Портал:Испания

Портал Испании (Bienvenido alportal español)

Испания (испанский: España , [espaɲa] ^ⓘ ), илиКоролевство Испания( Reino de España ), — страна, расположенная в Юго-ЗападнойЕвропе, часть территории которой находится вАтлантическом океане,Средиземном мореиАфрике. Это самая большая страна вЮжной Европеи четвертая по численности населенияЕвропейского Союза. Охватывая большую частьПиренейского полуострова, его территория также включаетКанарские островав Атлантическом океане,Балеарские островав Средиземном море иавтономные города СеутаиМелильявАфрике. Полуостровная Испанияграничит на севере сФранцией,АндорройиБискайским заливом; на востоке и юге омывается Средиземным морем иГибралтаром; и на западеПортугалиейи Атлантическим океаном. Столица и крупнейший город Испании —Мадрид; другие крупныегородские районывключаютБарселону,Валенсию,Сарагосу,Севилью,Малага,Мурсию,Пальму-де-Майорку,Лас-Пальмас-де-Гран-КанарияиБильбао.

В ранней античности Пиренейский полуостров был заселен смесью иберийских и кельтских племен, а также другими местными доримскими народами . После завоевания римлянами Пиренейского полуострова была основана провинция Испания . После романизации и христианизации Испании падение Западной Римской империи положило начало внутренней миграции племен из Центральной Европы, включая вестготов , которые сформировали Вестготское королевство с центром в Толедо . В начале восьмого века большая часть полуострова была завоевана Халифатом Омейядов , а во время раннего исламского правления Аль-Андалус стал доминирующей державой на полуострове с центром в Кордове . В Северной Иберии возникло несколько христианских королевств, главными из которых были Астурия , Леон , Кастилия , Арагон , Наварра и Португалия _;предпринял периодическую военную экспансию на юг, известную как Реконкиста , отражая исламское правление в Иберии, кульминацией которой стал захват христианами Насридского королевства Гранады в 1492 году. Династический союз Короны Кастилии и Короны Арагона в 1479 году под властью Католические монархи часто считаются фактическим объединением Испании как национального государства . ( Полная статья... )

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Изображение 1

Северная Италия в 1494 году
Северная Италия в 1494 году; к началу войны в 1508 году Людовик XII изгнал Сфорца из Миланского герцогства и присоединил его территорию к Франции.

Война Камбрейской лиги , иногда известная как Война Священной лиги и несколько других названий, велась с февраля 1508 по декабрь 1516 года в рамках Итальянских войн 1494–1559 годов. Основными участниками войны, сражавшимися на протяжении всего ее периода, были Франция , Папская область и Венецианская республика ; к ним в разное время присоединились почти все значительные державы Западной Европы , включая Испанию , Священную Римскую империю , Англию , Миланское герцогство , Флорентийскую республику , Герцогство Феррара и Швейцарию . ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

В национальном парке Крюгера , Южная Африка.

Черный аист ( Ciconia nigra ) — крупная птица семейства аистов Ciconiidae. Впервые он был описан Карлом Линнеем в 10-м издании его «Системы природы» . Имея средний размер от 95 до 100 см (от 37 до 39 дюймов) от кончика клюва до конца хвоста и размах крыльев от 145 до 155 см (от 57 до 61 дюйма), взрослый черный аист имеет преимущественно черное оперение с белым низом. , длинные красные ноги и длинный заостренный красный клюв. Широко распространенный, но редкий вид, он гнездится в разбросанных местах по всей Европе (преимущественно в Португалии и Испании, а также в центральной и восточной частях), а также на востоке от Палеарктики до Тихого океана. Это мигрант на дальние расстояния : европейская популяция зимует в тропической Африке к югу от Сахары, а азиатская популяция — на Индийском субконтиненте . При миграции между Европой и Африкой он избегает пересечения обширных пространств Средиземного моря и обходит Левант на востоке, Сицилийский пролив в центре или Гибралтарский пролив на западе. Изолированная немигрирующая популяция встречается в Южной Африке. ( Полная статья... )
Image 3

Battle of Chiclana, 5 March 1811, Louis-François Lejeune

The Battle of Barrosa (Chiclana, 5 March 1811, also known as the Battle of Chiclana or Battle of Cerro del Puerco) was part of an unsuccessful manoeuvre by an Anglo-Iberian force to break the French siege of Cádiz during the Peninsular War. During the battle, a single British division defeated two French divisions and captured a regimental eagle. (Full article...)
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Map of the 2015 Vuelta a España route, from Marbella to Madrid.
(stage courses in red)

The 2015 Vuelta a España was a three-week Grand Tour cycling race. The race was the 70th edition of the Vuelta a España and took place principally in Spain, although two stages took place partly or wholly in Andorra, and was the 22nd race in the 2015 UCI World Tour. The 3,358.1-kilometre (2,086.6 mi) race included 21 stages, beginning in Marbella on 22 August 2015 and finishing in Madrid on 13 September. It was won by Fabio Aru (Astana Pro Team), with Joaquim Rodríguez (Team Katusha) second and Rafał Majka (Tinkoff–Saxo) third. (Full article...)
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Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ismail (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الرابع), known as Muhammad IV, (14 April 1315 – 25 August 1333) was the ruler of the Emirate of Granada on the Iberian Peninsula from 1325 to 1333. He was the sixth sultan of the Nasrid dynasty, succeeding to the throne at ten years old when his father, Ismail I (r. 1314–1325), was assassinated. (Full article...)
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Lombardy in 1522. The location of the battle is marked.

