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Ямайка

Ямайка ( / ə ˈ m k ə / jə-MAY-kə;ямайский патуа:Jumieka [dʒʌˈmie̯ka]) —островное государствовКарибском мореиВест-Индии. Площадь острова составляет 10 990 квадратных километров (4240 квадратных миль), что делает его третьим по величине островом — послеКубыиЭспаньолыБольших Антильских острововиКарибского моря.[9]Ямайка расположена примерно в 145 км (90 миль) к югу от Кубы, в 191 км (119 миль) к западу от Эспаньолы (остров, на котором находятсяГаитииДоминиканская Республика) и в 215 км (134 мили) к юго-востоку отКаймановых островов(заморская территория Великобритании).[9]

Коренные народы таино острова постепенно перешли под власть испанцев после прибытия Христофора Колумба в 1494 году. Многие из коренных жителей были убиты или умерли от болезней, после чего испанцы привезли на Ямайку большое количество африканцев в качестве рабов. [9] Остров оставался владением Испании под названием Сантьяго до 1655 года, когда Англия (часть того, что впоследствии стало Королевством Великобритании ) завоевала его и назвала Ямайкой . Он стал важной частью колониальной Британской Вест-Индии . Под колониальным правлением Великобритании Ямайка стала ведущим экспортером сахара с плантационной экономикой, зависящей от постоянного импорта африканских рабов и их потомков. Британцы полностью освободили всех рабов в 1838 году, и многие вольноотпущенники предпочли иметь натуральные фермы, а не работать на плантациях. Начиная с 1840-х годов британцы начали использовать китайских и индийских наемных рабочих для работы на плантациях. Ямайцы добились независимости от Соединенного Королевства 6 августа 1962 года. [9]

С населением 2,8 млн человек [10] [11] Ямайка является третьей по численности населения англоязычной страной в Америке (после США и Канады) и четвертой по численности населения страной в Карибском бассейне. Кингстон является столицей страны и крупнейшим городом. Большинство ямайцев имеют африканское происхождение к югу от Сахары , со значительными европейскими , восточноазиатскими (в основном китайскими ), индийскими , ливанскими и смешанными меньшинствами. [9] Из-за высокого уровня эмиграции в поисках работы с 1960-х годов существует большая ямайская диаспора , особенно в Канаде, Великобритании и Соединенных Штатах. Страна имеет глобальное влияние, которое противоречит ее небольшим размерам; она была местом рождения религии растафари , музыки регги (и таких связанных жанров, как даб , ска и дэнсхолл ), и она известна на международном уровне в спорте, включая крикет , спринт и легкую атлетику . [12] [13] [14] [15] Ямайку иногда считали наименее населенной культурной сверхдержавой мира . [16] [17] [18] [19]

Ямайка — страна с уровнем дохода выше среднего [15], экономика которой в значительной степени зависит от туризма; в среднем ее посещают 4,3 миллиона туристов в год. [20] Страна демонстрирует благоприятные показатели в плане свободы прессы , демократического управления и устойчивого благосостояния . Ямайка — парламентская конституционная монархия , власть которой принадлежит двухпалатному парламенту Ямайки , состоящему из назначаемого Сената и напрямую избираемой Палаты представителей. [9] Эндрю Холнесс занимает пост премьер-министра Ямайки с марта 2016 года. Как государство Содружества , с Карлом III в качестве короля , назначенным представителем короны является генерал-губернатор Ямайки , должность, которую Патрик Аллен занимает с 2009 года.

Этимология

Коренные жители , таино, называли остров Xaymaca на своем языке , [a] что означает «Земля леса и воды» или «Земля источников». [21] Yamaye было предложено как раннее название острова на языке таино, записанное Христофором Колумбом . [22]

Ямайцы часто называют свой родной остров "yaad" - слово на ямайском патуа, означающее двор, то есть дом. Также широко используются другие разговорные названия, такие как "Jamrock", "Jamdown" ("Jamdung" на ямайском патуа ) или кратко "Ja". [23] [ источник, сгенерированный пользователем? ] [24] [ проверка не удалась ]

История

Предыстория

Нет никаких археологических свидетельств присутствия человека на Ямайке до 500 г. [25] Группа, известная как «люди редваре» из-за их гончарных изделий, прибыла около 600 г., [26] за ней последовали таино около 800 г., которые, скорее всего, пришли из Южной Америки . [26] [27] Они занимались аграрным и рыболовным хозяйством, и, как полагают, на пике своего развития насчитывали около 60 000 человек, сгруппированных примерно в 200 деревнях, возглавляемых касиками (вождями). [26] Южное побережье Ямайки было наиболее заселенным, особенно вокруг района, который сейчас известен как Старая Гавань. [28]

Хотя часто считается, что они вымерли после контакта с европейцами, на самом деле таино все еще населяли Ямайку, когда англичане захватили остров в 1655 году. [28] Некоторые бежали во внутренние районы, сливаясь с общинами африканских маронов . [29] [30] [31] Ямайский национальный фонд наследия пытается найти и задокументировать любые оставшиеся свидетельства существования таино. [32]

Испанское правление (1509–1655)

Статуя Христофора Колумба в приходе Сент-Энн

Христофор Колумб был первым европейцем, увидевшим Ямайку, заявив, что остров принадлежит Испании после того, как он высадился там в 1494 году во время своего второго путешествия в Америку. [26] Его вероятным местом высадки был Драй-Харбор, называемый Дискавери-Бей , [33] а залив Святой Анны был назван Колумбом «Святой Глорией» как первое место, где он увидел землю. Позже он вернулся в 1503 году; однако он потерпел кораблекрушение, и он и его команда были вынуждены жить на Ямайке в течение года, ожидая спасения. [34]

В полутора километрах к западу от залива Св. Анны находится место первого испанского поселения на острове, Севилья , которое было основано в 1509 году Хуаном де Эскивелем, но заброшено около 1524 года, поскольку было признано нездоровым. [35] Столица была перенесена в Спэниш-Таун , тогда называвшийся Сан-Хаго-де-ла-Вега , около 1534 года. [26] [36] Тем временем, таино начали умирать в больших количествах, как от завезенных болезней, так и от порабощения испанцами. [26] В результате испанцы начали импортировать на остров рабов из Африки. [37]

Многим рабам удалось бежать, образовав автономные общины в отдаленных и легко защищаемых районах внутри Ямайки, смешавшись с оставшимися таино; эти общины стали известны как мароны . [26] Многие евреи бежали от испанской инквизиции , чтобы жить на острове. [38] Они жили как конверсос и часто подвергались преследованиям со стороны испанских правителей, а некоторые обратились к пиратству против судоходства Испанской империи . [39]

По оценкам, к началу XVII века на Ямайке проживало не более 2500–3000 человек. [26] [40] [ нужна страница ]

Ранний британский период

Генри Морган был карибским пиратом , капером, владельцем плантации и рабовладельцем; он впервые прибыл в Вест-Индию в качестве наемного слуги, как и большинство первых английских колонистов. [41]

Англичане начали проявлять интерес к острову, и после неудачной попытки завоевать Санто-Доминго на Эспаньоле адмирал Уильям Пенн и генерал Роберт Венейблс возглавили вторжение на Ямайку в 1655 году. [42] Сражения при Очо-Риос в 1657 году и Рио-Нуэво в 1658 году привели к поражениям испанцев; в 1660 году община маронов под руководством Хуана де Боласа перешла на сторону испанцев и начала поддерживать англичан. С их помощью испанцы одержали победу. [43] В 1661 году было сформировано английское гражданское правительство, и солдаты-круглоголовые обратили свое внимание на управление и сельскохозяйственные обязанности. [44]

Когда англичане захватили Ямайку, большинство испанских колонистов бежали, за исключением испанских евреев, которые решили остаться. Испанские рабовладельцы освободили своих рабов перед тем, как уйти. [43] Многие рабы рассеялись по горам, присоединившись к уже существующим общинам маронов . [45] За столетия рабства ямайские мароны основали свободные общины в горных внутренних районах Ямайки, где они сохраняли свою свободу и независимость на протяжении поколений под руководством лидеров маронов, таких как Хуан де Серрас . [46]

Тем временем испанцы предприняли несколько попыток вернуть себе остров, что побудило британцев поддержать пиратов, нападавших на испанские корабли в Карибском море; в результате пиратство на Ямайке стало свирепствовать, а город Порт-Ройял прославился своим беззаконием. Позже Испания признала английское владение островом по Мадридскому договору (1670) . [47] После этого английские власти попытались обуздать худшие проявления пиратства. [26]

В 1660 году население Ямайки составляло около 4500 белых и 1500 черных. [48] К началу 1670-х годов, когда англичане разбили плантации сахарного тростника, на которых работало большое количество рабов, чернокожие африканцы составляли большинство населения. [49] Ирландцы на Ямайке также составляли большую часть раннего населения острова, составляя две трети белого населения на острове в конце 17 века, что вдвое больше, чем население англичан. Они были привезены в качестве наемных рабочих и солдат после завоевания 1655 года. Большинство ирландцев были насильно вывезены из Ирландии в качестве политических военнопленных в результате продолжающихся Войн Трех Королевств . [50] Миграция большого количества ирландцев на остров продолжалась в 18 веке. [51]

Ограниченная форма местного самоуправления была введена с созданием Палаты собрания Ямайки в 1664 году; однако она представляла лишь незначительное число богатых владельцев плантаций. [52] В 1692 году колония была потрясена землетрясением , которое привело к гибели нескольких тысяч человек и почти полному разрушению Порт-Рояла. [53]

18–19 вв.

