance, with no known behavioral activity or environmental factor that changes the probability. Usually, babies get 23 chromosomes from each parent for a total of 46, whereas in Down syndrome, a third 21st chromosome is attached. The extra chromosome is provided at conception as the egg and sperm combine. In 1–2% of cases, the additional chromosome is added in the embryo stage and only impacts some of the cells in the body; this is known as Mosaic Down syndrome. Translocation Down syndrome is another rare type. Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening, followed by diagnostic testing, or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing. Since the introduction of screening, Down syndrome pregnancies are often aborted (rates varying from 50 to 85% depending on maternal age, gestational age, and maternal race/ethnicity). (Full article...)
Image 11

Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper" (in left hand)

Cataract surgery, also called lens replacement surgery, is the removal of the natural lens of the eye that has developed a cataract, an opaque or cloudy area. The eye's natural lens is usually replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implant.

Over time, metabolic changes of the crystalline lens fibres lead to the development of a cataract, causing impairment or loss of vision. Some infants are born with congenital cataracts, and environmental factors may lead to cataract formation. Early symptoms may include strong glare from lights and small light sources at night and reduced visual acuity at low light levels. (Full article...)
Image 12
Neuroacanthocytosis is a label applied to several genetic neurological conditions in which the blood contains misshapen, spiculated red blood cells called acanthocytes.

The 'core' neuroacanthocytosis syndromes, in which acanthocytes are a typical feature, are chorea acanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome. Acanthocytes are seen less frequently in other conditions including Huntington's disease-like syndrome 2 (HDL2) and pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). (Full article...)
Image 13

Endoscopic image of severe Crohn's colitis showing diffuse loss of mucosal architecture, friability of mucosa in sigmoid colon and exudate on wall.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent episodes of intestinal inflammation, primarily manifesting as diarrhea and abdominal pain. Unlike ulcerative colitis, inflammation can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, though it most frequently affects the ileum and colon, involving all layers of the intestinal wall. Symptoms may be non-specific and progress gradually, often delaying diagnosis. About one-third of patients have colonic disease, another third have ileocolic disease, and the remaining third have isolated ileal disease. Systemic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, weight loss, and low-grade fevers are common. Organs such as the skin and joints can also be affected. Complications can include bowel obstructions, fistulas, nutrition problems, and an increased risk of intestinal cancers.

Crohn's disease is influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor, especially in Western countries, where it doubles the likelihood of developing the disease. Dietary shifts from high-fiber to processed foods may reduce microbiota diversity and increase risk, while high-fiber diets can offer some protection. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, with first-degree relatives facing a five-fold increased risk, particularly due to mutations in genes like NOD2 that affect immune response. The condition results from a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria and increased intestinal permeability, alongside changes in the gut microbiome. (Full article...)
Image 14

David Albala c. 1939

David Albala (born David Kovu; 1 September 1886 – 4 April 1942) was a Serbian military officer, physician, diplomat and Jewish community leader.

In 1905, Albala enrolled at the University of Vienna to study medicine. He returned to Serbia following the outbreak of the Balkan Wars in 1912 and enlisted in the Royal Serbian Army. In late 1915, Albala took part in the Royal Serbian Army's arduous winter retreat to the Greek island of Corfu, during which he contracted typhoid, and was subsequently evacuated to North Africa. Upon recovering, Albala returned to Corfu, where he proposed to Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić that he travel to United States to lobby on Serbia's behalf. Pašić agreed to the proposal and Albala embarked on a tour of the United States giving speeches, raising bonds and soliciting loans. On 27 December 1917, the head of the Serbian delegation to the United States, Milenko Vesnić, sent Albala a letter in which he affirmed Serbia's support for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Serbia thus became the first country to endorse the Balfour Declaration. (Full article...)
Image 15
Unrest is a 2017 documentary film produced and directed by Jennifer Brea. The film tells the story of how Jennifer and her new husband faced an illness that struck Jennifer just before they married. Initially dismissed by doctors, she starts filming herself to document her illness and connects with others who are home- or bedbound with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME).

The documentary was produced over a four-year period, in which Brea was mostly bedbound. The documentary shows Brea's route to diagnosis and the world of other people homebound with the illness. Unrest was shortlisted for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film, and won several film festival awards, including the jury award for editing at the Sundance Film Festival. (Full article...)

Вы знали -показать разные записи

...что в марте 2005 года в Центральном госпитале Пекинского военного округа в Китайской Народной Республике была открыта государственная клиника по лечению интернет-зависимости ?