The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca (Italian: Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26. A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, was decisively defeated by an Imperial–Spanish and Papal army under the overall command of Prospero Colonna. Lautrec then withdrew from Lombardy, leaving the Duchy of Milan in Imperial hands. (Full article...)
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View of Badajoz, across the Guadiana river from the foothills of the San Cristóbal heights, by Eugène-Ferdinand Buttura

The Battle of the Gebora was a battle of the Peninsular War between Spanish and French armies. It took place on 19 February 1811, northwest of Badajoz, Spain, where an outnumbered French force routed and nearly destroyed the Spanish Army of Extremadura. (Full article...)
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Muhammad II (Arabic: محمد الثاني) (also known by the epithet al-Faqih, "the canon-lawyer", c. 1235 – 8 April 1302; reigned from 1273 until his death) was the second Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula, succeeding his father, Muhammad I. Already experienced in matters of state when he ascended the throne, he continued his father's policy of maintaining independence in the face of Granada's larger neighbours, the Christian kingdom of Castile and the Muslim Marinid state of Morocco, as well as an internal rebellion by his family's former allies, the Banu Ashqilula. (Full article...)
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Plate 3: Lo mismo (The same). A Spanish man about to kill by cutting off the head of a French soldier with an axe.

The Disasters of War (Spanish: Los desastres de la guerra) is a series of 82 prints created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya (1746–1828). Although Goya did not make known his intention when creating the plates, art historians view them as a visual protest against the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War of 1808–1814 and the setbacks to the liberal cause following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814. During the conflicts between Napoleon's French Empire and Spain, Goya retained his position as first court painter to the Spanish crown and continued to produce portraits of the Spanish and French rulers. Although deeply affected by the war, he kept private his thoughts on the art he produced in response to the conflict and its aftermath. (Full article...)
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Abu'l-Walid Ismail I ibn Faraj (Arabic: أبو الوليد إسماعيل الأول بن فرج, 3 March 1279 – 8 July 1325) was the fifth Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada on the Iberian Peninsula from 1314 to 1325. A grandson of Muhammad II on the side of his mother Fatima, he was the first of the lineage of sultans now known as the al-dawla al-isma'iliyya al-nasriyya (the Nasrid dynasty of Ismail). Historians characterise him as an effective ruler who improved the emirate's position with military victories during his reign. (Full article...)
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Joseph Anton Lopez SJ (born José Antonio López; October 4, 1779 – October 5, 1841) was a Mexican Catholic priest and Jesuit. Born in Michoacán, he studied canon law at the Colegio de San Nicolás and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. He became acquainted with the future Empress consort Ana María Huarte and was made chaplain to the future imperial family. He was later put in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico. Lopez was a close ally of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, residing in Madrid for four years as his attorney and political informant, and accompanying him during his exile to Italy and England. (Full article...)
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The Western Mediterranean just before the start of the war in 264 BC: Rome is shown in red, Carthage in grey, and Syracuse in green

The First Punic War (264–241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy. The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. After immense losses on both sides, the Carthaginians were defeated. (Full article...)
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The western Mediterranean in 218 BC

The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. After immense materiel and human losses on both sides, the Carthaginians were once again defeated. Macedonia, Syracuse and several Numidian kingdoms were drawn into the fighting, and Iberian and Gallic forces fought on both sides. There were three main military theatres during the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success before moving into Italy; and Africa, where Rome finally won the war. (Full article...)
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Portrait of a Man (presumed self-portrait of El Greco, c. 1595–1600) in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

Dominikos Theotokopoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, IPA: [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos]; 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈɣɾeko]; "The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. El Greco was a nickname, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, often adding the word Κρής (Krḗs), which means "Cretan". (Full article...)
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The ruins of Santa María de Óvila in Spain, shown more than 75 years after the most striking architectural features were removed by agents of William Randolph Hearst

Santa María de Óvila is a former Cistercian monastery built in Spain beginning in 1181 on the Tagus River near Trillo, Guadalajara, about 90 miles (140 km) northeast of Madrid. During prosperous times over the next four centuries, construction projects expanded and improved the small monastery. Its fortunes declined significantly in the 18th century, and in 1835 it was confiscated by the Spanish government and sold to private owners who used its buildings to shelter farm animals. (Full article...)
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The Colossus of Rhodes is a 1954 oil painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí. It is one of a series of seven paintings he created for the 1956 film Seven Wonders of the World, each depicting one of the wonders. The work shows the Colossus of Rhodes, the ancient statue of the Greek titan-god of the sun, Helios. The painting was not used for the film and was donated to the Kunstmuseum Bern in 1981, where it remains. (Full article...)
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Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, oil on oak panels, 205.5 cm × 384.9 cm (81 in × 152 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Garden of Earthly Delights is the modern title given to a triptych oil painting on oak panel painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch, between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between 40 and 60 years old. It has been housed in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain since 1939. (Full article...)
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Witches' Sabbath, 1821–1823. Oil on plaster wall, transferred to canvas; 140.5 × 435.7 cm (56 × 172 in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

Witches' Sabbath or The Great He-Goat (Spanish: Aquelarre or El gran cabrón) are names given to an oil mural by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya, completed sometime between 1821 and 1823. It explores themes of violence, intimidation, aging and death. Satan hulks, in the form of a goat, in moonlit silhouette over a coven of terrified witches. Goya was then around 75 years old, living alone and suffering from acute mental and physical distress. (Full article...)
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Muhammad III (Arabic: محمد الثالث; 15 August 1257 – 21 January 1314) was the ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula from 8 April 1302 until 14 March 1309, and a member of the Nasrid dynasty. He ascended the Granadan throne after the death of his father Muhammad II, which according to rumours, was caused by Muhammad III poisoning him. He had the reputation of being both cultured and cruel. Later in his life, he became visually impaired—which caused him to be absent from many government activities and to rely on high officials, especially the powerful Vizier Ibn al-Hakim al-Rundi. (Full article...)
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An M48 Patton tank of the Spanish Army on display at the El Goloso Museum of Armored Vehicles in October 2007.

