1,6 × 10−5 квектометров (1,6 × 10−35 метров ) — длина Планка (Меры расстояния короче этой не имеют физического смысла, согласно современным теориям физики ).
1 кв. м – 1 квектометр, наименьшее именованное подразделение метра в базовой единице длины СИ , одна нониллионная метра. [56]
1 ронтометр
Theронтометр (символСИпм ) — единица длинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−27 метра .
1 пм – 1 ронтометр, подразделение метра в базовой единице длины СИ , одна октиллионная метра. [56]
10 фм – длина одной стороны квадрата, площадь которого составляет один барн (10−28 м2 ) , единица измерения поперечного сечения мишени , используемая в ядерной физике
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−13 м до 10−12 м (от 100 фм до 1 пм ).
570 Фм – типичное расстояние от ядра атома двух самых внутренних электронов (электронов в оболочке 1s ) в атоме урана , самом тяжелом атоме, встречающемся в природе
780 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки кварца
820 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки льда
900 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки коэсита
1 нанометр
Theнанометр (символСИнм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−9 метрам ( 1/1 000 000 000 m = 0,000 000 001 м ) . Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−9 до 10−8 м (1 нм и 10 нм).
200 нм – типичный размер бактерии Mycoplasma , одной из самых маленьких бактерий.
300 нм – наибольший размер частиц, который может пройти через фильтр HEPA (высокоэффективный фильтр для улавливания частиц) (N100 удаляет до 99,97% при 300 нм, N95 удаляет до 95% при 300 нм) [84]
Theмикрометр (символСИмкм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−6 метрам ( 1/1 000 000 м = 0,000 001 м ) . Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены некоторые элементы с длинами от 10−6 до 10−5 м (от 1 до 10 микрометров , или мкм).
78 мкм — ширина пикселя на дисплее iPhone 4, продаваемого как Retina Display [97]
70–180 мкм – толщина бумаги
100 микрометров
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины между 10−4 м и 10−3 м (100 мкм и 1 мм ). Термин мириометр (сокр. mom, эквивалент 100 микрометров; часто путают с мириаметром , 10 километров) [98] устарел; десятичный метрический префикс мирио- [99] устарел [100] [101] [102] и не был включен в число префиксов , когда Международная система единиц была введена в 1960 году.
100 мкм – 1/10 миллиметра
100 мкм – 0,00394 дюйма
100 мкм – наименьшее расстояние, которое можно увидеть невооруженным глазом
Theмиллиметр (символСИмм ) — единица длинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−3 метра ( 1/1 000 m = 0,001 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−3 м до 10−2 м (1 мм и 1 см).
Theсантиметр (символСИсм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−2 метрам ( 1/100 m = 0,01 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−2 м до 10−1 м (1 см и 1 дм).
8,6 см × 5,4 см — размеры стандартной кредитной карты (также называемой CR80) [116] [117]
9 см – длина крапчатой черепахи, самой маленькой известной черепахи
1 дециметр
Theдециметр (символСИдм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−1 метрам ( 1/10 m = 0,1 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10 сантиметров до 100 сантиметров (от 10 −1 метра до 1 метра).
Конверсии
10 сантиметров (сокращенно 10 см) равно:
1 дециметр (дм), термин, не имеющий общего употребления (1 л = 1 дм 3 .)
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от одного метра до десяти метров. Свет в вакууме проходит 1 метр за 1 ⁄ 299 792 458 или 3,3356409519815E-9 секунды.
1,63 м (5 футов 4 дюйма) (или 64 дюйма) — рост среднестатистической женщины в США по состоянию на 2002 год [update](источник: Центры США по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (CDC))
1,75 м (5 футов 8 дюймов) — рост среднего мужчины в США по состоянию на 2002 год [update](источник: Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США, данные по женщинам выше)
15 метров — приблизительное расстояние, на которое тропические круги широты смещаются к экватору, а полярные круги — к полюсам каждый год из-за естественного постепенного уменьшения наклона земной оси
16 метров — длина кашалота , самого крупного зубатого кита
18 метров — высота завропосейдона , самого высокого известного динозавра.
