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Массачусетс

Массачусетс ( / ˌ m æ s ə ˈ s ɪ t s / ,/- z ɪ t s / MASS-ə-CHOO-sits, -⁠zits;Массачусетт:Muhsachuweesut [məhswatʃəwiːsət]), официальноСодружество Массачусетс,[b]—штатвНовая Англиянасеверо-востоке США. Граничит сАтлантическим океаномизаливом Мэнна востоке,с КоннектикутомиРод-Айлендомна юге,с Нью-ГэмпширомиВермонтомна севере и сНью-Йоркомна западе. Массачусетс являетсяшестым по величине штатом по площади суши. С более чем семью миллионами жителей по состоянию на 2020 год[примечание 1]это самый густонаселенный штат в Новой Англии,16-й по численности населенияв стране итретий по плотности населенияпослеНью-Джерсии Род-Айленда.

Массачусетс был местом ранней английской колонизации . Плимутская колония была основана в 1620 году пилигримами с корабля « Мэйфлауэр» . В 1630 году колония залива Массачусетс , получившая свое название от коренных жителей Массачусетта , также основала поселения в Бостоне и Сейлеме. В 1692 году город Сейлем и прилегающие районы пережили один из самых печально известных случаев массовой истерии в Америке — судебные процессы над ведьмами в Сейлеме . [43] В конце 18 века Бостон стал известен как «Колыбель свободы» [44] из-за агитации, которая позже привела к Американской революции . В 1786 году восстание Шейса , популистское восстание под руководством недовольных ветеранов Войны за независимость США , повлияло на Конституционный конвент Соединенных Штатов . [45] Первоначально зависящий от сельского хозяйства , рыболовства и торговли , [46] Массачусетс был преобразован в производственный центр во время промышленной революции . [47] До Гражданской войны в США штат был центром аболиционистского , трезвеннического [ 48 ] и трансценденталистского [49] движений. [50] В течение 20-го века экономика штата перешла от производства к услугам ; [51] а в 21-м веке Массачусетс стал мировым лидером в области биотехнологий , [52] а также преуспевает в области искусственного интеллекта , [53] инжиниринга , высшего образования , финансов и морской торговли . [54]

Столица штата и самый густонаселенный город , а также его культурный и финансовый центрБостон . Другие крупные города — Вустер , Спрингфилд и Кембридж . Массачусетс также является домом для городского ядра Большого Бостона , крупнейшего столичного района в Новой Англии и региона, глубоко повлиявшего на американскую историю , академические круги и исследовательскую экономику . [55] Массачусетс имеет репутацию социального и политического прогрессивизма ; [56] став единственным штатом США с правом на закон о жилье , а также первым штатом США и одной из первых юрисдикций в мире, которая юридически признала однополые браки . [57] Бостон считается центром культуры и активизма ЛГБТ в Соединенных Штатах. Гарвардский университет в Кембридже является старейшим высшим учебным заведением в Соединенных Штатах , [58] с крупнейшим финансовым вкладом среди всех университетов мира. [59] И Гарвард, и Массачусетский технологический институт , также в Кембридже, неизменно входят в число наиболее или наиболее уважаемых академических учреждений в мире. [60] Учащиеся государственных школ Массачусетса занимают лидирующие позиции в мире по успеваемости. [61]

Массачусетс является самым образованным [62] и одним из самых высокоразвитых и богатых штатов США, занимая первое место по проценту населения в возрасте 25 лет и старше, имеющего степень бакалавра или ученую степень , первое место как по Американскому индексу развития человеческого потенциала , так и по стандартному индексу развития человеческого потенциала , первое место по доходу на душу населения , и по состоянию на 2023 год, первое место по среднему доходу . [62] Следовательно, Массачусетс обычно занимает первое место в США, [63] а также является самым дорогим штатом для проживания жителей. [64]

Этимология

Колония залива Массачусетс была названа в честь коренного населения, Массачусетта или Мухсачувисута, чье название, вероятно, произошло от слова из языка вопаньяк muswachasut , сегментированного как mus(ây) «большой» + wach «гора» + -s «уменьшительное» + - ut «местный падеж». [65] Это слово было переведено как «возле большого холма», [66] «у синих холмов», «у маленького большого холма» или «у гряды холмов» в отношении Синих холмов — а именно, Большого Синего холма , расположенного на границе Милтона и Кантона . [67] [68] Массачусетт также был представлен как Мосветусет . Это происходит от названия холма Мосветусет (что означает «холм в форме наконечника стрелы») в Куинси , где командир Плимутской колонии Майлз Стэндиш (наемный английский военный офицер) и Скванто (член племени Патуксет из племени Вампоноаг , которое с тех пор вымерло из-за заразных болезней, принесенных колонизаторами) встретились с вождем Чикатаубутом в 1621 году. [69] [70]

Хотя обозначение «Содружество» является частью официального названия штата, оно не имеет никаких практических последствий в наше время, [71] и Массачусетс имеет такое же положение и полномочия в Соединенных Штатах, как и другие штаты. [72] Джон Адамс, возможно, выбрал это слово в 1779 году для второго проекта того, что стало Конституцией Массачусетса 1780 года ; в отличие от слова «штат», слово « содружество » имело коннотацию республики в то время. Это контрастировало с монархией, против которой бывшие колонии боролись во время Войны за независимость США . Название «Штат Массачусетского залива» появилось в первом проекте, который в конечном итоге был отклонен. Было также решено включить «Кейпские острова» в отношении Мартас-Винъярда и Нантакета — с 1780 по 1844 год они рассматривались как дополнительные и отдельные образования, заключенные в Содружество. [73]

История

До колонизации

Массачусетс изначально был заселен племенами алгонкинской языковой семьи , включая вампаноагов , наррагансеттов , нипмуков , покомтуков , магиканов и массачусеттов . [74] [75] Хотя выращивание таких культур, как тыква и кукуруза, было важной частью их рациона, люди этих племен охотились , ловили рыбу и искали в лесу большую часть своей пищи. [74] Жители деревни жили в домиках, называемых вигвамами, а также в длинных домах . [75] Племена возглавлялись старейшинами мужского или женского пола, известными как сахемы . [76]

Колониальный период

«Mayflower в гавани Плимута» Уильяма Холсолла (1882). Пилигримы основали Плимут в 1620 году.

В начале 1600-х годов европейские колонизаторы стали причиной эпидемий на нетронутых землях, таких как оспа , корь , грипп и, возможно, лептоспироз , в том, что сейчас известно как северо-восточный регион Соединенных Штатов. [77] [78] Между 1617 и 1619 годами болезнь, которая, скорее всего, была оспой, убила около 90% коренных американцев Массачусетского залива . [79]

Первые английские колонизаторы в колонии залива Массачусетс высадились с Ричардом Вайнсом и провели зиму в Биддефорд-Пул около мыса Порпойс (после 1820 года штат Мэн) в 1616 году. Пуритане прибыли в Плимут в 1620 году. Это была вторая постоянная английская колония в той части Северной Америки, которая позже стала Соединенными Штатами, после колонии Джеймстаун . «Первый День благодарения» праздновался пуританами после их первого урожая в « Новом Свете » и длился три дня. Вскоре за ними последовали другие пуритане, которые колонизировали колонию залива Массачусетс — теперь известную как Бостон — в 1630 году. [80]