Tanks in the Spanish Army have over 90 years of history, from the French Renault FTs first delivered in 1919 to the Leopard 2 and B1 Centauro models of the early 21st century. The Spanish FTs took part in combat during the Rif War and participated in the first amphibious landing with tanks in history, at Alhucemas. In 1925, the Spanish Army began to undertake a program to develop and produce a Spanish tank, an upgraded version of the Renault FT, called the Trubia A4. Although the prototype performed well during testing, the tank was never put into mass production. Spain also experimented with the Italian Fiat 3000, acquiring one tank in 1925, and with another indigenous tank program called the Landesa. However, none of these evolved into a major armor program, and as a result the FT remained the most important tank, in numbers, in the Spanish Army until the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. (Full article...)
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The Nyon Conference was a diplomatic conference held in Nyon, Switzerland, in September 1937 to address attacks on international shipping in the Mediterranean Sea during the Spanish Civil War. The conference was convened in part because Italy had been carrying out unrestricted submarine warfare, although the final conference agreement did not accuse Italy directly; instead, the attacks were referred to as "piracy" by an unidentified body. Italy was not officially at war, nor did any submarine identify itself. The conference was designed to strengthen non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War. The United Kingdom and France led the conference, which was also attended by Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. (Full article...)
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The Third of May 1808 (also known as El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid or Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío, or Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo) is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. In the work, Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War. Along with its companion piece of the same size, The Second of May 1808 (or The Charge of the Mamelukes), it was commissioned by the provisional government of Spain at Goya's own suggestion shortly after the ousting of the French occupation and the restoration of King Ferdinand VII. (Full article...)
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Boletus aereus, the dark cep or bronze bolete, is a highly prized and much sought-after edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is widely consumed in Spain (Basque Country and Navarre), France, Italy, Greece, and generally throughout the Mediterranean. Described in 1789 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard, it is closely related to several other European boletes, including B. reticulatus, B. pinophilus, and the popular B. edulis. Some populations in North Africa have in the past been classified as a separate species, B. mamorensis, but have been shown to be phylogenetically conspecific to B. aereus and this taxon is now regarded as a synonym. (Full article...)
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A Wehrmacht Panzerkampfwagen I Ausf. A light tank on display at the Deutsches Panzermuseum Munster in Munster, Germany.

The Panzer I was a light tank produced by Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Its name is short for Panzerkampfwagen I (German for "armored fighting vehicle mark I"), abbreviated as PzKpfw I. The tank's official German ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz. 101 ("special purpose vehicle 101"). (Full article...)
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The Oran fatwa was a responsum fatwa, or an Islamic legal opinion, issued in 1502 to address the crisis that occurred when Muslims in the Crown of Castile (in Spain) were forced to convert to Christianity in 1500–1502. The fatwa sets out detailed relaxations of the sharia (Islamic law) requirements, allowing the Muslims to conform outwardly to Christianity and perform acts that are ordinarily forbidden in Islamic law, when necessary to survive. It includes relaxed instructions for fulfilling the ritual prayers, the ritual charity, and the ritual ablution, and recommendations when obliged to violate Islamic law, such as worshipping as Christians, committing blasphemy, and consuming pork and wine. (Full article...)

Избранная биография

Королева Испании София ( испанский : Su Majestad la Reina Sofía de España , греческий : Βασίλισσα Σοφία της Ισπανίας ;) родилась принцессой Греции и Дании Софией 2 ноября 1938 года; полное имя София Маргарита Виктория Фредерики ) — королева-консорт короля Испании Хуана Карлоса I. Принцесса Греции и Дании София родилась в Афинах, Греция , 2 ноября 1938 года и была старшим ребенком короля Греции Павла I (1901–1964) и его жены, королевы Фредерики (1917–1981), бывшей принцессы Греции. Ганновер. Королева София — представительница династии Шлезвиг-Гольштейн-Зондербург-Глюксбург. Ее брат - Константин II Греции и ее сестра принцесса Ирина Греции и Дании . Однако после восстановления демократии королевские титулы не признаются в Греции, где бывшая королевская семья пользуется низким уважением у большинства греков.

Принцесса София провела свое детство в Египте и Южной Африке во время изгнания ее семьи из Греции во время Второй мировой войны. Они вернулись в Грецию в 1946 году. Она закончила образование в престижной школе-интернате Шлосс Салем на юге Германии, а затем изучала педиатрию, музыку и археологию в Афинах . 14 мая 1962 года принцесса Греции и Дании София вышла замуж за принца Испании Хуана Карлоса, будущего короля, с которым она познакомилась во время круиза по греческим островам в 1954 году. При этом она отказалась от своих прав на греческий престол и обратилась в христианство. к римскому католицизму от греческого православия. Кроме того, латинская транслитерация ее греческого имени Σοφία была изменена с Софии на испанский вариант София, который, тем не менее, произносится как «София».

Выбранное изображение

Image 1
Портрет Франсиско Мартинеса де ла Росы.