20 метров — длина лидсихтиса , самой большой известной рыбы, когда-либо жившей
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10 до 100 километров (от 10 4 до 10 5 метров ). Мириаметр [148] (иногда также пишется как мириометр ; 10 000 метров) — устаревшее название единицы; десятичный метрический префикс мирия- [99] (иногда также пишется как мирио- [149] [150] [151] ) устарел [100] [101] [102] и не был включен в число префиксов , когда Международная система единиц была введена в 1960 году.
66 км – диаметр Наяды , самого внутреннего спутника Нептуна .
100 километров
Длина в 100 километров (около 62 миль), как грубая величина, является относительно обычной в измерениях на Земле и для некоторых астрономических объектов. Это высота, на которой FAI определяет начало космического полета .
Чтобы облегчить сравнение порядков величин , в этом разделе приведены длины от 100 до 1000 километров (от 105 до 106 метров ) .
Конверсии
Расстояние в 100 километров равно примерно 62 милям (или 62,13711922 мили).
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины , начиная с 107 метров ( 10 мегаметров или 10 000 километров ).
39.000 Мм — длина оптического подводного телекоммуникационного кабеля SEA-ME-WE 3 , соединяющего 39 точек между Норденом , Германия, и Окинавой , Япония.
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины , начиная с 108 метров ( 100 мегаметров или 100 000 километров или 62 150 миль ).
989 Мм – диаметр Эпсилон Инди , одной из ближайших к Земле звезд.
1 гигаметр
; нижняя часть: их более темные зеркальные отражения (интерпретация художника).
Theгигаметр (символСИГм ) —единицадлинывметрической системе,равная1000 000 000 метров (109 м). Для сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе перечислены длины, начинающиеся с 109метров(1 гигаметр (Гм) или 1 миллиардметров).
5,0 Гм – максимальное сближение кометы Галлея с Землей, произошло 10 апреля 837 г.
5,0 Гм – (предлагаемый) размер плеч гигантского треугольного интерферометра Майкельсона космической лазерной интерферометрической антенны (LISA), наблюдения с которой планируется начать в 2030-х годах.
35 Гм – приблизительный диаметр Арктура , близкой красной гигантской звезды. [178] Он находится на ветви красных гигантов , синтезируя водород в гелий в оболочке, окружающей инертное гелиевое ядро. [177]
Чтобы облегчить сравнение расстояний разного порядка, в этом разделе перечислены длины, начиная с 1011 метров ( 100 гигаметров или 100 миллионов километров или 0,7 астрономической единицы ).
280 Гм (1,9 а.е.) – диаметр Денеба , голубого сверхгиганта и самой яркой звезды в созвездии Лебедя [182]
511 Gm (3,4 а.е.) – средний диаметр Миры , пульсирующего красного гиганта и прародителя переменных Миры . Это асимптотическая звезда ветви гигантов . [183]
570 Гм (3,8 а.е.) — длина хвоста кометы Хиякутаке, измеренная Улиссом ; фактическое значение может быть намного больше
1,35 Тл – 9,04 а.е. – предполагаемый диаметр Мю Цефея , красного сверхгиганта (возможно, гипергиганта) среди крупнейших известных звезд . [188] Некоторые оценки, однако, достигают 1,98 Тл (13,2 а.е.). [189]
Для облегчения сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе перечислены длины, начиная с 1013 м ( 10 Тм или 10 млрд км или 67 астрономических единиц ).
Для облегчения сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе перечислены длины, начиная с 1014 м ( 100 Тм или 100 млрд км или 670 астрономических единиц ).
7,5 Pm – 50 000 а.е. – возможная внешняя граница облака Оорта (другие оценки составляют от 75 000 до 125 000 или даже 189 000 а.е. (1,18, 2 и 3 световых года соответственно))
9,5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – один световой год , расстояние, которое свет проходит за один год.
260 Pm – 27 световых лет – Расстояние до Хары , звезды примерно такой же яркости, как Солнце. Ее тусклость дает представление о том, как будет выглядеть Солнце , если смотреть с этого расстояния.