Пуритане считали, что Церковь Англии нуждается в дальнейшем реформировании в соответствии с протестантскими кальвинистскими принципами, и испытывали притеснения из-за религиозной политики короля Карла I и высокопоставленных церковников, таких как Уильям Лод , который стал архиепископом Кентерберийским Карла , который, как они боялись, вновь вводил «католические» элементы в национальную церковь. [81] Они решили колонизировать Массачусетс, намереваясь основать то, что они считали «идеальным» религиозным обществом. [82] Колония Массачусетского залива была колонизирована в соответствии с королевской хартией, в отличие от колонии Плимут, в 1629 году. [83] И религиозное инакомыслие, и экспансионизм привели к основанию нескольких новых колоний, вскоре после Плимута и Массачусетского залива, в других местах Новой Англии. Массачусетский залив изгнал инакомыслящих, таких как Энн Хатчинсон и Роджер Уильямс, из-за религиозного и политического конфликта. В 1636 году Уильямс колонизировал то, что сейчас известно как Род-Айленд , и Хатчинсон присоединился к нему там несколько лет спустя. Религиозная нетерпимость продолжалась, и среди тех, кто возражал против этого позже в том же столетии, были английские проповедники-квакеры Элис и Томас Кервен , которые были публично высечены и заключены в тюрьму в Бостоне в 1676 году. [84] [85]

К 1641 году Массачусетс значительно расширился вглубь страны. Содружество приобрело поселение Спрингфилд в долине реки Коннектикут , которое недавно оспаривало — и дезертировало — свои первоначальные администраторы, колония Коннектикут . [86] Это установило южную границу Массачусетса на западе. [87] Однако это оставалось спорной территорией до 1803–04 годов из-за проблем с топографической съемкой, что привело к появлению современного Саутвик-Джога . [88]

Книга «Бог Мамуссе Вуннитетупанатамве» (на обложке показана обложка), также называемая Индейской Библией Элиота , была первой Библией, напечатанной в Британской Северной Америке.

В 1652 году Генеральный суд Массачусетса разрешил бостонскому серебряных дел мастеру Джону Халлу производить местные монеты номиналом в шиллинг, шесть пенсов и три пенса, чтобы решить проблему нехватки монет в колонии. [89] До этого момента экономика колонии полностью зависела от бартера и иностранной валюты, включая английские, испанские, голландские, португальские и фальшивые монеты. [90] В 1661 году, вскоре после восстановления британской монархии , британское правительство посчитало Бостонский монетный двор изменническим. [91] Однако колония игнорировала требования англичан прекратить операции по крайней мере до 1682 года, когда истек срок действия контракта Халла в качестве монетного двора, и колония не предприняла никаких действий, чтобы продлить его контракт или назначить нового монетного двора. [92] Чеканка монет стала фактором, способствовавшим отмене устава колонии Массачусетского залива в 1684 году. [93]

В 1691 году колонии Массачусетского залива и Плимута были объединены (вместе с современным Мэном , который ранее был разделен между Массачусетсом и Нью-Йорком ) в провинцию Массачусетского залива . [94] Вскоре после этого прибыл первый губернатор новой провинции Уильям Фипс . Также состоялись судебные процессы над ведьмами в Салеме , где несколько мужчин и женщин были повешены за предполагаемое колдовство . [95]

Самое разрушительное землетрясение, известное на сегодняшний день в Новой Англии, произошло 18 ноября 1755 года, вызвав значительный ущерб по всему Массачусетсу. [96] [97]

Война за независимость

Картина 1910 года, изображающая битву при Лексингтоне.

Массачусетс был центром движения за независимость от Великобритании . Колонисты в Массачусетсе долгое время имели непростые отношения с британской монархией, включая открытое восстание под властью Доминиона Новая Англия в 1680-х годах. [94] Протесты против попыток британцев обложить колонии налогами после окончания Франко-индейской войны в 1763 году привели к Бостонской резне в 1770 году, а Бостонское чаепитие 1773 года усилило напряженность. [98] В 1774 году Невыносимые акты нацелились на Массачусетс с наказаниями за Бостонское чаепитие и еще больше сократили местную автономию, увеличив местное инакомыслие. [99] Антипарламентская деятельность таких людей, как Сэмюэл Адамс и Джон Хэнкок , за которой последовали репрессии со стороны британского правительства, были основной причиной единства Тринадцати колоний и начала Американской революции в 1775 году. [100]

Джон Адамс , 2-й президент США (1797–1801)

Битвы при Лексингтоне и Конкорде , произошедшие в Массачусетсе в 1775 году, положили начало Войне за независимость США . [101] Джордж Вашингтон , впоследствии первый президент будущей страны, после битвы принял на себя командование тем, что впоследствии стало Континентальной армией . Его первой победой стала осада Бостона зимой 1775–76 годов, после чего британцы были вынуждены эвакуировать город. [102] Это событие до сих пор отмечается в округе Саффолк только 17 марта как День эвакуации . [103]

На побережье Салем стал центром каперства . Хотя документация неполна, около 1700 каперских свидетельств , выданных на основе каждого рейса, были выданы во время Американской революции. Почти 800 судов были введены в эксплуатацию в качестве каперов, которым приписали захват или уничтожение около 600 британских кораблей. [104]

Пятишиллинговая банкнота 1779 года, выпущенная Массачусетсом, с надписью: «ПЯТЬ ШИЛЛИНГОВ будут выплачены предъявителю этого векселя к 1 декабря 1782 года в соответствии с Актом Генерального суда указанного ШТАТА». Внутри текста солнца: «ВОСХОД».
Банкнота достоинством в пять шиллингов, выпущенная Массачусетсом в 1779 году.

Федеральный период

Бостонец Джон Адамс , известный как «Атлас независимости», [105] принимал активное участие как в отделении от Британии, так и в Конституции Массачусетса , которая фактически ( дела Элизабет Фримен и Куока Уокера в интерпретации Уильяма Кушинга ) сделала Массачусетс первым штатом, отменившим рабство. Дэвид Маккалоу отмечает, что не менее важной особенностью было то, что суды впервые были представлены как равноправная ветвь власти, отдельная от исполнительной. [106] ( Конституция Вермонта , принятая в 1777 году, представляла собой первый частичный запрет рабства среди штатов. Вермонт стал штатом в 1791 году, но полностью запретил рабство только в 1858 году с принятием Закона о личной свободе Вермонта. Закон о постепенной отмене рабства в Пенсильвании 1780 года [107] сделал Пенсильванию первым штатом, отменившим рабство по закону, — второй английской колонией, сделавшей это; первой была колония Джорджия в 1735 году.) Позже Адамс принимал активное участие в ранних американских иностранных делах и стал преемником Вашингтона в качестве второго президента Соединенных Штатов . Его сын, Джон Куинси Адамс , также из Массачусетса, [108] впоследствии стал шестым президентом страны.

С 1786 по 1787 год вооруженное восстание под предводительством ветерана Войны за независимость Дэниела Шейса , ныне известное как Восстание Шейса , вызвало хаос по всему Массачусетсу и в конечном итоге привело к попытке захватить федеральную оружейную палату Спрингфилда . [45] Восстание стало одним из главных факторов в решении разработать более сильную национальную конституцию, которая должна была заменить Статьи Конфедерации . [45] 6 февраля 1788 года Массачусетс стал шестым штатом, ратифицировавшим Конституцию Соединенных Штатов . [109]

19 век

В 1820 году Мэн отделился от Массачусетса и вошел в Союз как 23-й штат в связи с ратификацией Миссурийского компромисса . [110]

Текстильные фабрики , такие как изображенная здесь в Лоуэлле , вывели Массачусетс в лидеры промышленной революции .