Плантация, сожженная во время Баптистской войны 1831–1832 гг.

В 1700-х годах экономика процветала, в основном за счет сахара и других экспортных культур, таких как кофе , хлопок и индиго . Все эти культуры обрабатывались чернокожими рабами, которые жили недолго и часто жестокой жизнью без каких-либо прав, будучи собственностью небольшого класса плантаторов. [26] В 18 веке рабы сбегали и присоединялись к маронам во все большем количестве, что привело к Первой войне маронов (1728 – 1739/40), которая закончилась тупиком. Британское правительство запросило мира и подписало договоры с подветренными маронами во главе с Каджо и Аккомпонгом в 1739 году и с наветренными маронами во главе с Куао и королевой Нанни в 1740 году. [54]

Крупное восстание рабов, известное как Война Тэкки , вспыхнуло в 1760 году, но было подавлено британцами и их союзниками маронами. [55] После второго конфликта в 1795–1796 годах многие мароны из маронского города Каджо (Трелони-Таун) были изгнаны в Новую Шотландию , а затем в Сьерра-Леоне . [26]

К началу 19 века зависимость Ямайки от рабского труда и плантационной экономики привела к тому, что чернокожее население превысило численность белых в соотношении почти 20 к 1. Хотя британцы запретили импорт рабов, некоторые из них все еще ввозились контрабандой из испанских колоний и напрямую из Африки. [ необходима цитата ] Планируя отмену рабства, британский парламент принял законы для улучшения условий содержания рабов. Они запретили использование кнутов в поле и порку женщин; сообщили плантаторам, что рабам должно быть разрешено религиозное обучение, и потребовали свободного дня в течение каждой недели, когда рабы могли бы продавать свою продукцию, [56] запретив воскресные рынки, чтобы рабы могли посещать церковь. [ необходима цитата ] Палата собрания Ямайки возмутилась и сопротивлялась новым законам. Члены, членство которых тогда ограничивалось ямайцами европейского происхождения, утверждали, что рабы довольны, и возражали против вмешательства парламента в дела острова. Рабовладельцы опасались возможных восстаний в случае смягчения условий.

Харбор-стрит, Кингстон, ок.  1820 г.

Британцы отменили работорговлю в 1807 году, но не сам институт. [57] В 1831 году вспыхнуло крупное восстание рабов, известное как Баптистская война , во главе с баптистским проповедником Сэмюэлем Шарпом . Восстание привело к сотням смертей и уничтожению многих плантаций, а также к жестоким репрессиям со стороны класса плантаторов. [58] В результате таких восстаний, а также усилий аболиционистов, Британия запретила рабство в своей империи в 1834 году, а в 1838 году было объявлено о полном освобождении от рабства движимого имущества. [26] Население в 1834 году составляло 371 070 человек, из которых 15 000 были белыми, 5 000 свободными черными; 40 000 «цветных» или свободных цветных людей ( смешанная раса ); и 311 070 были рабами. [48] ​​Возникшая нехватка рабочей силы побудила британцев начать «импортировать» наемных слуг для пополнения резерва рабочей силы, поскольку многие вольноотпущенники отказывались работать на плантациях. [26] Рабочие, набранные из Индии, начали прибывать в 1845 году, китайские рабочие — в 1854 году . [59] Многие ямайцы являются потомками выходцев из Южной Азии и китайцев. [60] [61] В течение следующих 20 лет на острове произошло несколько эпидемий холеры , скарлатины и оспы , в результате которых погибло почти 60 000 человек (примерно 10 человек в день). [ требуется ссылка ] Тем не менее, в 1871 году перепись зафиксировала численность населения в 506 154 человека, из которых 246 573 были мужчинами и 259 581 женщинами. Их расы были зарегистрированы как 13 101 белый, 100 346 цветных (известных как класс Браунинга) и 392 707 черных. [62] В этот период наблюдался экономический спад, и многие ямайцы жили в нищете. Недовольство этим, а также продолжающаяся расовая дискриминация и маргинализация черного большинства привели к вспышке восстания в заливе Морант в 1865 году под предводительством Пола Богла , которое было подавлено губернатором Джоном Эйром с такой жестокостью, что он был отозван со своей должности. [26] Его преемник, Джон Питер Грант , провел ряд социальных, финансовых и политических реформ, стремясь сохранить твердое британское правление на острове, который стал колонией короны в 1866 году. [26] В 1872 году столица была перенесена из Спэниш-Тауна в Кингстон. [26]

Начало 20 века

Маркус Гарви , основатель движения «Назад в Африку» и первый национальный герой Ямайки

В 1907 году на Ямайке произошло землетрясение , которое вместе с последовавшим за ним пожаром привело к значительным разрушениям в Кингстоне и стало причиной гибели от 800 до 1000 человек. [63] [26]

Безработица и бедность оставались проблемой для многих ямайцев. В результате возникли различные движения, стремящиеся к политическим переменам, наиболее заметными из которых были Всеобщая ассоциация по улучшению положения негров и Лига африканских общин, основанная Маркусом Гарви в 1917 году. Помимо стремления к большим политическим правам и улучшению положения рабочих, Гарви также был видным панафриканистом и сторонником движения «Назад в Африку» . [64] Он также был одним из главных вдохновителей растафари, религии, основанной на Ямайке в 1930-х годах, которая сочетала христианство с афроцентрической теологией, сосредоточенной на фигуре Хайле Селассие , императора Эфиопии . Несмотря на периодические преследования, растафари превратилось в устоявшуюся веру на острове, позже распространившуюся за рубежом.

Великая депрессия 1930-х годов сильно ударила по Ямайке. В рамках британских рабочих беспорядков в Вест-Индии в 1934–39 годах на Ямайке прошли многочисленные забастовки, кульминацией которых стала забастовка в 1938 году, переросшая в бунт. [65] [26] [66] В результате британское правительство учредило комиссию для расследования причин беспорядков; в их докладе рекомендовалось провести политические и экономические реформы в британских колониях на Карибских островах. [26] [67] В 1944 году была создана новая Палата представителей, избираемая всеобщим голосованием для взрослых. [26] В этот период на Ямайке возникла двухпартийная система с созданием Ямайской лейбористской партии (ЯЛП) под руководством Александра Бустаманте и Народной национальной партии (ННП) под руководством Нормана Мэнли . [26]

Ямайка постепенно приобретала все большую автономию от Соединенного Королевства. В 1958 году она стала провинцией в Федерации Вест-Индии , федерации нескольких британских колоний в Карибском море . [26] Однако членство в Федерации оказалось спорным, и на референдуме по этому вопросу небольшое большинство проголосовало за выход. [26] После выхода из Федерации Ямайка обрела полную независимость 6 августа 1962 года . [26] Однако новое государство сохранило свое членство в Содружестве Наций (с британским монархом в качестве главы государства) и приняло парламентскую систему в стиле Вестминстера . Бустаманте в возрасте 78 лет стал первым премьер-министром страны. [68] [69]

Эпоха после обретения независимости

Сильный экономический рост, составлявший в среднем около 6% в год, ознаменовал первые десять лет независимости при консервативных правительствах ЯЛП; их возглавляли следующие друг за другом премьер-министры Александр Бустаманте, Дональд Сангстер (который умер от естественных причин в течение двух месяцев после вступления в должность) и Хью Ширер . [26] Рост был обусловлен высоким уровнем частных инвестиций в бокситы / глинозем , туризм , обрабатывающую промышленность и, в меньшей степени, сельскохозяйственный сектор. На всеобщих выборах на Ямайке 1967 года ЯЛП снова одержала победу, завоевав 33 из 53 мест, а ННП заняла 20 мест. [70]

В плане внешней политики Ямайка стала членом Движения неприсоединения , стремясь сохранить прочные связи с Великобританией и Соединенными Штатами, а также развивать связи с коммунистическими государствами, такими как Куба. [26]

Майкл Мэнли, премьер-министр 1972–1980 и 1989–1992 гг.