1,6 Em – 172 ± 12,5 световых лет – диаметр Омеги Центавра (одного из крупнейших известных шаровых скоплений , возможно, содержащего более миллиона звезд ) [200] [201]
3,08568 Em – 326,1 световых лет – 1 гектопарсек
3,1 Эм – 310 световых лет – расстояние до Канопуса по данным Hipparcos [202]
3,9 Эм – 410 световых лет – расстояние до Бетельгейзе по данным Hipparcos [203]
6,2 Эм – 650 световых лет – расстояние до туманности Улитка , расположенной в созвездии Водолея [204]
8,2 Эм – 860 световых лет – расстояние до Ригеля по данным Hipparcos [202]
9,4 Эм — 1 световое тысячелетие — 1000 световых лет
<1,9 Zm – <200 000 световых лет – пересмотренный расчетный диаметр диска Галактики Млечный Путь . Ранее считалось, что размер составляет половину этого.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.
13 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – length of the South Pole Wall
13 Ym – 1.38 billion light-years – length of the Sloan Great Wall
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
260 Ym – 27.4 billion light-years – diameter of the observable universe (double LTD)
440 Ym – 46 billion light-years – radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance
590 Ym – 62 billion light-years – cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future
886.48 Ym – 93.7 billion light-years – the diameter of the observable universe (twice the particle horizon); however, there might be unobserved distances that are even greater.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (1027 m or 105.7 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
>1 Rm – >105.7 billion light-years – size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see Shape of the universe) as previously mentioned.
2.764 Rm - 292.2 billion light-years – circumference of the observable universe, as it is in the shape of a sphere.
^The diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm Ley, Brian (1999). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Diameter of a human hair". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
^ a bThe exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
^10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122 is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.
^But not cloud or high-level fog droplets; droplet size increases with altitude. For a contradictory study indicating larger drop sizes even in ground fog, see Eldridge, Ralph G. (October 1961). "A Few Fog Drop-Size Distributions". Journal of Meteorology. 18 (5): 671–6. Bibcode:1961JAtS...18..671E. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0671:AFFDSD>2.0.CO;2.
References
^ a b c d eBurgess, Cliff; Quevedo, Fernando (November 2007). "The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride". Scientific American. 297 (5): 55. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297e..52B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1107-52 (inactive 2 November 2024). PMID 17990824. Retrieved 1 May 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^Nave, Carl R. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 1.42 × 10−22 m)
^ a b cNave, Carl R. "Neutron Absorption Cross-sections". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 2 × 10−21 m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 7 × 10−21 m)
^Abbott, B. P.; et al. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv:1602.03837. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116f1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. PMID 26918975. S2CID 124959784. On 14 September 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21.
^Pohl, R.; et al. (July 2010). "The size of the proton". Nature. 466 (7303): 213–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P. doi:10.1038/nature09250. PMID 20613837. S2CID 4424731.
^ a b c dStrassler, Matt (30 May 2013). "The strength of the known forces". profmattstrassler.com.
^ a b c dKolena. "The four forces: The strong interaction". Astrophysics Dept website. Duke University.
^ a b cNave, Carl R. "Scattering cross section". Retrieved 10 February 2009.(diameter of the scattering cross section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton)
^"CODATA Value: classical electron radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST.
^H. E. Smith. "The Scale of the Universe". UCSD. Retrieved 10 February 2009. ~10−13cm
^Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^Flahaut E, Bacsa R, Peigney A, Laurent C (June 2003). "Gram-scale CCVD synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes" (PDF). Chemical Communications. 12 (12): 1442–3. doi:10.1039/b301514a. PMID 12841282. S2CID 30627446.
^"The world's smallest transistor is 1nm long, physics be damned". 6 October 2016.
^Stewart, Robert. "Dr". Radiobiology Software. Archived from the original on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
^Langevin, Dominique (2008). "Chapter 10: DNA-Surfactant/Lipid Complexes at Liquid Interfaces". In Dias, Rita S; Lindman, Bjorn (eds.). DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 265. doi:10.1002/9780470286364.ch10. ISBN 978-0-470-25818-7. DNA has 20 elementary charges per helical turn over the corresponding length of 3.4nm
^Mai-Prochnow, Anne (9 December 2016). "Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma". Scientific Reports. 6. Nature: 38610. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638610M. doi:10.1038/srep38610. PMC 5146927. PMID 27934958.