1 кредит

Франсиско де Паула Мартинес де ла Роса (10 марта 1789 — 1862 ) — драматург и государственный деятель. Роза родилась в Гранаде и получила образование в Университете Гранады . Роза стала широко известна после эпиграмм, которые он исполнил в адрес знаменитостей.
Image 2
A distant shot of smoke coming from Madrid Barajas International Airport.
2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing
Credit: dfbarrero
Smoke coming from Madrid Barajas International Airport after the 2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing. The terrorist incident occurred on the morning of December 30, 2006, when an explosion took place in the carpark building attached to Terminal 4 of the airport.
Image 3
Giralda
Photo: David Iliff
The Giralda is a 104.5 m (343 ft) tall bell tower for the Seville Cathedral in Seville, Andalusia, Spain. It was originally constructed as a minaret in 1198, when Seville was ruled by the Almohad Caliphate. After the city was taken by the Christians in the Reconquista, the city's mosque was converted to a church. The upper third of the structure was completed during the Spanish Renaissance.
Image 4
Tagus River
Photo credit: David Iliff
The Tagus River, seen here passing through the World Heritage listed city of Toledo, Spain. It is the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula at 1,038 kilometres (645 mi). It begins its journey in the Albarracín mountains in Spain, and follows a very constricted course for much of its length before reaching the Atlantic Ocean in Portugal.
Image 5
Moros, Zaragoza
Photograph: Diego Delso
Moros is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Spain. Located in the Sistema Ibérico mountain range, the village lies on a hill, with the church and former town hall at the top, the residences in the middle, and the sheep pens at the bottom. The population of Moros has been steadily decreasing in recent decades, and was 478 in 2006.
Image 6
Río Nervión patrol boat

Credit: Javierme

A Río Nervión patrol boat of the Civil Guard, pictured moving along the waters of Bilbao. The Spanish civil guard was created in numerous different stages between 1835 and 1844, and was established as an operational force in 1855.
Image 7
Picos de Europa
Photo: Mick Stephenson
The peaks of the Central Massif overlook the village of Sotres in Cabrales, located in the Picos de Europa, a mountain range in northern Spain forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains. The name (literally: "Peaks of Europe") is believed to derive from being the first European landforms visible to mariners arriving from the Americas.
Image 8
Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía
Photo credit: David Iliff
The Queen Sofia Palace of the Arts (Valencian: Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía) is an opera house located in Valencia, Spain. The last to be completed of the City of Arts and Sciences complex, it was designed by architect Santiago Calatrava. The 14-story structure opened on 8 October 2005.
Image 9
An exterior view of the Museo del Prado.
Museo del Prado
Credit: Fanghong
The Museo del Prado is a museum and art gallery located in Madrid; the capital of Spain. It features one of the world's finest collections of European art, from the 12th century through the early 19th century, based on the former Spanish Royal Collection.
Image 10
Seville Cathedral.

Credit: Seville Tourism Bureau

The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. It is the largest of all Roman Catholic cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not being a cathedral) and also the largest Medieval Gothic religious building, in terms of both area and volume.
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Spanish ibex
Photograph: J.Ligero & I.Barrios
A three-month old Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in Sierra de Gredos, Spain. These ibexes are strong mountain animals characterized by their large and ﬂexible hooves and short legs.
The two sexes of adults form separate social groups; juveniles stay with the female groups from birth until the following birth season, when they leave. Yearling males then join male groups, while females eventually return to their mothers' groups and stay several years.
Image 12
Monument to Alfonso XII
Architecture credit: José Grases Riera; photographed by Carlos Delgado
The Monument to Alfonso XII is located in Buen Retiro Park (El Retiro) in Madrid, Spain. Measuring 30 m (98 ft) high, 86 m (282 ft) long, and 58 m (190 ft) wide, it has at its center an equestrian statue of King Alfonso XII, cast in bronze by the Spanish sculptor Mariano Benlliure in 1904. The monument is situated on the eastern edge of an artificial lake near the center of the park and was inaugurated on 6 June 1922.
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Ana Santos Aramburo
Photograph credit: Biblioteca Nacional de España
Ana Santos Aramburo (born 1957) has been the director of the National Library of Spain since February 2013. Having received a degree in geography and history from the University of Zaragoza in Spain, she has spent much of her career working at the Complutense University of Madrid, first at the library of the Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, and later serving as deputy director of the university library. Later she served as Director of the Historical Library Marquis of Valdecilla, General Director of Libraries and Archives of the City of Madrid, and Director of Cultural Action at the National Library. This photograph of Santos shows her at the headquarters of the National Library of Spain in Madrid.
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Spanish painted frog
Photograph: Benny Trapp
The Spanish painted frog (Discoglossus jeanneae) is a species of frog in the family Alytidae. Endemic to Spain, it mostly lives in open areas, pine groves and shrublands. It feeds mostly on insects and worms.
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Torre Agbar
Photo credit: Diliff
The Torre Agbar is a landmark skyscraper and the third tallest building in Barcelona, Spain. It was designed by French architect Jean Nouvel, who stated that the shape of the Torre Agbar was inspired by the mountains of Montserrat that surround Barcelona, and by the shape of a geyser of water rising into the air. Its design combines a number of different architectural concepts, resulting in a striking structure built with reinforced concrete, covered with a facade of glass, and over 4,500 window openings cut out of the structural concrete.
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Montserrat
Photo credit: Diliff
A stitched panorama taken from St Jerome, the summit of Montserrat, a 1,236 m (4,055 ft) mountain near Barcelona, Spain. The mountain's name means "jagged mountain" and is used because of the peculiar aspect of the formation, which is visible from a great distance.
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Madrid Metro
Map: Javitomad
The Madrid Metro is a rapid transit system serving the Spanish capital, Madrid. It was inaugurated in 1919 by King Alfonso, with a single line which ran for 3.48 km (2.16 mi) between Puerta del Sol and Cuatro Caminos, with eight stops. The present system has 301 stations on 13 lines plus one branch line, totalling 294 km (183 mi).
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Aneto Peak