Оптимизм первого десятилетия сопровождался растущим чувством неравенства среди многих афро-ямайцев и обеспокоенностью тем, что выгоды от роста не распределяются среди городской бедноты, многие из которой в конечном итоге живут в охваченных преступностью трущобах Кингстона. [26] Это привело к тому, что избиратели проголосовали за PNP под руководством Майкла Мэнли в 1972 году. PNP получила 37 мест против 16 у JLP. [70]

Правительство Мэнли провело ряд социальных реформ, таких как повышение минимальной заработной платы , земельная реформа, законодательство о равенстве женщин, большее жилищное строительство и увеличение образовательных программ. [71] [26] На международном уровне он улучшил связи с коммунистическим блоком и решительно выступил против режима апартеида в Южной Африке . [26]

В 1976 году PNP снова одержала убедительную победу, завоевав 47 мест против 13 у JLP. Явка была очень высокой — 85 процентов. [72] Однако в этот период экономика пошатнулась из-за сочетания внутренних и внешних факторов (таких как нефтяные шоки). [26] Соперничество между JLP и PNP стало интенсивным, а политическое и связанное с бандами насилие значительно возросло в этот период. [26]

К 1980 году валовой национальный продукт Ямайки снизился примерно на 25% по сравнению с уровнем 1972 года. [ нужна цитата ] Стремясь к переменам, ямайцы проголосовали за возвращение JLP в 1980 году под руководством Эдварда Сиаги , JLP выиграла 51 место против девяти мест PNP. [70] [26] Будучи убежденным антикоммунистом, Сиага разорвал связи с Кубой и отправил войска для поддержки вторжения США в Гренаду в 1983 году. [26] Однако экономическое ухудшение продолжалось до середины 1980-х годов, усугубляемое рядом факторов. Крупнейшие и третьи по величине производители глинозема, Alpart и Alcoa , закрылись; и произошло значительное сокращение производства вторым по величине производителем, Alcan . [ нужна цитата ] Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. покинула ямайскую промышленность. Также наблюдался спад в сфере туризма, который был важен для экономики. [ необходима цитата ] Из-за растущего внешнего и внутреннего долга, сопровождавшегося большим бюджетным дефицитом, правительство обратилось за финансированием к Международному валютному фонду (МВФ), которое зависело от реализации различных мер жесткой экономии. [26] Это привело к забастовкам в 1985 году и снижению поддержки правительства Сиаги, усугубленному критикой реакции правительства на разрушения, вызванные ураганом Гилберт в 1988 году. [26] [73] Теперь, снизив акцент на социализме и заняв более центристскую позицию, Майкл Мэнли и ННП были переизбраны в 1989 году , получив 45 мест против 15 у ЛПЯ. [74] [26]

PNP продолжала побеждать на выборах под руководством премьер-министров Майкла Мэнли (1989–1992), П. Дж. Паттерсона (1992–2005) и Порции Симпсон-Миллер (2005–2007). На всеобщих выборах на Ямайке 1993 года Паттерсон привел PNP к победе, завоевав 52 места против восьми мест у JLP. Паттерсон также победил на всеобщих выборах на Ямайке 1997 года , снова с разгромным перевесом в 50 мест против 10 мест у JLP. [72] Третья победа Паттерсона подряд пришлась на всеобщих выборах на Ямайке 2002 года , когда PNP сохранила власть, но с сокращенным большинством мест с 34 до 26. Паттерсон ушла в отставку 26 февраля 2006 года и была заменена Порцией Симпсон-Миллер , первой женщиной-премьер-министром Ямайки. Явка избирателей медленно снижалась в течение этого периода времени: с 67,4% в 1993 году до 59,1% в 2002 году. [74]

В этот период были введены различные экономические реформы, такие как дерегулирование финансового сектора и плавающий ямайский доллар, а также большие инвестиции в инфраструктуру, при этом сохраняя сильную систему социальной защиты. [26] Политическое насилие, столь распространенное в предыдущие два десятилетия, значительно снизилось. [26] [75]

В 2007 году PNP потерпела поражение от JLP с небольшим перевесом в 32 места против 28 при явке 61,46%. [76] Эти выборы положили конец 18 годам правления PNP, и Брюс Голдинг стал новым премьер-министром. [77] Срок полномочий Голдинга (2007–2010) был определен последствиями глобальной рецессии , а также последствиями попытки ямайской полиции и военных арестовать наркобарона Кристофера Коука в 2010 году, которая вылилась в насилие, в результате которого погибло более 70 человек. [26] [78] В результате этого инцидента Голдинг ушел в отставку и был заменен Эндрю Холнессом в 2011 году.

Независимость, как бы широко она ни праздновалась на Ямайке, была поставлена ​​под сомнение в начале 21-го века. В 2011 году опрос показал, что примерно 60% ямайцев считают, что страна была бы лучше, если бы оставалась британской колонией, и только 17% полагают, что было бы хуже, ссылаясь на годы социального и финансового бесхозяйственного управления в стране. [79] [80] Холнесс и JLP потерпели поражение на ямайских всеобщих выборах 2011 года , на которых Портия Симпсон-Миллер и PNP вернулись к власти. Количество мест было увеличено до 63, и PNP пришла к власти с убедительным перевесом в 42 места против 21 у JLP. Явка избирателей составила 53,17%. [81]

JLP Холнесса одержала победу на всеобщих выборах 2016 года с небольшим перевесом, победив PNP Симпсона-Миллера 25 февраля. PNP получила 31 место против 32 у JLP. В результате Симпсон-Миллер стала лидером оппозиции во второй раз. Явка избирателей впервые опустилась ниже 50%, составив всего 48,37%. [82]

На всеобщих выборах 2020 года Эндрю Холнесс вошел в историю для JLP, одержав вторую победу подряд для Лейбористской партии Ямайки, завоевав 49 мест против 14, полученных PNP, на этот раз во главе с Питером Филлипсом . В последний раз JLP одерживала победу подряд в 1980 году. Однако явка на этих выборах составила всего 37%, вероятно, из-за пандемии коронавируса. [83]

Правительство и политика

Король Карл III
Внутри парламента Ямайки

Ямайка — парламентская демократия и конституционная монархия . [9] [84] Глава государства — король Ямайки (в настоящее время король Карл III ), [85] представленный на местном уровне генерал-губернатором Ямайки . [86] [9] [84] Генерал-губернатор номинируется премьер-министром Ямайки и всем Кабинетом министров, а затем официально назначается монархом. Все члены Кабинета министров назначаются генерал-губернатором по рекомендации премьер-министра. Монарх и генерал-губернатор выполняют в основном церемониальные роли, за исключением их резервных полномочий для использования в определенных ситуациях конституционного кризиса. Положение монарха является предметом постоянных дебатов на Ямайке в течение многих лет; в настоящее время обе основные политические партии привержены переходу к республике с президентом. [87] [88]

Действующая конституция Ямайки была разработана в 1962 году двухпартийным совместным комитетом законодательного органа Ямайки. Она вступила в силу с принятием Закона о независимости Ямайки 1962 года, который был принят парламентом Соединенного Королевства и предоставил Ямайке независимость. [84]

Парламент Ямайки двухпалатный , состоящий из Палаты представителей (нижняя палата) и Сената (верхняя палата). Члены Палаты (известные как члены парламента или депутаты ) избираются напрямую, и член Палаты представителей, который, по мнению генерал-губернатора, лучше всего способен завоевать доверие большинства членов этой палаты, назначается генерал-губернатором на пост премьер-министра. Сенаторы выдвигаются совместно премьер-министром и парламентским лидером оппозиции , а затем назначаются генерал-губернатором. [84]

Судебная система Ямайки действует на основе системы общего права , основанной на английском праве и прецедентах Содружества Наций . [84] Судом последней апелляционной инстанции является Судебный комитет Тайного совета , хотя в 2000-х годах парламент пытался заменить его Карибским судом . [ требуется ссылка ]

Политические партии и выборы

На Ямайке традиционно существовала двухпартийная система , при которой власть часто переходила из рук в руки между Народной национальной партией (PNP) и Лейбористской партией Ямайки (JLP). [84] Партией с текущей административной и законодательной властью является Лейбористская партия Ямайки после ее победы в 2020 году. Есть также несколько мелких партий, которым еще предстоит получить место в парламенте; крупнейшей из них является Национальное демократическое движение (NDM).

Военный

Ямайские солдаты тренируются стрелять из самозарядной винтовки L1A1 в 2002 году.