^F., Adnan (17 October 2016). "Samsung announces industry-first mass production of System-on-Chip with 10nm FinFET technology". SamMobile.
^"Hard drive basics – Capacities, RPM speeds, interfaces, and mechanics". helpwithpcs.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
^Seth, S.D.; Seth, Vimlesh (2009). Textbook of Pharmacology (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. X111. ISBN 978-81-312-1158-8.
^Nave, Carl R (2016). "Color". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.
^"Size of bacteria". What are bacteria?. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^Ko, Frank K.; Kawabata, Sueo; Inoue, Mari; Niwa, Masako; Fossey, Stephen; Song, John W. "Engineering properties of spider silk" (PDF). web.mit.edu.
^Doohan, Jim. "Blood cells". biosbcc.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ a b c dAccording to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μmLey, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook.
^ a bLiu Z, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC (July 1999). "Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbscan corneal topography system". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 83 (7): 774–8. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.7.774. PMC 1723104. PMID 10381661.
^ a bOrder Siphonaptera – Fleas – BugGuide.Net Accessed 29 April 2014
^ a b"Official Rules". MLB. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^Bohun B. Kinloch Jr; William H. Scheuner. "Pinus lambertiana". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
^ a b"What is a rapier – Renaissance swords Rapiers". 2-Clicks Swords.
^"Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004.
^ a b"Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures". Niagara Parks Commission. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ a b"Three Gorges Dam". encyclopedia.com. Cengage Learning.
^"Exploring Chinese History :: Special Reports :: The Three Gorges Dam Project". www.ibiblio.org.
^ a bThomas PC, Parker JW, McFadden LA, Russell CT, Stern SA, Sykes MV, Young EF (September 2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926. S2CID 17758979.
^Weintrit, Adam (2013). "So, What is Actually the Distance from the Equator to the Pole? – Overview of the Meridian Distance Approximations". TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. 7 (2): 259–272. doi:10.12716/1001.07.02.14. ISSN 2083-6473.
^"Volvo owner Irv Gordon, who drove 3.2M miles in his P1800, has died". autoblog.com. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^Starr, Barry (2 February 2009). "A Long and Winding DNA". KQED. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". Heavens Above. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^Shiga, David. "Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
^Christian, Eric; Samar, Safi-Harb. "How large is the Milky Way?". Archived from the original on 2 February 1999. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
^Duncan, Martin (2008). "16" (PDF). Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
^M. López-Corredoira, C. Allende Prieto, F. Garzón, H. Wang, C. Liu and L. Deng (2018). "Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 612: L8. arXiv:1804.03064. Bibcode:2018A&A...612L...8L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880. S2CID 59933365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Freeman, David (25 May 2018). "The Milky Way galaxy may be much bigger than we thought" (Press release). CNBC.
^Martialay, Mary L. (11 March 2015). "The Corrugated Galaxy—Milky Way May Be Much Larger Than Previously Estimated" (Press release). Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015.
^Hall, Shannon (4 May 2015). "Size of the Milky Way Upgraded, Solving Galaxy Puzzle". Space.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^"The Horologium Supercluster". Atlas of the Universe.
^Gott, J. Richard; Jurić, Mario; Schlegel, David; Hoyle, Fiona; Vogeley, Michael; Tegmark, Max; Bahcall, Neta; Brinkmann, Jon (2005). "A Map of the Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 624 (2): 463. arXiv:astro-ph/0310571. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624..463G. doi:10.1086/428890. S2CID 9654355.
^Scott, Douglas; Zibin, J.P. (2006). "How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 15 (12): 2229–2233. arXiv:astro-ph/0605709. Bibcode:2006IJMPD..15.2229S. doi:10.1142/S0218271806009662. S2CID 119437678.
^Tegmark, M. (2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations". Scientific American. 288 (5): 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode:2003SciAm.288e..40T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329.
^Tegmark M (May 2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations". Scientific American. 288 (5): 40–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode:2003SciAm.288e..40T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329.
^Page, Don N.; Allende Prieto, C.; Garzon, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (18 October 2006). "Susskind's challenge to the Hartle Hawking no-boundary proposal and possible resolutions". Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics. 2007 (1): 004. arXiv:hep-th/0610199. Bibcode:2007JCAP...01..004P. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/004. S2CID 17403084.