Credit: BrugesFR

Aneto is a mountain located in Benasque municipality, Aragon, area of the Pyreenes. The mountain is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees, and Spain's third-highest mountain.
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Assut de l'Or Bridge
Photograph: Diego Delso
The Assut de l'Or Bridge is a white single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain. Completed in 2008, it was designed by Valencian architect and civil engineer Santiago Calatrava as a variant of his cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge in Seville.
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Amalia de Llano
Painting credit: Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz
Amalia de Llano (April 29, 1822 – July 6, 1874) was a Spanish countess and writer. This 1853 oil-on-canvas portrait by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz shows her seated in a fine armchair wearing sumptuous clothes, with her youth and beauty accentuated by the dark background, and is quite unlike a traditional Spanish portrait of the period.
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Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
Artist: Unknown
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, is represented in this anonymous portrait as a young archduke in his native Spain. He left Spain in his early twenties, to start his life as future King of the Romans and successor to his grandfather, Maximilian I. His older brother Charles eventually succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor, but Ferdinand was elected after Charles's abdication. Philip, Charles's son, inherited Spain and became King Philip II of Spain. Ferdinand ruled between 1558 and 1564, for nearly six years.
Image 22
Timanfaya National Park

Credit: Yummifruitbat

Timanfaya National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional de Timanfaya) is a national park, covering the southern area of Tinajo, Las Palmas and the northern area of Yaiza, Las Palmas. The parkland is made up of volcanic soil, with the strongest recorded eruptions occurring between 1730 and 1736.

Вы знали...

...что Тринидад-Арройо разрешили голосовать на выборах в Испании за 17 лет до того, как женщинам было предоставлено избирательное право?
...что иностранные граждане, желающие получить филиппинское гражданство , должны продемонстрировать знание английского или испанского языка, а также филиппинского языка?
... что в 2019 году из-за камнепада на испанской трассе Autovia C-13 лыжные каникулы были отменены?
... что испанский дипломат Анхель Сагас Зубельсу добился освобождения более 1500 евреев из египетской тюрьмы, утверждая, что они произошли от изгнанных евреев и, следовательно, имеют право на испанское гражданство ?
... что первым языком главного раввина Мадрида Иегуды Бенасули был кастильский испанский , но он также знал иврит , французский, арабский, ладино , хакетский и немного английский?
...что испанская инквизиция приговорила Диего Матео Сапату к ношению санбенито , получению 200 ударов плетью, конфискации 600 книг и изгнанию, несмотря на оправдание?

Хорошая статья – покажите другую

Это хорошая статья , статья, которая соответствует основному набору высоких редакционных стандартов.

Image 1
« Nunca Te Olvidaré » ( в переводе «Я никогда не забуду тебя» ) — песня испанского певца Энрике Иглесиаса из его третьего студийного альбома Cosas del Amor (1998). Его написал Иглесиас, а его продюсировал Рафаэль Перес-Ботиха. Мощная баллада , это исповедальная песня о том, как оставаться в любви сквозь время и других любовников. После выпуска он был встречен в целом положительной реакцией музыкальных критиков , хотя один рецензент был менее впечатлен ею, как и другими балладами с альбома. Песня стала основной темой одноименной мексиканской теленовеллы 1999 года . ( Полная статья... )
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Cobo in 2014

José Cobo Cano (born 20 September 1965) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been serving as the archbishop of Madrid since his installation on 8 July 2023. He previously served as auxiliary bishop of that archdiocese. Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 30 September 2023. (Full article...)
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Clara Thalmann (1936)

Clara Thalmann (née Ensner; 24 September 1908 – 24 January 1987) was a Swiss journalist, athlete and militiawoman, who fought during the Spanish Civil War. (Full article...)
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Paulus or Paul was a 7th-century Roman general in service of the Visigothic Kingdom. In 673, Paulus accompanied the Visigothic king Wamba (r. 672–680) on a campaign against the Basques, but when news reached them of a revolt led by the count Hilderic in Septimania, the northernmost and easternmost province of the kingdom, Paulus was dispatched with a considerable contingent of troops to put down the rebellion. Upon arrival in Septimania, Paulus not only completely disregarded his mission, but made himself the leader of the rebels and was anointed as king. Paulus managed to cement his authority over Septimania and the neighbouring province of Tarraconensis through the size of his army, and possibly through the two provinces being among the last properly Romanised regions of the kingdom. Titling himself as 'king of the east' (rex orientalis), Paulus ruled from Narbonne and sought to break away from Visigothic central control. (Full article...)
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The 1957 Latin Cup (Spanish: Copa Latina de 1957) was the eighth and final edition of the annual Latin Cup. It was contested by the domestic league champions the Southwest European nations of France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The clubs which competed in the tournament were AS Saint-Étienne, AC Milan, SL Benfica, and Real Madrid CF. (Full article...)
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Marble bust, Glyptothek, Munich

Trajan (Latin: Traianus; 18 September 53 – c. 11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117 AD, the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier-emperor who led the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent by the time of his death. He was given the title of optimus ('the best') by the Roman Senate. (Full article...)
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Muhammad I of Granada (in red tunic and shield) leading his troops during the rebellion, illustrated in the contemporary Cantigas de Santa Maria.

The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 was a rebellion by the Muslim populations (Mudéjares) in the Lower Andalusia and Murcia regions of the Crown of Castile. The rebellion was in response to Castile's policy of relocating Muslim populations from these regions and was partially instigated by Muhammad I of Granada. The rebels were aided by the independent Emirate of Granada, while the Castilians were allied with Aragon. Early in the uprising, the rebels managed to capture Murcia and Jerez, as well as several smaller towns, but were eventually defeated by the royal forces. Subsequently, Castile expelled the Muslim populations of the reconquered territories and encouraged Christians from elsewhere to settle their lands. Granada became a vassal of Castile and paid an annual tribute. (Full article...)
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"Miente" (English: "Lie") is a song by Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias from his second studio album, Vivir (1997). The song was written and produced by Rafael Pérez-Botija. It was released as the third single from the album in 1997. An uptempo pop power ballad backed by a piano and percussion, the song deals with the singer being in denial about a relationship ending. (Full article...)
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Indigenous ethnic groups of El Salvador, prior to Spanish conquest