В 19 веке Массачусетс стал национальным лидером в Американской промышленной революции , с фабриками вокруг таких городов, как Лоуэлл и Бостон, производящими текстиль и обувь, и фабриками вокруг Спрингфилда, производящими инструменты, бумагу и текстиль. [111] [112] Экономика штата трансформировалась из экономики, основанной в первую очередь на сельском хозяйстве, в индустриальную, изначально использующую гидроэнергию, а затем паровой двигатель для питания фабрик. Каналы и железные дороги использовались в штате для транспортировки сырья и готовой продукции. [113] Сначала новые отрасли промышленности привлекали рабочую силу янки с близлежащих натуральных ферм, хотя позже они полагались на рабочую силу иммигрантов из Европы и Канады. [114] [115]

Хотя Массачусетс был первой рабовладельческой колонией, где рабство существовало с начала 1600-х годов, штат стал центром прогрессивистской и аболиционистской (антирабовладельческой) деятельности в годы, предшествовавшие Гражданской войне в США . Гораций Манн сделал школьную систему штата национальной моделью. [116] Генри Дэвид Торо и Ральф Уолдо Эмерсон , оба философы и писатели из штата, также внесли значительный вклад в американскую философию. [117] Кроме того, члены трансценденталистского движения в штате подчеркивали важность естественного мира и эмоций для человечества. [117]

Хотя в Массачусетсе изначально существовала значительная оппозиция аболиционизму, что привело к антиаболиционистским бунтам между 1835 и 1837 годами, [118] аболиционистские взгляды там постепенно усиливались в течение следующих нескольких десятилетий. [119] [120] Аболиционисты Джон Браун и Соджорнер Трут жили в Спрингфилде и Нортгемптоне соответственно, в то время как Фредерик Дуглас жил в Бостоне, а Сьюзан Б. Энтони в Адамсе . Работы таких аболиционистов внесли свой вклад в действия Массачусетса во время Гражданской войны. Массачусетс был первым штатом, который набрал, обучил и вооружил черный полк с белыми офицерами, 54-й Массачусетский пехотный полк . [121] В 1852 году Массачусетс стал первым штатом, принявшим законы об обязательном образовании . [122]

20 век

Хотя фондовый рынок США понес огромные потери в последнюю неделю октября 1929 года, вторник 29 октября запомнился как начало Великой депрессии. Бостонская фондовая биржа , втянутая в водоворот панических продаж, охвативших Нью-Йоркскую фондовую биржу, потеряла более 25 процентов своей стоимости за два дня бешеных торгов. BSE, которой на тот момент было почти 100 лет, помогла собрать капитал, который финансировал многие фабрики, железные дороги и предприятия Содружества. " [123] Губернатор Массачусетса Фрэнк Г. Аллен назначил Джона К. Халла первым директором по ценным бумагам Массачусетса. [124] [125] [126] Халл вступил в должность в январе 1930 года, а его срок полномочий закончился в 1936 году. [127]

С уходом нескольких производственных компаний промышленная экономика штата начала приходить в упадок в начале 20-го века. К 1920-м годам конкуренция со стороны американского Юга и Среднего Запада , а затем Великая депрессия привели к краху трех основных отраслей промышленности в Массачусетсе: текстильной, обувной и точной механики. [128] Этот упадок продолжался и во второй половине 20-го века. Между 1950 и 1979 годами число жителей Массачусетса, занятых в текстильном производстве, сократилось с 264 000 до 63 000. [129] Закрытие в 1969 году Спрингфилдской оружейной палаты , в частности, подстегнуло отток высокооплачиваемых рабочих мест из Западного Массачусетса, который сильно пострадал от деиндустриализации в течение последних 40 лет столетия. [130]

Массачусетс произвел 3,4 процента от общего объема вооружений США, произведенных во время Второй мировой войны , заняв десятое место среди 48 штатов. [131] После мировой войны экономика восточного Массачусетса трансформировалась из экономики, основанной на тяжелой промышленности, в экономику, основанную на услугах . [132] Государственные контракты, частные инвестиции и исследовательские учреждения привели к новому и улучшенному промышленному климату с сокращением безработицы и увеличением дохода на душу населения. Субурбанизация процветала, и к 1970-м годам коридор Route 128 / Interstate 95 был усеян высокотехнологичными компаниями, которые нанимали выпускников многих элитных высших учебных заведений региона. [133]

В 1987 году штат получил федеральное финансирование для проекта Central Artery/Tunnel. Широко известный как «The Big Dig », он был в то время крупнейшим федеральным проектом шоссе, когда-либо одобренным. [134] Проект включал превращение Central Artery , части Interstate 93 , в туннель под центром Бостона, в дополнение к изменению маршрута нескольких других крупных шоссе. [135] [ неудачная проверка ] Проект часто был спорным, с многочисленными обвинениями во взяточничестве и неэффективном управлении, и с его первоначальной ценой в 2,5  миллиарда долларов, увеличившейся до окончательной суммы в более чем 15  миллиардов долларов. Тем не менее, Big Dig изменил облик центра Бостона [134] и соединил районы, которые когда-то были разделены надземным шоссе. Большая часть приподнятой старой Central Artery была заменена Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway . Проект также улучшил условия движения по нескольким маршрутам. [134] [135]

Известные политики 20 века

Джон Ф. Кеннеди , уроженец Массачусетса и 35-й президент США (1961–1963)

Семья Кеннеди играла видную роль в политике Массачусетса 20-го века. Дети бизнесмена и посла Джозефа П. Кеннеди-старшего включали Джона Ф. Кеннеди , который был сенатором и президентом США до своего убийства в 1963 году; Теда Кеннеди , сенатора с 1962 года до своей смерти в 2009 году; [136] и Юнис Кеннеди Шрайвер , соучредителя Специальной Олимпиады . [137] В 1966 году Массачусетс стал первым штатом, который напрямую избрал афроамериканца в сенат США с Эдвардом Бруком . [138] Джордж Буш-старший , 41-й президент Соединенных Штатов (1989–1993), родился в Милтоне в 1924 году. [139]

Другие известные политики Массачусетса на национальном уровне включали Джозефа У. Мартина-младшего , спикера Палаты представителей (с 1947 по 1949 год, а затем снова с 1953 по 1955 год) и лидера республиканцев в Палате представителей с 1939 по 1959 год (где он был единственным республиканцем, занимавшим пост спикера в период с 1931 по 1995 год), [140] Джона У. Маккормака , спикера Палаты представителей в 1960-х годах, и Типа О'Нила , чья служба в качестве спикера Палаты представителей с 1977 по 1987 год была самым длительным непрерывным сроком полномочий в истории Соединенных Штатов. [141]

21 век

17 мая 2004 года Массачусетс стал первым штатом в США, легализовавшим однополые браки . Это последовало за решением Верховного суда Массачусетса по делу Гудридж против Департамента общественного здравоохранения в ноябре 2003 года, в котором было установлено, что исключение однополых пар из права на гражданский брак является неконституционным. [57]

В 2004 году сенатор Массачусетса Джон Керри , выигравший номинацию от Демократической партии на пост президента США, проиграл действующему Джорджу Бушу-младшему . Восемь лет спустя бывший губернатор Массачусетса Митт Ромни (кандидат от Республиканской партии) проиграл действующему президенту Бараку Обаме в 2012 году. Еще восемь лет спустя сенатор Массачусетса Элизабет Уоррен стала фаворитом на праймериз Демократической партии на президентских выборах 2020 года. Однако позже она приостановила свою кампанию и поддержала предполагаемого кандидата Джо Байдена . [142]

Взрыв на Бостонском марафоне

Две бомбы-скороварки взорвались недалеко от финишной черты Бостонского марафона 15 апреля 2013 года около 14:49 по местному времени ( EDT ). В результате взрывов погибли три человека и около 264 получили ранения. [143] Федеральное бюро расследований (ФБР) позже идентифицировало подозреваемых как братьев Джохара Царнаева и Тамерлана Царнаева . Последовавшая за этим охота закончилась 19 апреля, когда тысячи сотрудников правоохранительных органов обыскали территорию в 20 кварталов близлежащего Уотертауна . Позже Джохар сказал, что им двигали экстремистские исламские убеждения, и он научился создавать взрывные устройства из Inspire , онлайн-журнала Аль-Каиды на Аравийском полуострове . [144]

8 ноября 2016 года Массачусетс проголосовал за Инициативу по легализации марихуаны в Массачусетсе , также известную как Вопрос 4. [145]

География

Часть северо-центральной части долины Пионеров в Саут-Дирфилде.