^ a b c d e"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI)". International Committee for Weights and Measures. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^Nave, Carl R. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". Retrieved 4 December 2008. (6.3×10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 2×10−23 m)
^Christman, J. (2001). "The Weak Interaction" (PDF). Physnet. Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011.
^Raya, Khépani; Bedolla, Marco A.; Cobos-Martínez, J. J.; Bashir, Adnan (31 October 2017). "Heavy quarkonia in a contact interaction and an algebraic model: mass spectrum, decay constants, charge radii and elastic and transition form factors". Few-Body Systems. 59 (6): 16. arXiv:1711.00383. Bibcode:2018FBS....59..133R. doi:10.1007/s00601-018-1455-y. S2CID 254061694.
^Castelvecchi, Davide (11 November 2019). "How Big Is the Proton? Particle-Size Puzzle Leaps Closer to Resolution". Scientific American. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^Pohl, Randolf; Antognini, Aldo; Nez, François; Amaro, Fernando D.; Biraben, François; Cardoso, João M. R.; Covita, Daniel S.; Dax, Andreas; Dhawan, Satish; Fernandes, Luis M. P.; Giesen, Adolf; Graf, Thomas; Hänsch, Theodor W.; Indelicato, Paul; Julien, Lucile; Kao, Cheng-Yang; Knowles, Paul; Le Bigot, Eric-Olivier; Liu, Yi-Wei; Lopes, José A. M.; Ludhova, Livia; Cristina M. B. Monteiro; Mulhauser, Françoise; Nebel, Tobias; Rabinowitz, Paul; et al. (8 July 2010). "The size of the proton". Nature. 466 (7303): 213–216. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P. doi:10.1038/nature09250. PMID 20613837. S2CID 4424731.
^"proton rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty.
^NIST. CODATA Value: classical electron radius. Retrieved 2009-02-10
^ISO 1683:2015
^Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Hydrogen / radii". Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Helium / radii". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^Winter, Mark (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Periodicity / Van der Waals radius / periodicity". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
^"Resolution of an Electron Microscope". Archived from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
^"Buckminsterfullerene: Molecule of the Month". www.chm.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^Smith, Graham T. (2002). Industrial metrology. Springer. pp. 253. ISBN 978-1-85233-507-6.
^Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy
^Annis, Patty J. October 1991. Kansas State University. Fine Particle POLLUTION. Figure 1. (tobacco smoke: 10 to 1000 nm; virus particles: 3 to 50 nm; bacteria: 30 to 30000 nm; cooking oil smoke: 30 to 30000 nm; wood smoke: 7 to 3000 nm)
^Stryer, Lubert (1988). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1843-7.
^"Through the Microscope". www.microbiologytext.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
^Kojima S, Blair D (2004). "The bacterial flagellar motor: structure and function of a complex molecular machine". Int Rev Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 233: 93–134. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(04)33003-2. ISBN 978-0-12-364637-8. PMID 15037363.
^"Moore's Law Marches on at Intel". Physorg.com. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
^Smith, Graham T. (2002). Industrial metrology. Springer. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-85233-507-6.
^Eninger, Robert M.; Hogan, Christopher J.; Biswas, Pratim; Adhikari, Atin; Reponen, Tiina; Grinshpun, Sergey A. (2009). "Electrospray versus Nebulization for Aerosolization and Filter Testing with Bacteriophage Particles". Aerosol Science and Technology. 43 (4): 298–304. Bibcode:2009AerST..43..298E. doi:10.1080/02786820802626355. S2CID 93465533.
^"Air Pollution [Control] Technology Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^Seth (18 November 2009). Textbook Of Pharmacology. Elsevier India. ISBN 9788131211588 – via Google Books.
^"New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the Safety Margins of Plasma Protein Therapies – Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association (PPTA)". Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^"NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K (November 2002). "Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 29 (10): 616–8. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x. PMID 12453301. S2CID 39904013.
^Smith, D.J. (2009). "Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study" (PDF). Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 621: 295. Bibcode:2009JFM...621..289S. doi:10.1017/S0022112008004953. S2CID 3942426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
^"Genes are real things :: DNA from the Beginning". www.dnaftb.org.