...что трансмиссивная венерическая опухоль собак - это опухоль собак и других псовых , которая в основном поражает наружные половые органы и передается от животного к животному во время совокупления ?
...что граф Жак Рогге , президент Международного олимпийского комитета (МОК), по профессии хирург-ортопед ?

Общие изображения –загрузить новую партию

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных медицине.

Image 1Рукопись клятвы Гиппократа на греческом языке, датируемая XII веком, один из самых известных аспектов классической медицины, сохранившийся и в более поздние эпохи (из «Истории медицины» ).
Image 2Plinthios brochos, как его описал греческий врач Геракл , праща для связывания сломанной челюсти . Эти записи сохранились в одном из собраний Орибасия . (из Истории медицины )
Image 3Лекарственные средства XVIII века, собранные британской дворянской семьей (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 4Национальная больница неврологии и нейрохирургии в Лондоне , Великобритания, является специализированной неврологической больницей. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 5Кохлеарный имплантат — это распространенный вид нейронного протеза , устройство, заменяющее часть нервной системы человека . (из Истории медицины )
Image 6В большинстве стран с 1945 года наблюдается колоссальный рост продолжительности жизни. Однако в Южной Африке эпидемия ВИЧ, начавшаяся около 1990 года, подорвала национальное здоровье. (из History of medicine )
Image 7Тысячелистник — лекарственное растение, найденное в пещерах, занятых людьми в период верхнего палеолита . (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 8Пациент, приют для душевнобольных графства Суррей , ок. 1850 –58. Население приюта в Англии и Уэльсе выросло с 1027 в 1827 году до 74004 в 1900 году. (из History of medicine )
Image 9Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни всего населения при рождении среди нескольких стран-членов ОЭСР. Источник данных: OECD's iLibrary (из Health insurance )
Image 10Первичная медицинская помощь может оказываться в общественных медицинских центрах. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 11Врач проверяет пульс пациента в Японии эпохи Мэйдзи. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 12Отделение неотложной помощи часто является местом оказания первичной медицинской помощи. (из раздела «Здравоохранение »)
Image 13Мандрагора (написано «ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ» греческими заглавными буквами). Неаполь Диоскурид , VII век (из Истории медицины )
Image 14Кодекс медицинской этики Американской медицинской ассоциации (из Медицинской этики )
Image 15Число американцев, не имеющих медицинской страховки, и уровень незастрахованности с 1987 по 2008 год (из Health insurance )
Image 16Византийская рукопись клятвы Гиппократа XII века (из «Медицинской этики »)
Image 17Иногда в состав традиционной медицины входят части находящихся под угрозой исчезновения видов, например, толстых лори в Юго-Восточной Азии. (из материала «Традиционная медицина» )
Image 18Копия микроскопа Антони ван Левенгука 1670-х годов (из « Истории медицины »)
Image 19Гиппократ ( ок. 460–370 гг. до н. э.). Известен как «отец медицины». (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 20Эмиль Крепелин (1856–1926), основатель современной научной психиатрии, психофармакологии и психиатрической генетики. (из Истории медицины )
Image 21Изображение оспы в истории завоевания Мексики францисканцем Бернардино де Саагуном , книга XII Флорентийского кодекса , с точки зрения побежденных ацтеков (из Истории медицины )
Image 22Украинский памятник пандемии ВИЧ. (из Истории медицины )
Image 23Расходы на здравоохранение в Японии по возрастным группам (из медицинского страхования )
Image 24Медицина во время Первой мировой войны - Медицинский транспорт. (из Истории медицины )
Image 25Даосский символ Инь и Ян (из Медицинской этики )
Image 26Магическая стела или циппус Гора с исцеляющими заклинаниями (ок. 332–280 гг. до н. э. ). (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 27Гален (129–216 гг. н. э.), известный своими глубокими познаниями в анатомии. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 28Общая стоимость здравоохранения на человека . Государственные и частные расходы. ППС в долларах США . Например: 6319 долл. США для Канады в 2022 г. 12555 долл. США в 2022 г. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 29Эпидемия в Мехико 1737 года, когда элита призывала Деву Марию Гваделупскую (из Истории медицины )
Image 30Больница Гая в 1820 году (из Истории медицины )
Image 31Очерк о мусульманском враче Мухаммаде ибн Закарии ар-Рази (из истории медицины )
Image 32Фрагмент клинописной таблички неоассирийского периода с описанием медицинского текста (ок. 9-7 вв. до н . э. ). (из «Истории медицины» ) .
Image 33Хирургический папирус Эдвина Смита , написанный в 17 веке до н. э. , содержит самое раннее зарегистрированное упоминание о мозге. Нью-Йоркская медицинская академия . (из Истории медицины )