The Spanish conquest of El Salvador was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Mesoamerican polities in the territory that is now incorporated into the modern Central American country of El Salvador. El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America, and is dominated by two mountain ranges running east–west. Its climate is tropical, and the year is divided into wet and dry seasons. Before the conquest the country formed a part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, and was inhabited by a number of indigenous peoples, including the Pipil, the Lenca, the Xinca, and Maya. Native weaponry consisted of spears, bows and arrows, and wooden swords with inset stone blades; they wore padded cotton armour. (Full article...)
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Guardiola with Manchester City in 2017

Josep "Pep" Guardiola Sala (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈpɛb ɡwəɾðiˈɔlə]; born 18 January 1971) is a Spanish professional football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Premier League club Manchester City. Guardiola is the only manager to win the continental treble twice, the youngest to win the UEFA Champions League, and he also holds the records for the most consecutive league games won in La Liga, the Bundesliga and the Premier League. He is considered to be one of the greatest managers of all time. (Full article...)
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Abu Said Faraj ibn Ismail (أبو سعيد فرج بن إسماعيل, 1248 – 24 April 1320) was a member of the Nasrid dynasty of Granada, who was a close advisor to Sultan Muhammad II (r. 1273–1302) and Muhammad III (r. 1302–1309) and served as the governor of Málaga between 1279 and the early 1310s. He was born in 1248 to Ismail ibn Nasr, governor of Málaga and brother of Sultan Muhammad I. After Ismail's death, the Sultan brought the young Abu Said to court, where he became friends with his cousin, the future Muhammad II. When the latter became Sultan, Abu Said became his advisor on economic and military policies. He married Muhammad II's daughter Fatima, and in 1279 he was appointed as the royal governor in Málaga. The city—the realm's most important port—had just recently been recovered by the crown after a rebellion by the Banu Ashqilula since 1266 followed by a short occupation by the Marinids of Morocco since 1278. He implemented policies to pacify the population and improved the region's economic condition, as well as embarking on the construction of ships to strengthen the Granadan navy. As governor, he also led Málaga's troops in various campaigns on the Iberian Peninsula, including against rebels and against the Marinid Sultanate. (Full article...)
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The 1997 European Grand Prix (formally the XLII European Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 October 1997 at the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, Spain. Originally scheduled as the Portuguese Grand Prix at the Estoril circuit, it was moved when Estoril's management had financial difficulties. It was the 17th and final race of the 1997 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 69-lap race was won by Mika Häkkinen in a McLaren, his first Formula One race victory. His teammate David Coulthard finished second and Williams driver Jacques Villeneuve took third, which was sufficient for him to win the World Championship. (Full article...)
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The 2016 Spanish Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Pirelli 2016) was a Formula One motor race held on 15 May 2016 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Montmeló, Spain. The race was the fifth round of the 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship, and marked the forty-sixth running of the Spanish Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship. It was the twenty-sixth time that the race has been held at the circuit. (Full article...)
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Mediterranean campaign of 1798
Click an image to load the appropriate article.
Left to right, top to bottom:
Battles of Malta, 15 July 1798, the Nile, 18 August 1798, the Malta Convoy, 31 March 1800

The Mediterranean campaign of 1798 was a series of major naval operations surrounding a French expeditionary force sent to Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte during the French Revolutionary Wars. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and support Tipu Sultan, and thus force Great Britain to make peace. Departing Toulon in May 1798 with over 40,000 troops and hundreds of ships, Bonaparte's fleet sailed southeastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. They were followed by a small British squadron under Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, later reinforced to 13 ships of the line, whose pursuit was hampered by a lack of scouting frigates and reliable information. Bonaparte's first target was the island of Malta, which was under the government of the Knights of St. John and theoretically granted its owner control of the Central Mediterranean. Bonaparte's forces landed on the island and rapidly overwhelmed the defenders, securing the port city of Valletta before continuing to Egypt. When Nelson learned of the French capture of the island, he guessed the French target to be Egypt and sailed for Alexandria, but passed the French during the night of 22 June without discovering them and arrived off Egypt first. (Full article...)
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Jordan around 2011–2013

William Bryan Jordan Jr. (May 8, 1940 – January 22, 2018) was an American art historian who facilitated acquisitions, curated exhibitions, and authored publications on Spanish artists and still life paintings, particularly from the Golden Age. (Full article...)
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Portrait by Vicente López y Portaña, 1815

Richard Worsam Meade (June 23, 1778 – June 25, 1828) was an American merchant and art collector, and the father of Civil War General George Gordon Meade. After growing up in his father George Meade's shipping business, he became successful in his own right in the American–Spanish trade. Meade lived in Cadiz, Spain, from 1803 to 1820, and was the U.S. naval agent there. He became quite wealthy and was one of the first American collectors of European art. (Full article...)
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Mad Dogs is a British psychological thriller television series, written and created by Cris Cole, that began airing on Sky1 on 10 February 2011, and ended on 29 December 2013 after four series and 14 episodes. It is produced by Left Bank Pictures, and co-produced by Palma Pictures. The series stars John Simm, Marc Warren, Max Beesley, and Philip Glenister as four long-time and middle-aged friends getting together in a villa in Majorca to celebrate the early retirement of their friend Alvo (Ben Chaplin). After Alvo is murdered, the group find themselves caught up in the world of crime and police corruption. (Full article...)
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Remains of the Alconétar Bridge with its flattened arches

The Alconétar Bridge (Spanish: Puente de Alconétar), also known as Puente de Mantible, was a Roman segmental arch bridge in the Extremadura region, Spain. The ancient structure, which featured flattened arches with a span-to-rise ratio of 4–5:1, is one of the earliest of its kind. Due to its design, it is assumed that the bridge was erected in the early 2nd century AD by the emperors Trajan or Hadrian, possibly under the guidance of Apollodorus of Damascus, the most famous architect of the time. (Full article...)
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Pablo playing for Atlético Madrid in 2007