Силы обороны Ямайки (JDF) — небольшие, но профессиональные военные силы Ямайки. [9] JDF основаны на британской военной модели с похожей организацией, подготовкой, оружием и традициями. После отбора кандидаты в офицеры направляются на один из нескольких британских или канадских базовых офицерских курсов в зависимости от рода войск. Рядовые солдаты проходят базовую подготовку в лагере Up Park Camp или на учебном складе JDF в Ньюкасле, оба в Сент-Эндрю. Как и в британской модели, унтер-офицеры проходят несколько уровней профессиональной подготовки по мере продвижения по службе. Дополнительные военные школы доступны для специализированной подготовки в Канаде, Соединенных Штатах и ​​Соединенном Королевстве. [ необходима цитата ]

JDF напрямую произошли от Вест-Индского полка британской армии , который был сформирован в колониальную эпоху. [89] Вест-Индский полк широко использовался по всей Британской империи для поддержания порядка в империи с 1795 по 1926 год. Другие подразделения в наследии JDF включают раннюю колониальную Ямайскую милицию, пехотных добровольцев Кингстона Первой мировой войны и реорганизованных в Ямайских пехотных добровольцев во Второй мировой войне. Вест-Индский полк был реформирован в 1958 году как часть Вест-Индской федерации , после роспуска федерации был создан JDF. [90]

Силы обороны Ямайки (JDF) состоят из пехотного полка и резервного корпуса, авиакрыла, флота береговой охраны и вспомогательного инженерного подразделения. [91] Пехотный полк состоит из 1-го, 2-го и 3-го (Национальный резерв) батальонов. Воздушное крыло JDF разделено на три летных подразделения, учебное подразделение, подразделение поддержки и воздушное крыло JDF (Национальный резерв). Береговая охрана разделена на морские экипажи и вспомогательные экипажи, которые обеспечивают безопасность на море и соблюдение морского закона, а также выполняют операции, связанные с обороной. [92]

Роль батальона поддержки заключается в оказании поддержки для увеличения численности в бою и проведении обучения по повышению квалификации с целью обеспечения готовности сил. [93] 1-й инженерный полк был сформирован в связи с возросшим спросом на военных инженеров, и их роль заключается в предоставлении инженерных услуг в любое время и в любом месте, где они необходимы. [94] Штаб-квартира JDF включает командующего JDF, командный состав, а также разведку, офис военного адвоката, административный и закупочный отделы. [95]

В последние годы JDF был призван помогать полиции страны, Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), в борьбе с контрабандой наркотиков и ростом уровня преступности, который включает один из самых высоких показателей убийств в мире. Подразделения JDF активно проводят вооруженное патрулирование с JCF в районах с высоким уровнем преступности и известных бандитских кварталах. Были как громкие споры, так и поддержка этой роли JDF. В начале 2005 года лидер оппозиции Эдвард Сиага призвал к слиянию JDF и JCF. Это не получило поддержки ни в одной из организаций, ни среди большинства граждан. [ необходима цитата ] В 2017 году Ямайка подписала Договор ООН о запрещении ядерного оружия . [96]

Ямайка занимает 91-е место в списке самых миролюбивых стран мира по версии Глобального индекса миролюбия за 2024 год . [97]

Административное деление

Ямайка разделена на 14 приходов , которые сгруппированы в три исторических округа , не имеющих административного значения. [84]

В контексте местного самоуправления приходы называются «Местными органами власти». Эти местные органы власти далее именуются «Муниципальными корпорациями», которые являются либо городскими муниципалитетами, либо поселковыми муниципалитетами. [98] Любой новый городской муниципалитет должен иметь население не менее 50 000 человек, а городской муниципалитет — число, установленное министром местного самоуправления. [98] В настоящее время городских муниципалитетов нет.

Местные органы власти приходов Кингстон и Сент-Эндрюс объединены в городской муниципалитет Kingston & St. Andrew Municipal Corporation. Самый новый городской муниципалитет — муниципалитет Портмора, созданный в 2003 году. Хотя географически он расположен в приходе Сент-Кэтрин, он управляется независимо.

HanoverSaint ElizabethSaint JamesTrelawny ParishWestmorelandClarendonManchesterSaint AnnSaint CatherineSaint MaryKingston ParishPortlandSaint AndrewSaint Thomas

География и окружающая среда

Doctor's Cave Beach Club — популярное место в Монтего-Бей .
Голубые горы

Ямайка — третий по величине остров в Карибском море. [99] Он расположен между 17° и 19° северной широты и 76° и 79° западной долготы . Горы доминируют во внутренних районах: горы Дон-Фигеро, Санта-Крус и Мэй-Дэй на западе, горы Драй-Харбор в центре, а также горы Джона Кроу и Голубые горы на востоке, последние включают Голубую гору , самую высокую гору Ямайки высотой 2256 м. [9] [84] Они окружены узкой прибрежной равниной. [100] [9] На Ямайке есть два города, первый из которых — Кингстон , столица и деловой центр, расположенный на южном побережье, а второй — Монтего-Бей , один из самых известных городов Карибского бассейна для туризма, расположенный на северном побережье. Гавань Кингстона является седьмой по величине естественной гаванью в мире, [101] что способствовало назначению города столицей в 1872 году. Другие известные города включают Портмор , Спэниш-Таун , Саванна-ла-Мар , Мандевиль и курортные города Очо-Риос , Порт-Антонио и Негрил . [102]

Туристические достопримечательности включают водопады Даннс-Ривер в Сент-Энн, водопады YS в Сент-Элизабет, Голубую лагуну в Портленде , кратер спящего вулкана, [103] и Порт-Ройял , место крупного землетрясения в 1692 году, которое помогло сформировать кратер Палисадо на острове . [104]

Среди разнообразия наземных, водных и морских экосистем есть сухие и влажные известняковые леса, тропические леса, прибрежные леса, водно-болотные угодья, пещеры, реки, заросли морской травы и коралловые рифы. Власти признали огромное значение и потенциал окружающей среды и обозначили некоторые из наиболее «плодородных» территорий как «охраняемые». Среди охраняемых территорий острова — заповедники Cockpit Country , Hellshire Hills и Litchfield. В 1992 году в Монтего-Бей был создан первый морской парк Ямайки, охватывающий почти 15 квадратных километров (5,8 квадратных миль). Охраняемая территория Portland Bight была определена в 1999 году. [105] В следующем году был создан национальный парк Blue and John Crow Mountains , охватывающий примерно 300 квадратных миль (780 км 2 ) дикой местности, где обитают тысячи видов деревьев и папоротников, а также редкие животные.

У побережья Ямайки есть несколько небольших островов, наиболее заметными из которых являются те, что находятся в Портленд-Байт, такие как Pigeon Island, Salt Island, Dolphin Island, Long Island, Great Goat Island и Little Goat Island , а также Lime Cay, расположенный восточнее. Гораздо дальше — примерно в 50–80 км от южного побережья — лежат очень маленькие Morant Cays и Pedro Cays .

Климат

Классификация климата Ямайки по Кеппену

Климат на Ямайке тропический, с жаркой и влажной погодой, хотя более высокие внутренние регионы более умеренные. [106] [84] Некоторые регионы на южном побережье, такие как равнина Лигуанеа и равнины Педро, являются относительно сухими дождевыми теневыми территориями. [107]

Ямайка находится в Главном регионе развития атлантической тропической циклонической активности, и из-за этого остров иногда страдает от значительного ущерба от штормов. [108] [84] Ураганы Чарли и Гилберт обрушились на Ямайку напрямую в 1951 и 1988 годах соответственно, вызвав значительный ущерб и множество смертей. В 2000-х годах (десятилетие) ураганы Иван , Дин и Густав также принесли на остров суровую погоду.

Флора и фауна

Национальная птица Ямайки — красноклювый стримерхвост.
Ямайский удав
Ямайская рыба-попугай

Климат Ямайки тропический, поддерживающий разнообразные экосистемы с богатством растений и животных. Его растительный мир значительно изменился за столетия; когда в 1494 году прибыли испанцы, за исключением небольших сельскохозяйственных полян, страна была густо покрыта лесами. Европейские поселенцы вырубили большие строевые деревья для строительства и поставок кораблей, и расчистили равнины, саванны и горные склоны для интенсивного земледелия. [84] Было завезено много новых растений, включая сахарный тростник, бананы и цитрусовые деревья. [84]

Ямайка является домом для около 3000 видов местных цветковых растений (из которых более 1000 являются эндемичными и 200 являются видами орхидей ), тысяч видов нецветущей флоры и около 20 ботанических садов , некоторые из которых имеют возраст в несколько сотен лет. [109] [110] Районы с обильными осадками также содержат заросли бамбука, папоротников, черного дерева, красного дерева и палисандра. Кактусы и подобные растения засушливых районов встречаются вдоль южной и юго-западной прибрежной зоны. Части запада и юго-запада состоят из больших лугов с разбросанными зарослями деревьев. Ямайка является домом для трех наземных экорегионов : ямайских влажных лесов , ямайских сухих лесов и мангровых зарослей Больших Антильских островов . Средний балл Индекса целостности лесного ландшафта за 2019 год составил 5,01/10, что ставит страну на 110-е место в мире из 172 стран. [111]

Фауна Ямайки, типичная для Карибского бассейна, включает в себя весьма разнообразную дикую природу со множеством эндемичных видов. Как и на других океанических островах, наземные млекопитающие в основном представлены несколькими видами летучих мышей , из которых по крайней мере три эндемичных вида встречаются только в Кокпит-Кантри, один из которых находится под угрозой. Другие виды летучих мышей включают инжироядных и волосатохвостых летучих мышей . Единственное местное млекопитающее, не являющееся летучими мышами, сохранившееся на Ямайке, — ямайская хутия , местное название которой — кролик. [84] Также распространены завезенные млекопитающие, такие как дикий кабан и малый азиатский мангуст . Ямайка также является домом для около 50 видов рептилий, [112] самым крупным из которых является американский крокодил ; однако он присутствует только в пределах Черной реки и нескольких других областей. Ящерицы, такие как анолисы , игуаны и змеи, такие как полозы и ямайский удав (крупнейшая змея на острове), распространены в таких областях, как Кокпит-Кантри. Ни один из восьми видов местных змей Ямайки не является ядовитым. [113]

Jamaica is home to about 289 species of birds of which 27 are endemic including the endangered black-Billed parrots and the Jamaican blackbird, both of which are only found in Cockpit Country. It is also the indigenous home to four species of hummingbirds (three of which are found nowhere else in the world): the black-billed streamertail, the Jamaican mango, the Vervain hummingbird, and red-billed streamertails. The red-billed streamertail, known locally as the "doctor bird", is Jamaica's National Symbol.[114][84] Other notable species include the Jamaican tody and the Greater flamingo,[115]

One species of freshwater turtle is native to Jamaica, the Jamaican slider. It is found only on Jamaica and on a few islands in the Bahamas. In addition, many types of frogs are common on the island, especially treefrogs.