Массачусетс — седьмой по величине штат в США . Он расположен в регионе Новая Англия на северо-востоке США . Его площадь составляет 10 555 квадратных миль (27 340 км 2 ), 25,7% из которых занимает вода. Несколько крупных заливов отчетливо формируют его побережье. Бостон — крупнейший город, расположенный в самой внутренней точке залива Массачусетс и устье реки Чарльз . [ требуется ссылка ]

Несмотря на свои небольшие размеры, Массачусетс имеет множество топографически отличительных регионов. Большая прибрежная равнина Атлантического океана в восточной части штата содержит Большой Бостон , вместе с большей частью населения штата, [55] а также отличительный полуостров Кейп-Код . На западе лежит холмистый, сельский регион Центральный Массачусетс , а за ним — долина реки Коннектикут . Вдоль западной границы Западного Массачусетса лежит самая высокая возвышенная часть штата, Беркшир , образующая часть северной конечной точки Аппалачских гор . [ требуется ссылка ]

Служба национальных парков США управляет рядом природных и исторических объектов в Массачусетсе . [146] Наряду с двенадцатью национальными историческими объектами, территориями и коридорами, Служба национальных парков также управляет Национальным побережьем Кейп-Код и Национальной зоной отдыха островов Бостонской гавани . [146] Кроме того, Департамент охраны природы и отдыха поддерживает ряд парков , троп и пляжей по всему Массачусетсу. [147]

Экология

Основной биом внутреннего Массачусетса — умеренный лиственный лес . [148] Хотя большая часть Массачусетса была расчищена под сельское хозяйство, оставив только следы старого леса в изолированных анклавах, вторичный рост восстановился во многих сельских районах, поскольку фермы были заброшены. [149] Леса покрывают около 62% Массачусетса. [150] Районы, наиболее пострадавшие от человеческого развития, включают район Большого Бостона на востоке и столичный район Спрингфилда на западе, хотя последний включает сельскохозяйственные районы по всей долине реки Коннектикут. [151] В Массачусетсе насчитывается 219 видов, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения . [152]

Ряд видов преуспевают в урбанизированном Массачусетсе. Сапсаны используют офисные башни в крупных городах в качестве мест гнездования, [153] а популяция койотов , чей рацион может включать мусор и сбитых на дороге животных, увеличивается в последние десятилетия. [154] Белохвостые олени , еноты , дикие индейки и восточные серые белки также встречаются по всему Массачусетсу. В более сельских районах в западной части Массачусетса вернулись более крупные млекопитающие, такие как лоси и черные медведи , в основном из-за лесовосстановления после регионального спада в сельском хозяйстве. [155]

Массачусетс расположен вдоль Атлантического пролетного пути , основного маршрута для перелетных водоплавающих птиц вдоль восточного побережья. [156] Озера в центральном Массачусетсе являются средой обитания для многих видов рыб и водоплавающих птиц, но некоторые виды, такие как обыкновенная гагара, становятся редкими. [157] Значительная популяция длиннохвостых уток зимует у берегов Нантакета . Небольшие прибрежные острова и пляжи являются домом для розовых крачек и являются важными районами размножения для находящегося под угрозой исчезновения зуйка-зуйка . [158] Охраняемые территории, такие как Национальный заповедник дикой природы Мономой, являются критически важной средой размножения для куликов и различных морских животных, включая большую популяцию серых тюленей . С 2009 года наблюдается значительное увеличение числа больших белых акул , замеченных и помеченных в прибрежных водах у мыса Кейп-Код . [159] [160] [161]

Пресноводные виды рыб в Массачусетсе включают окуня , карпа , сома и форель , в то время как морские виды, такие как атлантическая треска , пикша и американский лобстер , населяют прибрежные воды. [162] Другие морские виды включают обыкновенных тюленей , находящихся под угрозой исчезновения североатлантических гладких китов , а также горбатых китов , финвалов , малых полосатиков и атлантических белобоких дельфинов . [163]

Европейский кукурузный мотылек , значительный сельскохозяйственный вредитель, был впервые обнаружен в Северной Америке недалеко от Бостона, штат Массачусетс, в 1917 году. [164]

Климат

Большая часть Массачусетса имеет влажный континентальный климат с холодной зимой и теплым летом. Прибрежные районы на крайнем юго-востоке являются широкой зоной перехода к влажному субтропическому климату. Теплое или жаркое лето делает океанический климат редким в этом переходе, применяясь только к открытым прибрежным районам, таким как полуостров округа Барнстейбл . Климат Бостона довольно типичен для Содружества, характеризуется летними максимумами около 81 °F (27 °C) и зимними максимумами 35 °F (2 °C), и довольно влажный. Морозы часты всю зиму, даже в прибрежных районах из-за преобладающих внутренних ветров. В Бостоне относительно солнечный климат для прибрежного города на его широте, в среднем более 2600 солнечных часов в год.

Типы климата по Кёппену в Массачусетсе

Экологические проблемы

Изменение климата

Изменение климата в Массачусетсе повлияет как на городскую, так и на сельскую среду, включая лесное хозяйство, рыболовство, сельское хозяйство и развитие прибрежных зон. [166] [167] [168] Прогнозируется, что северо-восток будет нагреваться быстрее, чем средняя мировая температура; к 2035 году, согласно Программе исследований глобальных изменений США, северо-восток, «прогнозируется, будет более чем на 3,6°F (2°C) теплее в среднем, чем в доиндустриальную эпоху». [168] По данным Агентства по охране окружающей среды, по состоянию на август 2016 года Массачусетс потеплел более чем на два градуса по Фаренгейту или на 1,1 градуса по Цельсию. [169]

Изменение температуры также приводит к изменению характера осадков и интенсификации осадков. С этой целью среднее количество осадков на северо-востоке США выросло на десять процентов с 1895 по 2011 год, а количество сильных осадков увеличилось на семьдесят процентов за это время. [169] Эти увеличенные осадки сосредоточены зимой и весной. Повышение температуры в сочетании с увеличением осадков приведет к более раннему таянию снега и, как следствие, более сухой почве в летние месяцы. [170]

Изменение климата в Массачусетсе приведет к значительным изменениям в застроенной среде и экосистемах штата. Только в Бостоне расходы на штормы, связанные с изменением климата, составят от 5 до 100 миллиардов долларов ущерба. [169]

Более высокие температуры также нарушат миграцию птиц и цветение флоры. С этими изменениями ожидается увеличение популяции оленей, что приведет к сокращению подлеска, который более мелкая фауна использует в качестве камуфляжа. Кроме того, повышение температуры увеличит количество зарегистрированных случаев болезни Лайма в штате. Клещи могут передавать болезнь, когда температура достигает 45 градусов, поэтому более короткие зимы увеличат окно передачи. Эти более высокие температуры также увеличат распространенность азиатских тигровых комаров , которые часто переносят вирус Западного Нила . [169]