Image 34Госпиталь времен Гражданской войны в США в Геттисберге , 1863 г. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 35Медицинский персонал надевает стерилизованные чехлы на манипуляторы хирургической системы daVinci Xi , малоинвазивной роботизированной хирургической системы, в Военном медицинском центре имени Уильяма Бомонта. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 36Курандера выполняет лимпиезу в Куэнке, Эквадор (из традиционной медицины )
Image 37Клинописная терракотовая табличка с описанием рецепта лечения отравления (ок. 18 в. до н. э. ). Обнаружена в Ниппуре , Ирак.
Image 38Основанный в 1796 году Йоркский приют , которым управляли квакеры , приобрел международную известность как центр нравственного лечения и модель реформы приютов после публикации « Описания приюта » Сэмюэля Тьюка (1813). (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 39Луи Пастер экспериментирует с бактериями, ок. 1870 г. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 40Расходы на здравоохранение на душу населения (в долларах США с поправкой на ППС ) среди нескольких стран-членов ОЭСР. Источник данных: iLibrary ОЭСР (из Health insurance )
Image 41Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни против расходов на здравоохранение в богатых странах ОЭСР . Средний показатель по США составил 10 447 долларов в 2018 году . (из Health care )
Image 42Шарите в Берлине (из истории медицины )
Image 43Семь названных врачей и ботаников классического мира из Вены Диоскурид . По часовой стрелке от верхнего центра: Гален , Диоскорид , Никандр , Руф Эфесский , Андреас Каристский , Аполлоний Мус или Пергамский , Кратеус (из Истории медицины )
Image 44Чжан Чжунцзин – китайский фармаколог, врач, изобретатель и писатель времен Восточной династии Хань . (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 45Такие магазины Botánicas, как этот в Джамейка-Плейн , Бостон , обслуживают латиноамериканское сообщество и продают народную медицину наряду со статуями святых , свечами, украшенными молитвами , счастливым бамбуком и другими товарами. (из раздела «Традиционная медицина» )
Image 46Вакцинация против оспы в Нигере, 1969 год. Десять лет спустя это было первое инфекционное заболевание, которое удалось искоренить. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 47Этическая молитва о врачебной мудрости доктора Эдмонда Фернандеса (из книги «Медицинская этика »)
Image 48Американская военная хирургия во время войны на Тихом океане , 1943 г. (из истории медицины )
Image 49Глобальная концентрация ресурсов здравоохранения, представленная числом врачей на 10 000 человек по странам. Данные взяты из World Health Statistics 2010, отчета ВОЗ . ^{[ требуется обновление ]} (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 50Статуя Роберта Коха , отца медицинской бактериологии, на Роберт-Кох-Плац (площадь Роберта Коха) в Берлине (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 51Тестирование мазков на COVID-19 в Руанде (2021 г.). (из истории медицины )
Image 52Традиционная медицина на рынке в Антананариву , Мадагаскар (из раздела Традиционная медицина )
Image 53Больница Jackson Memorial Hospital в Майами , основная учебная больница Медицинской школы Миллера при Университете Майами и крупнейшая больница в Соединенных Штатах с 1547 койками (из раздела «Здравоохранение »)
Image 54Расходы на здравоохранение по странам . Процент ВВП ( валового внутреннего продукта ). Например: 11,2% для Канады в 2022 году. 16,6% для США в 2022 году. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 55Инфографика, показывающая, как данные здравоохранения передаются в процессе выставления счетов (из Medical billing )
Image 56«Врачи курят верблюдов больше, чем любые другие сигареты» — реклама сигарет Camel в 1940-х годах (из Medical Etic )
Image 57Санитарный поезд «Терапевт Матвей Мудров» в Хабаровске , Россия (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 58« Диаграмма причин смертности в армии на Востоке » Флоренс Найтингейл. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 59Американский служащий, выписывающий счета, готовит подробный счет. (1992) (из Medical billing )

Подробнее Знаете ли вы,(сгенерировано автоматически)

... что лидер Церкви СПД Бригам Янг призвал Маргарет К. Робертс изучать медицину, чтобы снизить уровень смертности во время родов?
... что Тан Цзунхай был одним из первых сторонников интеграции китайской и западной медицины?
... что Констанс Фоззард во время ее хирургической подготовки сказала, что женщины с детьми не могут стать консультантами ?
... что буддийский монах XIV века Туэ Тинь считается отцом-основателем традиционной вьетнамской медицины ?
... что отсутствие скрининга беременных женщин на сифилис в странах Африки к югу от Сахары связано с ростом детской смертности?
... что англосаксы могли использовать смесь чеснока, другого лука , вина и бычьей желчи в качестве глазного лекарства?

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