Jamaican waters contain considerable resources of fresh and saltwater fish.[116] The chief varieties of saltwater fish are kingfish, jack, mackerel, whiting, bonito, and tuna. Fish that occasionally enter freshwater and estuarine environments include snook, jewfish, mangrove snapper, and mullets. Fish that spend the majority of their lives in Jamaica's fresh waters include many species of livebearers, killifish, freshwater gobies, the mountain mullet, and the American eel. Tilapia have been introduced from Africa for aquaculture, and are very common. Also visible in the waters surrounding Jamaica are dolphins, parrotfish, and the endangered manatee.[117]

Insects and other invertebrates are abundant, including the world's largest centipede, the Amazonian giant centipede. Jamaica is the home to about 150 species of butterflies and moths, including 35 indigenous species and 22 subspecies. It is also the native home to the Jamaican swallowtail, the western hemisphere's largest butterfly.[118]

Aquatic life

Coral reef ecosystems are important because they provide people with a source of livelihood, food, recreation, and medicinal compounds and protect the land on which they live.[119] Jamaica relies on the ocean and its ecosystem for its development. However, the marine life in Jamaica is also being affected. There could be many factors that contribute to marine life not having the best health. Jamaica's geological origin, topographical features and seasonal high rainfall make it susceptible to a range of natural hazards that can affect the coastal and oceanic environments. These include storm surge, slope failures (landslides), earthquakes, floods and hurricanes.[120] Coral reefs in the Negril Marine Park (NMP), Jamaica, have been increasingly impacted by nutrient pollution and macroalgal blooms following decades of intensive development as a major tourist destination.[121]

White River Rafting

Another one of those factors could include tourism: being that Jamaica is a very touristy place, the island draws numerous people travelling here from all over the world. The Jamaican tourism industry accounts for 32% of total employment and 36% of the country's GDP and is largely based on the sun, sea and sand, the last two of these attributes being dependent on healthy coral reef ecosystems.[119] Because of Jamaica's tourism, they have developed a study to see if the tourist would be willing to help financially to manage their marine ecosystem because Jamaica alone is unable to. The ocean connects all the countries all over the world, however, everyone and everything is affecting the flow and life in the ocean. Jamaica is a very touristy place specifically because of their beaches. If their oceans are not functioning at their best then the well-being of Jamaica and the people who live there will start to deteriorate. According to the OECD, oceans contribute $1.5 trillion annually in value-added to the overall economy.[122] A developing country on an island will get the majority of their revenue from their ocean.

Pollution

Pollution comes from run-off, sewage systems, and garbage. However, this typically all ends up in the ocean after there is rain or floods. Everything that ends up in the water changes the quality and balance of the ocean. Poor coastal water quality has adversely affected fisheries, tourism and mariculture, as well as undermining biological sustainability of the living resources of ocean and coastal habitats.[120] Jamaica imports and exports many goods through their waters. Some of the imports that go into Jamaica include petroleum and petroleum products. Issues include accidents at sea; risk of spills through local and international transport of petroleum and petroleum products.[120] Oil spills can disrupt the marine life with chemicals that are not normally found in the ocean. Other forms of pollution also occur in Jamaica. Solid waste disposal mechanisms in Jamaica are currently inadequate.[120] The solid waste gets into the water through rainfall forces. Solid waste is also harmful to wildlife, particularly birds, fish and turtles that feed at the surface of the water and mistake floating debris for food.[120] For example, plastic can be caught around birds' and turtles' necks, making it difficult to eat and breath as they begin to grow, causing the plastic to get tighter around their necks. Pieces of plastic, metal, and glass can be mistaken for the food fish eat. Each Jamaican generates 1 kg (2 lbs) of waste per day; only 70% of this is collected by National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA)—the remaining 30% is either burnt or disposed of in gullies/waterways.[123]

Environmental policies

There are policies that are being put into place to help preserve the ocean and the life below water. The goal of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is to improve the quality of life of human communities who depend on coastal resources while maintaining the biological diversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems.[120] Developing an underdeveloped country can impact the oceans ecosystem because of all the construction that would be done to develop the country. Over-building, driven by powerful market forces as well as poverty among some sectors of the population, and destructive exploitation contribute to the decline of ocean and coastal resources.[120] Developing practices that will contribute to the lives of the people but also to the life of the ocean and its ecosystem. Some of these practices include: Develop sustainable fisheries practices, ensure sustainable mariculture techniques and practices, sustainable management of shipping, and promote sustainable tourism practices.[120]

Demographics

Ethnic origins

Montego Bay, Jamaica's second-largest city

Breakdown of the Responses of the 2011 official census by the University of the West Indies.[1]

Jamaica's diverse ethnic roots are reflected in the national motto "Out of Many One People". That Motto of Out of Many One People is disputed by many on the island - because Jamaica is overwhelmingly a single race and they think it was made so because the founding fathers[writers of the country's constitution] of Jamaica were made up of men who were mostly White or Members of the 'Browning or Brown Man Class' - which misrepresented the views of the country's majority Black population.[124][125][126]

Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est.)[9] are of African or partially African descent, with many being able to trace their origins to the West African countries of present-day Ghana and Nigeria.[84][127] Other major ancestral areas are Europe,[60] South Asia, and East Asia.[citation needed] It is uncommon for Jamaicans to identify themselves by race as is prominent in other countries such as the United States, with most Jamaicans seeing Jamaican nationality as an identity in and of itself, identifying as simply being "Jamaican" regardless of ethnicity.[128][129] A study found that the average admixture on the island was 78.3% Sub-Saharan African, 16.0% European, and 5.7% East Asian.[130]

A more precise study conducted by the local University of the West Indies - Jamaica's population is more accurately 76.3% African descent or Black, 15.1% Afro-European (or locally called the Brown Man or Browning Class), 3.4% East Indian and Afro-East Indian, 3.2% Caucasian, 1.2% Chinese and 0.8% Other.[1]

The Jamaican Maroons of Accompong and other settlements are the descendants of African slaves who fled the plantations for the interior where they set up their own autonomous communities.[131][132][133] Many Maroons continue to have their own traditions and speak their own language, known locally as Kromanti.[134]

Asians form the third-largest group (after the Browning Class – i.e. descendants of the mulattos during slavery and other interracial mixtures subsequent to emancipation) and include Indo-Jamaicans and Chinese Jamaicans.[135] Most are descended from indentured workers brought by the British colonial government to fill labour shortages following the abolition of slavery in 1838. Along with their Indian counterparts, Chinese Jamaicans have also played an integral part in Jamaica's community and history.[citation needed]

There are about 20,000 Jamaicans who have Lebanese and Syrian ancestry.[136] Most were Christian immigrants who fled the Ottoman occupation of Lebanon in the early 19th century. Eventually their descendants became very successful politicians and businessmen.[citation needed]

The first wave of English immigrants arrived to the island 1655 after conquering the Spanish, and they have historically been the dominant group. The first Irish immigrants came to Jamaica in the 1600s as war prisoners and later, indentured labour. The Scots have also made a significant impact on the island. According to the Scotland Herald newspaper, Jamaica has more people using the Campbell surnames than the population of Scotland itself, and the highest percentage of Scottish surnames outside of Scotland. Scottish surnames account to about 60% of the surnames in the Jamaican telephone directories.[citation needed] The first Jamaican inhabitants from Scotland were exiled "rebels". They were later followed by ambitious businessmen who spent time between their great country estates in Scotland and the island. As a result, many of the slave-owning plantations on the island were owned by Scottish men, leading to a large number of mixed-race Jamaicans with Scottish ancestry. High immigration from Scotland continued until well after independence.[citation needed]

Northern suburbs of Kingston, Jamaica's capital and largest city

There is also a significant Jamaican population of Portuguese descent that is predominantly of Sephardic Jewish heritage.[137][138][139][140] The first Jews arrived as explorers from Spain in the 15th century after being forced to choose between expulsion or conversion to Christianity. A small number of them became slave-owners or pirates.[141] Judaism eventually became very influential in Jamaica and can be seen today with many Jewish cemeteries around the country. During the Holocaust Jamaica became a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe.[142]

By 2015 immigration had increased, coming mainly from China, Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, and Latin America; 20,000 Latin Americans lived in Jamaica.[143] In 2016, Prime Minister Andrew Holness suggested making Spanish Jamaica's second official language.[144] About 7,000 Americans live in Jamaica.[citation needed]