Чтобы бороться с этим изменением, Исполнительный офис по вопросам энергетики и окружающей среды Массачусетса наметил путь декарбонизации экономики штата. 22 апреля 2020 года Кэтлин А. Теохаридес, секретарь штата по вопросам энергетики и окружающей среды, опубликовала Определение предельных значений выбросов по всему штату на 2050 год. В своем письме Теохаридес подчеркивает, что по состоянию на 2020 год Содружество понесло ущерб имуществу, связанный с изменением климата, на сумму более 60 миллиардов долларов. Чтобы гарантировать, что Содружество испытает потепление не более чем на 1,5 °C от уровней доиндустриализации, штат будет работать над двумя целями к 2050 году: достичь нулевых чистых выбросов и сократить выбросы парниковых газов на 85 процентов в целом. [171]

Энергетические инициативы

Штат Массачусетс разработал множество стимулов для поощрения внедрения возобновляемой энергии и эффективных приборов и домашних объектов. Программа Mass Save, сформированная совместно со штатом несколькими компаниями, которые поставляют электроэнергию и газ в Массачусетсе, предоставляет домовладельцам и арендаторам денежные стимулы для модернизации своих домов с помощью эффективного оборудования HVAC и других бытовых приборов. Такие приборы, как водонагреватели, кондиционеры, стиральные машины и сушилки, а также тепловые насосы, имеют право на скидки с целью стимулирования изменений. [172]

The concept of Mass Save was created in 2008 by the passing of the Green Communities Act of 2008, during Deval Patrick's tenure as governor. The main goal of the Green Communities Act was to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the State and to encourage new, more efficient technologies. Among others, one result of this act was a requirement for Program Administrators of utilities to invest in saving energy, as opposed to purchasing and generating additional energy where economically feasible. In Massachusetts, eleven Program Administrators, including Eversource, National Grid, Western Massachusetts Electric, Cape Light Compact, Until, and Berkshire Gas, jointly own the rights to this program, in conjunction with the MA Department of Energy Resources (DOER) and the Energy Efficiency Advisory Council (EEAC).[173]

The State Revenue Service provides incentives for the installation of solar panels. In addition to the Federal Residential Renewable energy credit, Massachusetts residents may be eligible for a tax credit of up to 15 percent of the project.[174] Once installed, arrays are eligible for net metering.[175] Certain municipalities will offer up to $1.20 per watt, up to 50 percent of the system's cost on PV arrays 25 kW or less.[176] The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources also offered low-interest, fixed-rate financing with loan support for low-income residents until December 31, 2020.[177]

As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources' effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy, the Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles (MOR-EV) initiative was created. With this incentive, residents may qualify for a state-provided incentive of up to $2,500 for the purchase or lease of an electric vehicle, or $1,500 for the purchase or lease of a plug-in hybrid vehicle.[178] This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[179]

For income-eligible residents, Mass Save has partnered with Massachusetts Community Action Program Agencies and Low-Income Energy Affordability Network (LEAN) to offer residents assistance with upgrades to their homes that will result in more efficient energy usage. Residents may qualify for a replacement of their heating system, insulation installation, appliances, and thermostats if they meet the income qualifications provided on Mass Save's website. For residents of 5+ family residential buildings, there are additional income-restricted benefits available through LEAN. If at least 50 percent of the residents of the building qualify as low income, energy efficiency improvements like those available through Mass Save are available. Residential structures operated by non-profit organizations, for profit operations, or housing authorities may take advantage of these programs.[180]

In late 2020, the administration of Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker released a decarbonization roadmap to aim for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The plan calls for major investments in offshore wind and solar energy. It would also require all new cars sold in the state to be zero-emissions (electric or hydrogen powered) by 2035.[181][182]

Demographics

Massachusetts population density map. The centers of high-density settlement, from east to west, are Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Pittsfield, respectively.

At the 2020 U.S. census, Massachusetts had a population of over 7 million, a 7.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[185][186] As of 2015, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third-most densely populated U.S. state, with 871.0 people per square mile,[187] behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811 foreign-born residents or 15% of the population.[187] As of July 2023, the population is estimated to be 7,001,399.[5]

Most Massachusetts residents live within the Boston metropolitan area, also known as Greater Boston, which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester. The Springfield metropolitan area, also known as Greater Springfield, is also a major center of population. Demographically, the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick.[188][189]

Like the rest of the Northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Massachusetts is the fastest-growing state in New England and the 25th fastest-growing state in the United States.[190] Population growth has been driven primarily by the relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system.[190]

Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state's population growth, causing the state's population to continue to grow as of the 2010 census (particularly in Massachusetts gateway cities where costs of living are lower).[191][192] Forty percent of foreign immigrants were from Central or South America, according to a 2005 Census Bureau study, with many of the remainder from Asia. Many residents who have settled in Greater Springfield claim Puerto Rican descent.[191] Many areas of Massachusetts showed relatively stable population trends between 2000 and 2010.[192] Exurban Boston and coastal areas grew the most rapidly, while Berkshire County in far Western Massachusetts and Barnstable County on Cape Cod were the only counties to lose population as of the 2010 census.[192] In 2018, The top countries of origin for Massachusetts' immigrants were China, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, India and Haiti.[193]

By sex, 48.4% were male, and 51.6% were female in 2014. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 and 14.8% were over 65.[187]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 15,507 homeless people in Massachusetts.[194][195]

Race and ancestry

Saint Patrick's Day parade in Scituate, the municipality with the highest percentage identifying Irish ancestry in the United States, at 47.5% in 2010.[196] Irish Americans constitute the largest ethnicity in Massachusetts.
Ethnic origins in Massachusetts

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 67.6% in 2020.[187][198] As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births,[199] while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than age 1 was minorities (at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).[200] One major reason for this is that non-Hispanic whites in Massachusetts recorded a total fertility rate of 1.36 in 2017, the second-lowest in the country after neighboring Rhode Island.[201]

As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry.[202] During the early and mid-19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; first from Ireland in the 1840s;[203] today the Irish and part-Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25% of the total population. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland.[204] In the early 20th century, an increasing number of African Americans migrated to Massachusetts, although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states.[205] Later in the 20th century, immigration from Latin America increased considerably. More than 156,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014,[206] and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Massachusetts also has large Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations.[207] Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.[208]

Boston's Chinatown, with its paifang gate, is home to many Chinese and also Vietnamese restaurants.
Boston gay pride march, held annually in June. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

The largest ancestry group in Massachusetts are the Irish (22.5% of the population), who live in significant numbers throughout the state but form more than 40% of the population along the South Shore in Norfolk and Plymouth counties (in both counties overall, Irish-Americans comprise more than 30% of the population). Italians form the second-largest ethnic group in the state (13.5%), but form a plurality in some suburbs north of Boston and in a few towns in the Berkshires. English Americans, the third-largest (11.4%) group, form a plurality in some western towns. French and French Canadians also form a significant part (10.7%),[209] with sizable populations in Bristol, Hampden, and Worcester Counties, along with Middlesex county especially concentrated in the areas surrounding Lowell and Lawrence.[210][211] Lowell is home to the second-largest Cambodian community of the nation.[212] Massachusetts is home to a small community of Greek Americans as well, which according to the American Community Survey there are 83,701 of them scattered along the state (1.2% of the total state population).[213] There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod—with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993, while the Nipmuc maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state, including one at Grafton.[214]

Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US, but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the nativist (mainly anti-Catholic) Know Nothings in the 1850s,[215] the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti executions in the 1920s,[216] and Boston's opposition to desegregation busing in the 1970s.[217]