Pablo Ibáñez Tébar (born 3 August 1981), sometimes known as just Pablo, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a centre back. (Full article...)
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The 2009 Palma Nova bombing occurred on July 30, 2009, when a limpet bomb went off outside a Civil Guard barracks in the town of Palma Nova, Majorca, Spain. The bomb was placed under a patrol car and two Civil Guard officers died as a result of the explosion. A second device was found under another Civil Guard vehicle at nearby barracks and safely exploded by police. On August 9, the Basque nationalist and separatist organisation ETA claimed responsibility for the attack, while four other bombs exploded around restaurants and shopping centres in Palma, Majorca, causing no injuries. (Full article...)
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Clara Stauffer (1931)

Clara Stauffer (1904–October 4, 1984) was a Spanish Falangist and Nazi ratline operator. She was a member of the Sección Femenina, a women's Falangist group, during the Spanish Civil War. She served as its chief propagandist and later as its head of foreign affairs. She was involved with the group's efforts to strengthen ties between Francoist Spain and Nazi Germany in World War II. After the war, she was one of the most prominent smugglers of Nazi fugitives, giving them shelter in Spain and arranging their travel to Argentina. (Full article...)
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The bombing on May 31, 1906

The Morral affair was the attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and his bride, Queen Victoria Eugenie, on their wedding day, May 31, 1906, and its subsequent effects. The attacker, Mateu Morral, acting on a desire to spur revolution, threw a bomb concealed in a floral bouquet from a Madrid hotel window as the King's procession passed, killing 24 bystanders and soldiers and wounding over 100 others, while leaving the royals unscathed. Morral sought refuge from republican journalist José Nakens but fled in the night to Torrejón de Ardoz, whose villagers reported the interloper. Two days after the attack, militiamen accosted Morral, who killed one before killing himself. Morral was likely involved in a similar attack on the king a year earlier. (Full article...)
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"HMS Ethalion in action with the Spanish frigate Thetis off Cape Finisterre, 16th October 1799", Thomas Whitcombe

The action of 16 October 1799 was a minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars between a squadron of British Royal Navy frigates and two frigates of the Spanish Navy close to the Spanish naval port of Vigo in Galicia. The Spanish ships were a treasure convoy, carrying silver specie and luxury trade goods across the Atlantic Ocean from the colonies of New Spain to Spain. Sighted by British frigate HMS Naiad enforcing the blockade of Vigo late on the 15 October, the Spanish ships were in the last stages of their journey. Turning to flee from Naiad, the Spanish soon found themselves surrounded as more British frigates closed in. (Full article...)
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The battle of Algeciras, Alfred Morel-Fatio

The Algeciras campaign (sometimes known as the Battle or Battles of Algeciras) was an attempt by a French naval squadron from Toulon under Contre-Admiral Charles Linois to join a French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz during June and July 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars prior to a planned operation against either Egypt or Portugal. To reach Cadiz, the French squadron had to pass the British naval base at Gibraltar, which housed the squadron tasked with blockading Cadiz. The British squadron was commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir James Saumarez. After a successful voyage between Toulon and Gibraltar, in which a number of British vessels were captured, the squadron anchored at Algeciras, a fortified port city within sight of Gibraltar across Gibraltar Bay. On 6 July 1801, Saumarez attacked the anchored squadron, in the First Battle of Algeciras. Although severe damage was inflicted on all three French ships of the line, none could be successfully captured and the British were forced to withdraw without HMS Hannibal, which had grounded and was subsequently seized by the French. (Full article...)
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A depiction of medieval naval combat from Jean Froissart's Chronicles, 14th century
A depiction of medieval naval combat from Jean Froissart's Chronicles, 14th century

The Battle of Winchelsea or the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer ("the Spaniards on the Sea") was a naval battle that took place on 29 August 1350 as part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. It was a victory for an English fleet of 50 ships, commanded by King Edward III, over a Castilian fleet of 47 larger vessels, commanded by Charles de la Cerda. Between 14 and 26 Castilian ships were captured, and several were sunk. Only two English vessels are known to have been sunk, but there was a significant loss of life. (Full article...)

Общие изображения

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных Испании.