Languages

Jamaica is regarded as a bilingual country, with two major languages in use by the population.[145][135] The official language is (Jamaican) English, which is "used in all domains of public life", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an English-based creole called Jamaican Patois (or Patwa). The two exist in a dialect continuum, with speakers using a different register of speech depending on context and whom they are speaking to. "Pure" Patois, though sometimes seen as merely a particularly aberrant dialect of English, is essentially mutually unintelligible with standard English and is best thought of as a separate language.[84] A 2007 survey by the Jamaican Language Unit found that 17.1 percent of the population were monolingual in Jamaican Standard English (JSE), 36.5 percent were monolingual in Patois, and 46.4 percent were bilingual, although earlier surveys had pointed to a greater degree of bilinguality (up to 90 percent).[146] The Jamaican education system had only in about 2015 begun to offer formal instruction in Patois, while retaining JSE as the "official language of instruction".[147]

Additionally, some Jamaicans use one or more of Jamaican Sign Language (JSL), American Sign Language (ASL) or the declining indigenous Jamaican Country Sign Language (Konchri Sain).[148] Both JSL and ASL are rapidly replacing Konchri Sain for a variety of reasons.[148]

Emigration

Many Jamaicans have emigrated to other countries, especially to the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence.[149] There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to other Caribbeans countries such as Cuba,[150] Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. It was estimated in 2004 that up to 2.5 million Jamaicans and Jamaican descendants lived abroad.[151]

About 800,000 Jamaicans live in the United Kingdom, making them by far the country's largest African-Caribbean group. Large-scale migration from Jamaica to the UK occurred primarily in the 1950s and 1960s when the country was still under British rule. There are Jamaican communities in most large UK cities.[152] Concentrations of expatriate Jamaicans are quite considerable in numerous cities in the United States, including New York City, Buffalo, the Miami metro area, Atlanta, Chicago, Orlando, Tampa, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Hartford, Providence and Los Angeles.[153] In Canada, the Jamaican population is centred in Toronto,[154] with smaller communities in cities such as Hamilton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver and Ottawa.[155] Jamaican Canadians comprise about 30% of the entire Black Canadian population.[156][157]A notable though much smaller group of emigrants are Jamaicans in Ethiopia. These are mostly Rastafarians, in whose theological worldview Africa is the promised land, or "Zion", or more specifically Ethiopia, due to reverence in which former Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie is held.[158] Most live in the small town of Shashamane about 150 miles (240 km) south of the capital Addis Ababa.[159]

Crime

When Jamaica gained independence in 1962, the murder rate was 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the lowest in the world.[160] By 2009, the rate was 62 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest in the world.[161] Gang violence became a serious problem, with organised crime being centred around Jamaican posses or "Yardies". Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years, according to UN estimates.[162][163] Some areas of Jamaica, particularly poor areas in Kingston, Montego Bay and elsewhere experience high levels of crime and violence.[164]

However, there were 1,683 reported murders in 2009 and 1,447 in 2010.[165] After 2011 the murder rate continued to fall, following the downward trend in 2010, after a strategic programme was launched.[166] In 2012, the Ministry of National Security reported a 30 percent decrease in murders.[167] Nevertheless, in 2017 murders rose by 22% over the previous year.[168]

Many Jamaicans are hostile towards LGBT and intersex people,[169][170][171] and mob attacks against gay people have been reported.[172][173][174] Numerous high-profile dancehall and ragga artists have produced songs featuring explicitly homophobic lyrics.[175] This has prompted the formations of LGBT rights organisations such as Stop Murder Music.[176] Male homosexuality is illegal and punishable by imprisonment.[177][178]

Major cities

Religion

Mandeville Church (est. 1816), an Anglican church in Manchester Parish. Christianity is the largest religion in Jamaica.

Christianity is the largest religion practised in Jamaica.[84][9] About 70% are Protestants; Roman Catholics are just 2% of the population.[9] According to the 2001 census, the country's largest Protestant denominations are the Church of God (24%), Seventh-day Adventist Church (11%), Pentecostal (10%), Baptist (7%), Anglican (4%), United Church (2%), Methodist (2%), Moravian (1%) and Plymouth Brethren (1%).[14] Bedwardism is a form of Christianity native to the island, sometimes viewed as a separate faith.[179][180] The Christian faith gained acceptance as British Christian abolitionists and Baptist missionaries joined educated former slaves in the struggle against slavery.[181]

The Rastafari movement has 29,026 adherents, according to the 2011 census, with 25,325 Rastafarian males and 3,701 Rastafarian females.[14] The faith originated in Jamaica in the 1930s and though rooted in Christianity it is heavily Afrocentric in its focus, revering figures such as the Jamaican black nationalist Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie, the former Emperor of Ethiopia.[182][84] Rastafari has since spread across the globe, especially to areas with large black or African diasporas.[183][184]

Various faiths and traditional religious practices derived from Africa are practised on the island, notably Kumina, Convince, Myal and Obeah.[185][186][187]

Other religions in Jamaica include Jehovah's Witnesses (2% population), the Bahá'í faith, which counts perhaps 8,000 adherents[188] and 21 Local Spiritual Assemblies,[189] Mormonism,[190] Buddhism, and Hinduism.[191][192] The Hindu Diwali festival is celebrated yearly among the Indo-Jamaican community.[193][60]

There is also a small population of about 200 Jews, who describe themselves as Liberal-Conservative.[194] The first Jews in Jamaica trace their roots back to early 15th-century Spain and Portugal.[195] Kahal Kadosh Shaare Shalom, also known as the United Congregation of Israelites, is a historic synagogue located in the city of Kingston. Originally built in 1912, it is the official and only Jewish place of worship left on the island. The once abundant Jewish population has voluntarily converted to Christianity over time.[citation needed] Shaare Shalom is one of the few synagogues in the world that contains sand covered floors and is a popular tourist destination.[196][197]

A historic Ashura celebration in Jamaica, which is known locally as Hussay or Hosay

Other small groups include Muslims, who claim 5,000 adherents.[14] The Muslim holidays of Ashura (known locally as Hussay or Hosay) and Eid have been celebrated throughout the island for hundreds of years. In the past, every plantation in each parish celebrated Hosay. Today it has been called an Indian carnival and is perhaps most well known in Clarendon where it is celebrated each August. People of all religions attend the event, showing mutual respect.[198][60]

Education

The emancipation of the slaves heralded the establishment of an education system for the masses. Prior to emancipation there were few schools for educating locals and many sent their children off to England to access quality education.[citation needed] After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools. Most of these schools were established by the churches.[199] This was the genesis of the modern Jamaican school system.

Presently the following categories of schools exist:

Additionally, there are many community and teacher training colleges.

Education is free from the early childhood to secondary levels. There are also opportunities for those who cannot afford further education in the vocational arena, through the Human Employment and Resource Training-National Training Agency (HEART Trust-NTA) programme,[200] which is opened to all working age national population[201] and through an extensive scholarship network for the various universities.

Economy

A beach in Negril with a hotel and restaurant
James Bond Beach in Oracabessa

Jamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, petroleum refining, financial and insurance services.[84] Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange. Half the Jamaican economy relies on services, with half of its income coming from services such as tourism. An estimated 4.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica every year.[20] According to the World Bank, Jamaica is an upper-middle income country that, like its Caribbean neighbours, is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, flooding, and hurricanes.[15] In 2018, Jamaica represented the CARICOM Caribbean Community at the G20 and the G7 annual meetings.[202] In 2019 Jamaica reported its lowest unemployment rate in 50 years.[203]

Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980s, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation[204][205][206] Since 1991, the government has followed a programme of economic liberalisation and stabilisation by removing exchange controls,[207][208] floating the exchange rate,[209][210] cutting tariffs,[211] stabilising the Jamaican dollar, reducing inflation[212] and removing restrictions on foreign investment.[210][213] Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalisation and reduction in the size of government. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatisation programmes.[204][205][206] The free-trade zones at Kingston, Montego Bay and Spanish Town allow duty-free importation, tax-free profits, and free repatriation of export earnings.[214]

Jamaica's economy grew strongly after the years of independence,[214] but then stagnated in the 1980s, due to the heavy falls in price of bauxite and fluctuations in the price of agriculture.[214][84] The financial sector was troubled in 1994, with many banks and insurance companies suffering heavy losses and liquidity problems.[84][214] According to the Commonwealth Secretariat, "The government set up the Financial Sector Adjustment Company (Finsac) in January 1997 to assist these banks and companies, providing funds in return for equity, and acquired substantial holdings in banks and insurance companies and related companies..." but it only exasperated the problem, and brought the country into large external debt.[214] From 2001, once it had restored these banks and companies to financial health, Finsac divested them."[214] The Government of Jamaica remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners.[212]

In 1996 and 1997 there was a decrease in GDP largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) and hurricane that drastically reduced agricultural production.[215] In 1997 and 1998, nominal GDP was approximately a high of about 8 percent of GDP and then lowered to 4½ percent of GDP in 1999 and 2000.[216] The economy in 1997 was marked by low levels of import growth, high levels of private capital inflows and relative stability in the foreign exchange market.[217]