Historical racial and ethnic composition

Massachusetts – Racial and Ethnic Composition

(NH = Non-Hispanic)

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Languages

The most common varieties of American English spoken in Massachusetts, other than General American, are the cot-caught distinct, rhotic, western Massachusetts dialect and the cot-caught merged, non-rhotic, eastern Massachusetts dialect (popularly known as a "Boston accent").[221]

As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residents 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke Spanish, 2.97% (181,437) Portuguese, 1.59% (96,690) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.11% (67,788) French, 0.89% (54,456) French Creole, 0.72% (43,798) Italian, 0.62% (37,865) Russian, and Vietnamese was spoken as a primary language by 0.58% (35,283) of the population over 5. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts's population 5 and older spoke a first language other than English.[187][222]

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[223]

  Unaffiliated (34%)
  Catholicism (34%)
  Protestantism (22%)
  Judaism (3%)
  Hinduism (2%)
  Buddhism (1%)
  New Age (1%)
  Other (1%)

Massachusetts was founded and settled by Brownist Puritans in 1620,[81] and soon after by other groups of Separatists/Dissenters, Nonconformists and Independents from 17th century England.[224] A majority of people in Massachusetts today remain Christians.[187] The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the various Congregational churches, the United Church of Christ and congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association, long located on Beacon Hill, is now located in South Boston.[225][226] Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations. Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization.[227]

As of the 2014 Pew study, Christians made up 57% of the state's population, with Protestants making up 21% of them. Roman Catholics made up 34% and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions—chiefly Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century, due to the rise of irreligion in New England. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States; for comparison and contrast however, in 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 67% of the population were Christian reflecting a slight increase of religiosity.[228] A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920. Jews make up 3% of the population. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science serve as the world headquarters of this new religious movement. Buddhists, Pagans, Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons may also be found. The Satanic Temple has its headquarters in Salem. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts. According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives, (ARDA) the largest single denominations are the Catholic Church with 2,940,199 adherents; the United Church of Christ with 86,639 adherents; and the Episcopal Church with 81,999 adherents.[229]

In 2014, 32% of the population identified as having no religion;[230] in a separate 2020 study, 23% of the population identified as irreligious, and 67% of the population identified as Christians (including 26% as white Protestants and 20% as white Catholics).[228] As of 2022, a plurality of Massachusettsans were irreligious,[228] and the state is considered to be a part of the Unchurched Belt.[231]

Native American tribes

What is today Massachusetts was originally inhabited by the Wampanoag, the Nipmuc, the Massachusett, the Pocumtuc, the Nauset, the Pennacook and a few other tribes.[232][233] Some of these tribes are still represented among the population of the state today.

The largest Native American tribes in Massachusetts according to the 2010 census are listed in the table below:[234]

Education

Harvard University and MIT are both widely regarded as in the top handful of universities worldwide for academic research in various disciplines.[60] (Shown are the Widener Library at Harvard and MIT Building 10.)
Towns in Massachusetts by combined mean SAT of their public high school district for the 2015–2016 academic year[235]

In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report.[236] Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[237] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education[238][239] which was established in 1852.[122] Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[240] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[241] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[242] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[243] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[244] Massachusetts is also home to the highest ranked private high school in the United States, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, which was founded in 1778.[245]

Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[246] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[247] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.[61]

Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[248] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[249] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News & World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News & World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[250] It is also home to the oldest Catholic liberal arts college, College of the Holy Cross (#33).[251] Boston Architectural College is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst, which enrolls more than 25,000.[252][253]

As of 2021, Massachusetts has the highest percentage of adults over the age of 25 with a bachelor's degree (46.62%) and a graduate degree (21.27%) of any state in the country.

Economy

The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2020 was $584 billion.[254] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[255] As of January 2023, Massachusetts state general minimum wage is $15.00 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $6.75 an hour, with a guarantee that employers will pay the difference should a tipped employee's hourly wage not meet or exceed the general minimum wage.[256] This wage was set to increase to a general minimum of $15.00 per hour and a tipped worker minimum of $6.75 per hour in January 2023, as part of a series of minimum wage amendments passed in 2018 that saw the minimum wage increase slowly every January up to 2023.[257]

In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, General Electric, Raytheon, American Tower, Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific.[258] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2023" has recognized Massachusetts as the 15th-best state in the nation for business,[259] and for the second year in a row in 2016 the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America.[260] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent.[261] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.[262]

Massachusetts has three foreign-trade zones, the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston, the Port of New Bedford, and the City of Holyoke.[263] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4 million total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[264]

Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[265] and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations.[266] Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[267] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[268]

Sunset at Brewster, on Cape Cod Bay.

While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[269] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[270][271]

The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[272] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.[273]

In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. Massachusetts ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[274]

Agriculture

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (27.3 hectares) apiece.[275] Greenhouse, floriculture, and sod products – including the ornamental market – make up more than one third of the state's agricultural output.[276][277] Particular agricultural products of note also include cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[277] Fruit cultivation is an important part of the state's agricultural revenues,[278] and Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state after Wisconsin.[279]

Taxation

Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income)[280] or 25th-highest overall with below-average corporate taxes (39th-highest), above-average personal income taxes, (13th-highest), above-average sales tax (18th-highest), and below-average property taxes (46th-highest).[281] In the 1970s, the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high-tax state, gaining the pejorative nickname "Taxachusetts". This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s—a conservative period in American politics—including Proposition 2½.[282]

As of January 1, 2020, Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income tax of 5.00%,[283] after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5.0%[284] as amended by the legislature.[285] There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%,[286] and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%.[287] An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year.[288]

The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax[286] on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries, clothing (up to $175.00), and periodicals.[289] The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than $175.00, for the amount exceeding $175.00.[289] Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax; taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms, though there are "safe harbor" amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases (except for purchases over $1,000).[289] There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.[287]

Energy

Massachusetts's electricity generation market was made competitive in 1998, enabling retail customers to change suppliers without changing utility companies.[290] In 2018, Massachusetts consumed 1,459 trillion BTU,[291] making it the seventh-lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita, and 31 percent of that energy came from natural gas.[291] In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States[292][293] while Boston is the most efficient city,[294] but it had the fourth-highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state.[291] In 2018, renewable energy was about 7.2 percent of total energy consumed in the state, ranking 34th.[291]

Transportation

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, serving Greater Boston

Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non-metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state;[295] statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in Massachusetts.[296]

Regional public transportation

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as "The T",[297] operates public transportation in the form of subway,[298] bus,[299] and ferry[300] systems in the Metro Boston area.

Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state.[301] Four heritage railways are also in operation:

Long-distance rail and bus

Amtrak operates several inter-city rail lines in Massachusetts. Boston's South Station serves as the terminus for three lines, namely the high-speed Acela Express, which links to cities such as Providence, New Haven, New York City, and eventually Washington DC; the Northeast Regional, which follows the same route but includes many more stops, and also continues further south to Newport News in Virginia; and the Lake Shore Limited, which runs westward to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago.[306][307] Boston's other major station, North Station, serves as the southern terminus for Amtrak's Downeaster, which connects to Portland and Brunswick in Maine.[306]

Outside of Boston, Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts, along the aforementioned Acela, Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited, and Downeaster lines, as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts. The Hartford Line connects Springfield to New Haven, operated in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation, and the Valley Flyer runs a similar route but continues further north to Greenfield. Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter, which connects St. Albans, Vermont to Washington DC.[306]

Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012),[308] but service between other cities is less frequent. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, OurBus, BoltBus and Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston.[309]

MBTA Commuter Rail services run throughout the larger Greater Boston area, including service to Worcester, Fitchburg, Haverhill, Newburyport, Lowell, and Kingston.[310] This overlaps with the service areas of neighboring regional transportation authorities. As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the MBTA and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.[311][312]

Ferry

Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises, which operates ferry services in and around Greater Boston under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Several routes connect the downtown area with Hingham, Hull, Winthrop, Salem, Logan Airport, Charlestown, and some of the islands located within the harbor. The same company also operates seasonal service between Boston and Provincetown.[313]

On the southern shore of the state, several different passenger ferry lines connect Martha's Vineyard to ports along the mainland, including Woods Hole, Hyannis, New Bedford, and Falmouth, all in Massachusetts, as well as North Kingstown in Rhode Island, Highlands in New Jersey, and New York City in New York.[314] Similarly, several different lines connect Nantucket to ports including Hyannis, New Bedford, Harwich, and New York City.[315] Service between the two islands is also offered. The dominant companies serving these routes include SeaStreak, Hy-Line Cruises, and The Steamship Authority, the latter of which regulates all passenger services in the region and is also the only company permitted to offer freight ferry services to the islands.[316]

Other ferry connections in the state include a water taxi connecting various points in Fall River,[317] seasonal ferry service connecting Plymouth to Provincetown,[318] and a service between New Bedford and Cuttyhunk.[319]

Rail freight

As of 2018, a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts, with Class I railroad CSX being the largest carrier, and another Class 1, Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership. Several regional and short line railroads also provide service and connect with other railroads.[320] Massachusetts has a total of 1,110 miles (1,790 km) of freight trackage in operation.[321][322]

Air service

Logan International Airport in Boston is the largest airport in New England in terms of passenger volume

Boston Logan International Airport served 33.5 million passengers in 2015 (up from 31.6 million in 2014)[264] through 103 gates.[323][324] Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency.[324] Massachusetts has 39 public-use airfields[325] and more than 200 private landing spots.[326] Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel.[327]

Roads

Prominent roads and cities in Massachusetts

There are a total of 36,800 miles (59,200 km) of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts.[328] Interstate 90 (I-90, also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike), is the longest interstate in Massachusetts. The route travels 136 mi (219 km) generally west to east, entering Massachusetts at the New York state line in the town of West Stockbridge, and passes just north of Springfield, just south of Worcester and through Framingham before terminating near Logan International Airport in Boston.[329] Other major interstates include I-91, which travels generally north and south along the Connecticut River; I-93, which travels north and south through central Boston, then passes through Methuen before entering New Hampshire; and I-95, which connects Providence, Rhode Island with Greater Boston, forming a partial loop concurrent with Route 128 around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire.[330]

I-495 forms a wide loop around the outer edge of Greater Boston. Other major interstates in Massachusetts include I-291, I-391, I-84, I-195, I-395, I-290, and I-190. Major non-interstate highways in Massachusetts include U.S. Routes 1, 3, 6, and 20, and state routes 2, 3, 9, 24, and 128. A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid-20th century, and at times were controversial, particularly the intent to route I-95 northeastwards from Providence, Rhode Island, directly through central Boston, first proposed in 1948. Opposition to continued construction grew, and in 1970 Governor Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area.[331] A massive undertaking to bring I-93 underground in downtown Boston, called the Big Dig, brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality.[134]

Government and politics

The Massachusetts State House, topped by its golden dome, faces Boston Common on Beacon Hill.

Massachusetts has a long political history; earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620, the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress, four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted, and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world.[332][333][334] It has been amended 121 times, most recently in 2022.[335]

Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the Democratic Party, and the state has a reputation for being the most liberal state in the country.[336] In 1974, Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history.[337] The state's 12th congressional district elected the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds, in 1972[338] and in 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex marriage.[57] In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to approve a law that provided for nearly universal healthcare.[339][340] Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law.[341]

In a 2020 study, Massachusetts was ranked as the 11th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[342]

Government

Maura Healey (D), the 73rd Governor of Massachusetts

The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch, while legislative authority vests in a separate but coequal legislature. Meanwhile, judicial power is constitutionally guaranteed to the independent judicial branch.[343]

Executive branch

As chief executive, the governor is responsible for signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard.[344] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency.[344] The governor is Maura Healey and the incumbent lieutenant governor is Kim Driscoll. The governor conducts the affairs of state alongside a separate Governor's Council made up of the lieutenant governor and eight separately elected councilors.[344] The council is charged by the state constitution with reviewing and confirming gubernatorial appointments and pardons, approving disbursements out of the state treasury, and certifying elections, among other duties.[344]

Aside from the governor and Governor's Council, the executive branch also includes four independently elected constitutional officers: a secretary of the commonwealth, an attorney general, a state treasurer, and a state auditor. The commonwealth's incumbent constitutional officers are respectively William F. Galvin, Andrea Campbell, Deb Goldberg and Diana DiZoglio, all Democrats. In accordance with state statute, the secretary of the commonwealth administers elections, regulates lobbyists and the securities industry, registers corporations, serves as register of deeds for the entire state, and preserves public records as keeper of the state seal.[345] Meanwhile, the attorney general provides legal services to state agencies, combats fraud and corruption, investigates and prosecutes crimes, and enforces consumer protection, environment, labor, and civil rights laws as Massachusetts chief lawyer and law enforcement officer.[346] At the same time, the state treasurer manages the state's cash flow, debt, and investments as chief financial officer, whereas the state auditor conducts audits, investigations, and studies as chief audit executive in order to promote government accountability and transparency and improve state agency financial management, legal compliance, and performance.[347][348]

Legislative branch

The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court.[344] The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members.[344] Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President.[344] Each branch consists of several committees.[344] Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms.[349]

Judicial branch

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Governor's Council, as are all other judges in the state.[344]

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.[350]

Federal representation

The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic.[351] The Senators are Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey while the Representatives are Richard Neal (1st), Jim McGovern (2nd), Lori Trahan (3rd), Jake Auchincloss (4th), Katherine Clark (5th), Seth Moulton (6th), Ayanna Pressley (7th), Stephen Lynch (8th), and Bill Keating (9th).[352]

In U.S. presidential elections since 2012, Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538.[353] Like most states, Massachusetts's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[354]

Politics

Two older men and an older woman stand in a crowd with signs reading "Joe Kennedy for Congress".
Boston Pride Parade, 2012. From left: Representative Joe Kennedy III, Senator Elizabeth Warren, and former representative Barney Frank.