Image 1Вид на Толедо работы Эль Греко , между 1596 и 1600 годами (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 2Христианские королевства Испании и исламская империя Альмохадов ок. 1210
Image 3Аль-Андалус в наибольшей степени, 720 г. (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 4Хамон иберико (из культуры Испании )
Image 5Библиотека Эль-Эскориала (из Золотого века Испании )
Image 6Собор Святой Марии Престоловой в Севилье. (из Культуры Испании )
Image 7Наступление итальянских танкеток во время битвы за Гвадалахару . (из истории Испании )
Image 8Университет Барселоны (от Культуры Испании )
Image 9Кабеса де Луис Бунюэль, работа скульптора Иньяки, в центре Бунюэль Каланда. (из Культуры Испании )
Image 10Реал Мадрид против Барселоны , известной как Эль Класико , в мае 2009 года (из журнала «Культура Испании »)
Image 11Взятие Орана Франсиско Хименесом де Сиснеросом в 1509 году (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 12Университет Помпеу Фабра (от культуры Испании )
Image 13Силы, выступающие за независимость, нанесли роялистам сокрушительное поражение и обеспечили независимость Перу в битве при Аякучо в 1824 году . (из истории Испании )
Image 14Битва при Сен-Квентине (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 15Римская империя , III век (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 16Этнология Пиренейского полуострова ок. 200 г. до н. э. (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 17Члены временного правительства после Славной революции 1868 года, картина Жана Лорана . (из истории Испании )
Image 18Признание герцога Анжуйского королем Испании под именем Филиппа V, 16 ноября 1700 г. (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 19Битва при мысе Пассаро , 11 августа 1718 г. (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 20Народные ополченцы атакуют позиции повстанцев в Сомосьерре на ранних этапах войны. (из истории Испании )
Image 21Карта Пиренейского полуострова XVIII века (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 22Карта территорий, которые когда-то были частью Испанской империи (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 23Паэлья микста (из Культуры Испании )
Image 24Руины Герники (из истории Испании )
Image 25Пиренейский полуостров в III веке до нашей эры (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 26Титульный лист Gramática de la lengua castellana (1492 г.), первой опубликованной грамматики современного европейского языка. (из истории Испании )
Image 27Успешная высадка в Альхусемасе в 1925 году повернула удачу в Рифской войне в пользу Испании. (из истории Испании )
Image 28Автономный университет Мадрида (от Культуры Испании )
Image 29Порт Севильи в конце 16 века. После экспедиций в Новый Свет Севилья стала одним из самых густонаселенных и космополитичных городов Европы. (из истории Испании )
Image 30Франсиско Франко и назначенный им преемник принц Хуан Карлос де Бурбон . (из истории Испании )
Image 31Карл I Испанский (более известный в англоязычном мире как император Священной Римской империи Карл V) был самым могущественным европейским монархом своего времени. (из истории Испании )
Image 32Иллюстрация, изображающая (ныне утерянную) бронзу Лузаги , образец кельтиберийского письма . (из истории Испании )
Image 33Взрыв военного корабля США «Мэн» положил начало испано-американской войне в апреле 1898 года (из «Истории Испании »).
Image 34Наибольшая протяженность Вестготского королевства Тулуза , ок. 500, светло-оранжевым цветом показана территория, утраченная после Вуйе (из «Истории Испании »).
Image 35Лас Менины (1656, английский:Фрейлины)Диего Веласкеса(из испанского Золотого века )
Image 36Автономный университет Барселоны (от Культуры Испании )
Image 37In ictu oculi («В мгновение ока»), vanitas Хуана де Вальдеса Леала (из испанского Золотого века )
Image 38Фелипе Гонсалес подписывает договор о вступлении в Европейское экономическое сообщество 12 июня 1985 года (из « Истории Испании »)
Image 39Сатирическая карикатура 1894 года, изображающая молчаливое согласие на плавную смену правительства ( turnismo ) между лидерами двух династических партий ( Сагаста и Кановас дель Кастильо ), при этом страна аллегорически лжет. (из истории Испании )
Image 40Третьего мая 1808 года войска Наполеона расстреливают заложников. Гойя (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 41Две женщины и мужчина во время осады Алькасара (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 42Людовик XIV Французский и Филипп IV Испанский на встрече на Фазановом острове в июне 1660 года, что является частью процесса, направленного на прекращение франко-испанской войны (1635–1659 гг.) . (из истории Испании )
Image 43Битва Первой Карлистской войны, Франсиско де Паула Ван Хален (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 44Эпизод Испанской революции 1854 года на площади Пуэрта-дель-Соль , Эухенио Лукас Веласкес . (из истории Испании )
Image 45Бургосский собор – произведение испанской готической архитектуры . (из Культуры Испании )
Image 46Король вестготов Родерик произносит речь перед своими войсками перед битвой при Гвадалете (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 47Университет Валенсии (от Культуры Испании )
Image 48Свадебный портрет католических монархов (из истории Испании )
Image 49Вестготическая церковь Сан-Педро-де-ла-Нав. Самора. Испания (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 50Второе мая 1808 года стало началом народного сопротивления Испании против Наполеона. (из истории Испании )
Image 51Толедо Эль Греко (из «Золотого века Испании »)
Image 52Карта Европы 1648 года после Вестфальского мира (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 53Погребение Хуана де Джуни (из «Золотого века Испании »)
Image 54Внутренний вид на собор Гранады (из Золотого века Испании )
Image 55Царства Филиппа II Испанского
  Территории, находящиеся под управлением Совета Кастилии
  Территории, находящиеся в ведении Совета Арагона
  Территории, находящиеся в ведении Совета Португалии
  Территории, находящиеся под управлением Совета Италии
  Территории, находящиеся в ведении Совета Индии
  Территории, входящие в состав Совета Фландрии
(из Золотого века Испании )
Image 56Битва Реконкисты из Кантигас -де-Санта-Мария (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 57Вестготская Испания и ее региональные подразделения в 700 году, до мусульманского завоевания (из «Истории Испании »)
Image 58Эль-пасео-де-лас-Делисиас — картина Рамона Байе 1784–1785 годов , изображающая встречу представителей аристократии в вышеупомянутом месте. (из истории Испании )
Image 59Обнародование конституции 1812 года , картина маслом Сальвадора Виньегра . (из истории Испании )
Image 60Празднование провозглашения Второй Республики в Барселоне. (из истории Испании )
Image 61Франко посещает Толосу в 1948 году (из истории Испании )
Image 62Деталь вотивной короны Рекчесвинта из « Сокровищ Гуаррасара » (Толедо, Испания), висящей в Мадриде. Висящие буквы составляют [R]ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET [Король Р. предлагает это]. (из истории Испании )
Image 63Христофор Колумб возглавляет экспедицию в Новый Свет, 1492 год, спонсируемую испанской короной (из «Истории Испании »).
Image 64Богоматерь с четками (1675–80) работы Бартоломе Эстебана Мурильо (из Золотого века Испании )
Image 65Провозглашение Испанской республики в Мадриде (из истории Испании )
Image 66Завоевание Теночтитлана (из истории Испании )
Image 67Казнь Торрихоса и его людей в 1831 году. Фердинанд VII принял репрессивные меры против либеральных сил в своей стране. (из истории Испании )

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