Recent economic performance shows the Jamaican economy is recovering. Agricultural production, an important engine of growth increased to 5.5% in 2001 compared to the corresponding period in 2000, signalling the first positive growth rate in the sector since January 1997.[218] In 2018, Jamaica reported a 7.9% increase in corn, 6.1% increase in plantains, 10.4% increase in bananas, 2.2% increase in pineapples, 13.3% increase in dasheen, 24.9% increase in coconuts, and a 10.6% increase in whole milk production.[219] Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December 1998, compared to the corresponding period in 1997. January's bauxite production recorded a 7.1% increase relative to January 1998 and continued expansion of alumina production through 2009 is planned by Alcoa.[220] Jamaica is the fifth-largest exporter of bauxite in the world, after Australia, China, Brazil and Guinea. The country also exports limestone, of which it holds large deposits. The government is currently implementing plans to increase its extraction.[221]

A Canadian company, Carube Copper Corp, has found and confirmed, "...the existence of at least seven significant Cu/Au porphyry systems (in St. Catherine)." They have estimated that, "The porphyry distribution found at Bellas Gate is similar to that found in the Northparkes mining district of New South Wales, Australia (which was) sold to China in 2013 for US$820 million." Carube noted that Jamaica's geology, "... is similar to that of Chile, Argentina and the Dominican Republic – all productive mining jurisdictions." Mining on the sites began in 2017.[222]

Tourism, which is the largest foreign exchange earner, showed improvement as well. In 1999 the total visitor arrivals was 2 million, an increase of 100,000 from the previous year.[223] Since 2017, Jamaica's tourism has risen exponentially, rising to 4.3 million average tourists per year. Jamaica's largest tourist markets are from North America, South America, and Europe. In 2017, Jamaica recorded a 91.3% increase in stopover visitors from Southern and Western Europe (and a 41% increase in stopover arrivals from January to September 2017 over the same period from the previous year) with Germany, Portugal and Spain registering the highest percentage gains.[224] In 2018, Jamaica won several World Travel Awards in Portugal winning the "Chairman's Award for Global Tourism Innovation", "Best Tourist Board in the Caribbean" "Best Honeymoon Destination", "Best Culinary Destination", "World's Leading Beach Destination" and "World's Leading Cruise Destination".[225][226] Two months later, the Travvy Tourism Awards held in New York City, awarded Jamaica's Tourism Minister Edmund Bartlett, with the inaugural Chairman's Award for, "Global Tourism Innovation for the Development of the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre (GTRCM)". Bartlett has also won the Pacific Travel Writer's Association's award in Germany for the, "2018 Best Tourism Minister of the Year".[225][226][227]

Petrojam, Jamaica's national and only petroleum refinery, is co-owned by the Government of Venezuela. Petrojam, "..operates a 35,000 barrel per day hydro-skimming refinery, to produce Automotive Diesel Oil; Heavy Fuel Oil; Kerosene/Jet Fuel, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Asphalt and Gasoline." Customers include the Power industry, Aircraft refuellers, and Local Marketing companies.[228] On 20 February 2019, the Jamaican Government voted to retake ownership of Venezuela's 49% share.[229]

Jamaica's agricultural exports are sugar, bananas, cocoa,[230] coconut, molasses[231] oranges, limes, grapefruit,[232] rum, yams, allspice (of which it is the world's largest and "most exceptional quality" exporter),[233] and Blue Mountain Coffee which is considered a world renowned gourmet brand.[26]

Jamaica has a wide variety of industrial and commercial activities. The aviation industry is able to perform most routine aircraft maintenance, except for heavy structural repairs. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Jamaica has a considerable amount of industrial engineering, light manufacturing, including metal fabrication, metal roofing, and furniture manufacturing. Food and beverage processing, glassware manufacturing, software and data processing, printing and publishing, insurance underwriting, music and recording, and advanced education activities can be found in the larger urban areas. The Jamaican construction industry is entirely self-sufficient, with professional technical standards and guidance.[234]

Since the first quarter of 2006, the economy of Jamaica has undergone a period of staunch growth. With inflation for the 2006 calendar year down to 6.0% and unemployment down to 8.9%, the nominal GDP grew by an unprecedented 2.9%.[235] An investment programme in island transportation and utility infrastructure and gains in the tourism, mining, and service sectors all contributed this figure. All projections for 2007 show an even higher potential for economic growth with all estimates over 3.0% and hampered only by urban crime and public policies.[citation needed] Jamaica was ranked 78th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[236][237]

In 2006, Jamaica became part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) as one of the pioneering members.[238]

The global economic downturn had a significant impact on the Jamaican economy for the years 2007 to 2009, resulting in negative economic growth. The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on 14 January 2010. The initiative would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds returning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities. The offer was taken up by over 95% of local financial institutions and was deemed a success by the government.[239]

Owing to the success of the JDX program, the Bruce Golding-led government was successful in entering into a borrowing arrangement with the IMF on 4 February 2010 for the amount of US$1.27b. The loan agreement is for a period of three years.[240]

In April 2014, the Governments of Jamaica and China signed the preliminary agreements for the first phase of the Jamaican Logistics Hub (JLH) – the initiative that aims to position Kingston as the fourth node in the global logistics chain, joining Rotterdam, Dubai and Singapore, and serving the Americas.[241] The Project, when completed, is expected to provide many jobs for Jamaicans, Economic Zones for multinational companies[242] and much needed economic growth to alleviate the country's heavy debt-to-GDP ratio. Strict adherence to the IMF's refinancing programme and preparations for the JLH has favourably affected Jamaica's credit rating and outlook from the three biggest rating agencies. In 2018, both Moody's and Standard and Poor Credit ratings upgraded Jamaica's ratings to both "stable and positive" respectively.[243][244]

Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in Jamaica and List of Jamaican inventions and discoveries

The Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) sector is guided by the National Commission on Science and Technology (NCST) and the Scientific Research Council (SRC). Both are under the direction of the Ministry of Science, Energy, and Technology.

Since the 1990s, the government has set an agenda to push the development of science and technology in Jamaica. Despite some successes, such as the growth of the nutraceutical industry, it has been difficult to translate the results into domestic technologies, products and services - largely because of national budgetary constraints. However, with Jamaica's improved fiscal space, coming out of its recent IMF programme, the government has pledged to increase expenditure on research and development.[245][246]

Jamaicans have made some noteworthy scientific and medical contributions. Amongst these include the discovery of kwashiorkor, the pioneer of treatments for pediatric sickle cell anemia and the invention of various spacecraft support systems.

Infrastructure

Transport

Halfway Tree Transport Centre, Kingston

The transport infrastructure in Jamaica consists of roadways, railways and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island's internal transport system.[84]

Roadways

The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) is paved.[247] The Jamaican Government has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of freeways, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 33 kilometres (21 mi) of freeway.[citation needed]

Railways

Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the 272 kilometres (169 mi) of railway found in Jamaica, only 57 kilometres (35 mi) remain in operation, currently used to transport bauxite.[247] On 13 April 2011, a limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead.[248]

Air transport

A US Airways aircraft landing at Montego Bay (2013)
Norman Manley International Airport

There are three international airports in Jamaica with modern terminals, long runways, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large jet aircraft used in modern and air travel: Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston; Ian Fleming International Airport in Boscobel, Saint Mary Parish; and the island's largest and busiest airport, Sir Donald Sangster International Airport in the resort city of Montego Bay. Manley and Sangster International airports are home to the country's national airline, Air Jamaica. In addition there are local commuter airports at Tinson Pen (Kingston), Port Antonio, and Negril, which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private airstrips on sugar estates or bauxite mines.[84]

Ports, shipping and lighthouses

Owing to its location in the Caribbean Sea in the shipping lane to the Panama Canal and relative proximity to large markets in North America and emerging markets in Latin America, Jamaica receives much traffic of shipping containers. The container terminal at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.[249] Montego Freeport in Montego Bay also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products.

There are several other ports positioned around the island, including Port Esquivel in St. Catherine (WINDALCO), Rocky Point in Clarendon, Port Kaiser in St. Elizabeth, Port Rhoades in Discovery Bay, Reynolds Pier in Ocho Rios, and Boundbrook Port in Port Antonio.

To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses.[250] They are maintained by the <Port Authority of Jamaica,[251] an agency of the Ministry of Transport and Works.[252][250]

Energy

Jamaica electricity production by source
Jamaica renewable electricity production by source

Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.[247] Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.[253] The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from Mexico and Venezuela.

Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel (bunker oil) generators located in Old Harbour. This facility has been further equipped with liquid natural gas capability and storage. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company,[254] the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station Saint James, the Rockfort Power Station Saint Andrew and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.[255] A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, Manchester.[256]

Jamaica has successfully operated a SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor of 20 kW capacity since the early 1980s, but there are no plans to expand nuclear power at present.[257]

Jamaica imports approximately 80,000 barrels (13,000 m3) of oil energy products per day,[253] including asphalt and lubrication products. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation. 30,000 barrels/day of crude imports are processed into various motor fuels and asphalt by the Petrojam Refinery in Kingston.[258]

Jamaica produces enormous quantities of drinking alcohol (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into anhydrous ethanol (0% water content), but as of 2007, the process appeared to be uneconomic and the production plant was idle.[259] The facility has since been purchased by West Indies Petroleum Ltd. and repurposed for petroleum distillates.