For more than 70 years, Massachusetts has shifted from a previously Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the 1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009.[355] Since the 1950s, Massachusetts has gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the phrase "Massachusetts liberal".[356]

Massachusetts is one of the most Democratic states in the country. Democratic core concentrations are everywhere, except for a handful of Republican leaning towns in the Central and Southern parts of the state. Until recently, Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston, however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era. The state as a whole has not given its Electoral College votes to a Republican in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan carried it in 1984, and not a single county has voted for a Republican presidential candidate since 1988 . Additionally, Massachusetts provided Reagan with his smallest margins of victory in both the 1980[357] and 1984 elections.[358] Massachusetts had been the only state to vote for Democrat George McGovern in the 1972 presidential election. In 2020, Biden received 65.6% of the vote, the best performance in over 50 years for a Democrat.[359]

Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation; there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level. Both Senators and all nine Representatives are Democrats; only one Republican (former Senator Scott Brown) has been elected to either house of Congress from Massachusetts since 1994. Massachusetts is the most populous state to be represented in the United States Congress entirely by a single party.[360]

As of the 2018 elections, the Democratic Party holds a super-majority over the Republican Party in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court (state legislature). Out of the state house's 160 seats, Democrats hold 127 seats (79%) compared to the Republican Party's 32 seats (20%), an independent sits in the remaining one,[361] and 37 out of the 40 seats in the state senate (92.5%) belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party's three seats (7.5%).[362] Both houses of the legislature have had Democratic majorities since the 1950s.[363]

Despite the state's Democratic-leaning tendency, Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor: only two Democrats (Deval Patrick and Maura Healey) have served as governor since 1991, and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2022, Republican nominees garnered 48.4% of the vote compared to 45.7% for Democratic nominees.[365] These have been considered to be among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation;[366][367] they have received higher net favorability ratings from the state's Democrats than Republicans.[368]

A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts, such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court allowing same-sex marriage[369] and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Massachusetts residents.[340] In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana.[370] Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana.[371] Following the approval of a ballot question endorsing legalization in 2016, Massachusetts began issuing licenses for the regulated sale of recreational marijuana in June 2018. The licensed sale of recreational marijuana became legal on July 1, 2018; however, the lack of state-approved testing facilities prevented the sale of any product for several weeks.[372] However, in 2020, a ballot initiative to implement Ranked-Choice Voting failed, despite being championed by many progressives.[373]

Massachusetts is one of the most pro-choice states in the Union. A 2014 Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Massachusetts residents supported the right to an abortion in all/most cases, making Massachusetts the most pro-choice state in the United States.[374]

In 2020, the state legislature overrode Governor Charlie Baker's veto of the ROE Act, a controversial law that codified existing abortion laws in case the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, dropped the age of parental consent for those seeking an abortion from 18 to 16, and legalized abortion after 24 weeks, if a fetus had fatal anomalies, or "to preserve the patient's physical or mental health."[375]

The 2023 American Values Atlas by Public Religion Research Institute found that same-sex marriage is supported near-universally by Massachusettsans.[376]

Cities, towns, and counties

There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties.[377] The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.[378]

Boston is the state capital in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 692,600,[379] and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,873,019, is the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation.[380] Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, Cambridge, Brockton, Quincy, New Bedford, and Lynn. Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area, followed by Middleborough.[377]

Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town.[381] In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government.[381] Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County,[382] the largest county in the state by population.[383][384] The voters of these now-defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. Other counties have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils.[385]

Arts, culture, and recreation

The site of Henry David Thoreau's cabin at Walden Pond in Concord
Massachusetts is home to many of the worlds' most prestigious art museums, such as the Clark Art Institute (pictured above)

Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, Massachusetts has produced several writers, artists, and musicians. Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.[388]

Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature.[117] Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was born in Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work Nature, and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden; or, Life in the Woods.[389]

Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Anne Bradstreet, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Edith Wharton, e.e. cummings, Herman Melville, W.E.B. Du Bois, Sylvia Plath, Elizabeth Bishop, John Updike, Anne Sexton, H.P. Lovecraft, Edgar Allan Poe, Helen Hunt Jackson, Khalil Gibran, Mary Higgins Clark, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, Jack Kerouac and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as "Dr. Seuss".[390][391][392] Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell;[392] many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.[393]

An outdoor dance performance at Jacob's Pillow in Becket

Massachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts.[394] Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable, the New Bedford Symphony Orchestra,[395] and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra.[396][397] Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[398]

Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet, the Boston Lyric Opera,[394] and the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company. In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the classic rock bands Aerosmith and Boston, the proto-punk band the Modern Lovers, the new wave band the Cars, and the alternative rock band Pixies.[399] The state has also been the birthplace of the rock bands Staind, Godsmack, and Highly Suspect, since these bands all were formed in Massachusetts cities such Springfield, Lawrence, and Cape Cod respectively.[400][401][402] Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts.[403]

USS Constitution fires a salute during its annual Fourth of July turnaround cruise
Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use.[404] Massachusetts has since become one of the most irreligious states in the U.S.[405]

Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The Clark Art Institute, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within Massachusetts,[406] and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium.[407] Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield,[146] Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution,[146][408] the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the Industrial Revolution in the US,[146] the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston,[409] and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park[146] all showcase various periods of Massachusetts's history. Plymouth Rock, marks the disembarkation site of the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in December 1620.

Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.[410][411]

Massachusetts has the largest population of the New England states. New Englander culture and identity remains strong in Massachusetts (Flag of New England pictured above).[412]

Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day parade and "Harborfest", a week-long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS Constitution, are popular events.[413] The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year.[414] The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30,000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually.[415]

Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail.[416] Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,[417] whale watching,[418] downhill and cross-country skiing,[419] and hunting.[420]

Massachusetts is one of the states with the largest percentage of Catholics. It has many sanctuaries such as the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts).[421]

Media

There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth-largest in the United States.[422] The other market surrounds the Springfield area.[423] WGBH-TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as Nova, Frontline, and American Experience.[424][425]

The Boston Globe, Boston Herald, Springfield Republican, and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette are Massachusetts's largest daily newspapers.[426] In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. The Associated Press maintains a bureau in Boston, and local news wire the State House News Service feeds coverage of state government to other Massachusetts media outlets. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts,[427] along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.[428][429][430]

Health

Map showing the average Medicare reimbursement per enrollee for the counties in Massachusetts.[431]

Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2015, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third-healthiest overall.[432] Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents (435.38),[433][434] the second-lowest infant mortality rate (3.8),[435][436] and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (children as well as the total population).[437][438][439] According to Business Insider, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 80.41 years, the fifth-longest in the country.[440][441] 36.1% of the population is overweight and 24.4% is obese,[442] and Massachusetts ranks sixth-highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (39.5%).[442] Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th-highest in the country.[443][444]

The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799.[445][446] There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state.[447] According to 2015 rankings by U.S. News & World Report, Massachusetts General Hospital is ranked in the top three in two health care specialties.[448] Massachusetts General Hospital was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.[449]

The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard affiliates Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Dana–Farber Cancer Institute[450] as well as the New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center, and Boston Medical Center which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University.[451] The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School is located in Worcester.[452] The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester.[453]

Sports

Gillette Stadium in Foxborough is the home venue for the New England Patriots (NFL) and the New England Revolution (MLS)

Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: eighteen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics,[454] nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox,[455] six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins,[456] six-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots,[457] and five-time MLS Cup finalists New England Revolution.[458]

In the late 19th century, the Olympic sports of basketball[459] and volleyball[460] were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield[459] and Holyoke,[460] respectively. The Basketball Hall of Fame is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.[460] The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield.[461]

Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics. The state is home to two Division I FBS teams, Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst. FCS play includes Harvard University, which competes in the famed Ivy League, and College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League. Boston University, Northeastern University, UMASS Lowell, Stonehill College, and Merrimack College also participate in Division I athletics.[462][463] Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as Division III, where MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams.[464]

Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta.[465] A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups.[466][467]

Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Thomas Burke, James Connolly, and John Thomas (track and field); Butch Johnson (archery); Nancy Kerrigan (figure skating); Todd Richards (snowboarding); Albina Osipowich (swimming); Aly Raisman (gymnastics); Patrick Ewing (basketball); Stephen Nedoroscik (pommel horse); as well as Jim Craig, Mike Eruzione, Bill Cleary, Keith Tkachuk (ice hockey).[468][469]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Massachusetts is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
  3. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
  1. ^ Per the 2020 United States census, its highest decennial count ever.

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Bibliography

Further reading

Overviews and surveys

Secondary sources

External links

42°18′N 72°00′W / 42.3°N 72.0°W / 42.3; -72.0 (Commonwealth of Massachusetts)