Communication

Jamaica has a fully digital telephone communication system with a mobile penetration of over 95%.[260]

The country's two mobile operators – FLOW Jamaica (formerly LIME, bMobile and Cable and Wireless Jamaica) and Digicel Jamaica have spent millions in network upgrades and expansion. The newest operator, Digicel was granted a licence in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent FLOW (then Cable and Wireless Jamaica) monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used GSM wireless system, while a past operator, Oceanic (which became Claro Jamaica and later merged with Digicel Jamaica in 2011) opted for the CDMA standard. FLOW (formerly "LIME" – pre-Columbus Communications merger) which had begun with TDMA standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM in 2002, decommissioned TDMA in 2006 and only utilised that standard until 2009 when LIME launched its 3G network.[261] Both operators currently provide islandwide coverage with HSPA+ (3G) technology. Currently, only Digicel offers LTE to its customers[262] whereas FLOW Jamaica has committed to launching LTE in the cities of Kingston and Montego Bay, places where Digicel's LTE network is currently only found in, in short order.

A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, Flow Jamaica, laid a new submarine cable connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. Cable and Wireless Communications (parent company of LIME) acquired the company in late 2014 and replaced their brand LIME with FLOW.[263] FLOW Jamaica currently has the most broadband and cable subscribers on the island and also has 1 million mobile subscribers,[264] second to Digicel (which had, at its peak, over 2 million mobile subscriptions on its network).

Digicel entered the broadband market in 2010 by offering WiMAX broadband,[265] capable of up to 6 Mbit/s per subscriber. To further their broadband share post-LIME/FLOW merger in 2014, the company introduced a new broadband service called Digicel Play,[266] which is Jamaica's second FTTH offering (after LIME's deployment in selected communities in 2011[267]). It is currently only available in the parishes of Kingston, Portmore and St. Andrew. It offers speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s down, 100 Mbit/s up via a pure fibre optic network. Digicel's competitor, FLOW Jamaica, has a network consisting of ADSL, Coaxial and Fibre to the Home (inherited from LIME) and only offers speeds up to 100 Mbit/s. FLOW has committed to expanding its Fibre offering to more areas in order to combat Digicel's entrance into the market.

It was announced that the Office and Utilities Regulations (OUR), Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (MSTEM) and the Spectrum Management Authority (SMA) have given approval for another mobile operator licence in January 2016.[268] The identity of this entrant was ascertained on 20 May 2016, when the Jamaican Government named the new carrier as Symbiote Investments Limited operating under the name Caricel.[269] The company will focus on 4G LTE data offerings and will first go live in the Kingston Metropolitan Area and will expand to the rest of Jamaica thereafter.[citation needed]

Culture

Bob Marley, one of the most famous reggae artists from Jamaica

Music

Jamaican culture has a strong global presence. The musical genres reggae, ska, mento, rocksteady, dub, and, more recently, dancehall and ragga all originated in the island's vibrant, popular urban recording industry.[270] These have themselves gone on to influence numerous other genres, such as punk rock (through reggae and ska), dub poetry, New Wave, two-tone, lovers rock, reggaeton, jungle, drum and bass, dubstep, grime and American rap music. Some rappers, such as The Notorious B.I.G., Busta Rhymes, and Heavy D, are of Jamaican descent.

Bob Marley is probably the best known Jamaican musician; with his band the Wailers he had a string of hits in 1960s–70s, popularising reggae internationally and going on to sell millions of records.[271][272] Many other internationally known artists were born in Jamaica, including Toots Hibbert, Millie Small, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Gregory Isaacs, Half Pint, Protoje, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Big Youth, Jimmy Cliff, Dennis Brown, Desmond Dekker, Beres Hammond, Beenie Man, Shaggy, Grace Jones, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat, Buju Banton, Sean Paul, I Wayne, Bounty Killer and many others. Bands that came from Jamaica include Black Uhuru, Third World Band, Inner Circle, Chalice Reggae Band, Culture, Fab Five and Morgan Heritage.

Literature

The journalist and author H. G. de Lisser used his native country as the setting for his many novels.[273] Born in Falmouth, Jamaica, de Lisser worked as a reporter for the Jamaica Times at a young age and in 1920 began publishing the magazine Planters' Punch. The White Witch of Rosehall is one of his better-known novels. He was named Honorary President of the Jamaican Press Association; he worked throughout his professional career to promote the Jamaican sugar industry.

Roger Mais, a journalist, poet, and playwright wrote many short stories, plays, and novels, including The Hills Were Joyful Together (1953), Brother Man (1954), and Black Lightning (1955).[274]

Ian Fleming, who had a home in Jamaica where he spent considerable time, repeatedly used the island as a setting in his James Bond novels, including Live and Let Die, Doctor No, "For Your Eyes Only", The Man with the Golden Gun, and Octopussy and The Living Daylights.[275]

Marlon James (1970), novelist has published three novels: John Crow's Devil (2005), The Book of Night Women (2009) and A Brief History of Seven Killings (2014), winner of the 2015 Man Booker Prize.[276]

Film

Jamaica has a history in the film industry dating from the early 1960s. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff as a frustrated (and psychopathic) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree.[277] Other notable Jamaican films include Countryman, Rockers, Dancehall Queen, One Love, Shottas, Out the Gate, Third World Cop and Kingston Paradise. Jamaica is also often used as a filming location, such as the James Bond film Dr. No (1962), Papillon (1973) starring Steve McQueen, Cocktail (1988) starring Tom Cruise, and the 1993 Disney comedy Cool Runnings, which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying to make it in the Winter Olympics.

Cuisine

Jamaican curry goat with rice and peas

The island is famous for its Jamaican jerk spice, curries and rice and peas which is integral to Jamaican cuisine. Jamaica is also home to Red Stripe beer and Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee.

National symbols

(From the Jamaica Information Service)[278]

Jamaica motto on a building at Papine High School in Kingston, Jamaica

Sport

Sport is an integral part of national life in Jamaica and the island's athletes tend to perform to a standard well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country.[12] While the most popular local sport is cricket, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at track and field athletics.[12][279]

The country was one of the venues of 2007 Cricket World Cup and the West Indies cricket team is one of 12 ICC full member teams that participate in international Test cricket.[280] The Jamaica national cricket team competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies team. Sabina Park is the only Test venue in the island, but the Greenfield Stadium is also used for cricket.[281][282]

Usain Bolt is widely considered the greatest sprinter of all time.

Since independence, Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field.[12] Over the past six decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including Olympic and World Champion Usain Bolt, world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include Arthur Wint, the first Jamaican Olympic gold medalist; Donald Quarrie, Elaine Thompson double Olympic champion from Rio 2016 in the 100m and 200m, Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder; Roy Anthony Bridge, part of the International Olympic Committee; Merlene Ottey; Delloreen Ennis-London; Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, the former World and two time Olympic 100m Champion; Kerron Stewart; Aleen Bailey; Juliet Cuthbert; three-time Olympic gold medalist; Veronica Campbell-Brown; Sherone Simpson; Brigitte Foster-Hylton; Yohan Blake; Herb McKenley; George Rhoden, Olympic gold medalist; Deon Hemmings, Olympic gold medalist; as well as Asafa Powell, former 100m world record holder and two-time 100m Olympic finalist and gold medal winner in the men's 2008 Olympic 4 × 100 m. American Olympic winner Sanya Richards-Ross was also born in Jamaica.

Association football and horse-racing are other popular sports in Jamaica. The national football team qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Horse racing was Jamaica's first sport. Today, horse racing provides jobs for about 20,000 people including horse breeders, groomers, and trainers. Also, several Jamaicans are known internationally for their success in horse racing including Richard DePass, who once held the Guinness Book of World Records for the most wins in a day, Canadian awards winner George HoSang, and American award winners Charlie Hussey, Andrew Ramgeet, and Barrington Harvey.[283]

Race car driving is also a popular sport in Jamaica with several car racing tracks and racing associations across the country.[284]

The Jamaica national bobsled team was once a serious contender in the Winter Olympics, beating many well-established teams. Chess and basketball are widely played in Jamaica and are supported by the Jamaica Chess Federation (JCF) and the Jamaica Basketball Federation (JBF), respectively. Netball is also very popular on the island, with the Jamaica national netball team called The Sunshine Girls consistently ranking in the top five in the world.[285]

Rugby league has been played in Jamaica since 2006.[286]The Jamaica national rugby league team is made up of players who play in Jamaica and from UK based professional and semi professional clubs (notably in the Super League and Championship). In November 2018 for the first time ever, the Jamaican rugby league team qualified for the Rugby League World Cup after defeating the USA & Canada. Jamaica will play in the 2021 Rugby League World Cup in England.[287]

According to ESPN, the highest paid Jamaican professional athlete in 2011 was Justin Masterson, starting pitcher for the baseball team Cleveland Indians in the United States.[288]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As represented in Old Spanish orthography, meaning it began with a "sh" sound

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