^Ramel, Gordon. "Spider Silk". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. garden spider silk has a diameter of about 0.003 mm ... Dragline silk (about 0.00032 inch (0.008 mm) in Nephila)
^Wise, R.R.; Hoober, J.K. (2007). The Structure and Function of Plastids. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-6570-5.
^Zak, J. Allen (April 1994). Drop Size Distributions and Related Properties of Fog for Five Locations Measured From Aircraft (PDF) (Report). Hampton, VA: NASA – Langley Research Center. 4585.
^ a bIST – Innovative Sintering Technologies Ltd. "Fibreshape applications". Retrieved 4 December 2008. Histogram of cotton thickness
^"Company Profile, page 20" (PDF). The Lego Group. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2012.
^Lippmann, Morton (2000). Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects. John Wiley and Sons. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-471-29298-2. Retrieved 4 December 2008. 20 μm .. 5 μm
^Rossi, Massimiliano (27 November 2017). "Kinematics of flagellar swimming in Euglena gracilis: Helical trajectories and flagellar shapes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (50): 13085–13090. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11413085R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708064114. hdl:11384/84166. PMC 5740643. PMID 29180429.
^"Apple – iPhone 4S – See everything clearly with the Retina display". Apple Inc. Official Website. Apple Inc. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
^Gyllenbok, Jan (2018). Encyclopedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783319575988.
^ a b"La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3 – Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des "mesures républicaines". Reprise de la triangulation" (in French). histoire.du.metre.free.fr. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ a bRoberts, Richard W. (1 June 1975). Metric System of Weights and Measures – Guidelines for Use. US: Director of the National Bureau of Standards. Federal Register FR Doc.75-15798 (18 June 1975). Accordingly, the following units and terms listed in the table of metric units in section 2 of the act of 28 July 1866, that legalized the metric system of weights and measures in the United States, are no longer accepted for use in the United States: myriameter, stere, millier or tonneau, quintal, myriagram, kilo (for kilogram).
^ a bJudson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) [1963]. "Appendix 7" (PDF). In Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.). Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US: US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 33. LCCN 76-600055. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^Lindemann, Charles. "Sperm Facts". Dr. Charles Lindmann's Lab. Oakland University.
^Popiolek, Kim. "Dr. Charles Lindemann's Lab: Sperm Facts". Oakland University.
^Santoso, Alex (17 June 2006). "World's Biggest Sperm Belongs to a Tiny Fly". Neatorama.
^Lyon, William F. "House Dust Mites". Ohio State University Extension. HYG-2157-97. Archived from the original on 2 November 2001.
^Rodgers, Steven. "Designing and Operating Electrostatically Driven Microengines" (PDF). Sandia National Laboratory. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^"CNN – Scientists discover biggest bacteria ever – April 15, 1999". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^"World's Smallest Frog Found—Fly-Size Beast Is Tiniest Vertebrate". 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization, Per G. Arvidsson, ChairmanWeapons & Sensors Working GroupLand Capability Group 1 – Dismounted Soldier NATO Army Armaments Group Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 29 April 2014
^"World's smallest vertebrate has a big secret". New Scientist. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^Lindstrom, Hannah. "The Smallest Salamander". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^"Comparing quail eggs". BackYard Chickens. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^"Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth". BBC News. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
^"USGA: Guide to the Rules on Clubs and Balls". USGA. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^"CR80 Card Specification". CardLogix Corporation. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^"Credit Card Dimensions". Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^Kinloch, Bohun B. Jr. & Scheuner, William H. "Pinus lambertiana". Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^"HTwins.net – The Scale of the Universe". htwins.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ a bLaws of the Game (PDF), FIFA, 1 June 2017, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017, retrieved 21 March 2018
^IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations – IAAF.org - Statistics - Top Lists, archived from the original on 16 January 2008, retrieved 9 April 2010
^IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations – IAAF.org - Past Results, archived from the original on 4 June 2011, retrieved 9 April 2010
^Dagg, A. I. (1971), Mammalian Species 5 (Giraffa camelopardalis ed.), pp. 1–8
^"Fossil of 'largest flying bird' identified". BBC News. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^Plait, P. (6 October 2008). "Incoming!!!". Bad Astronomy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
^"Rule 1.04 The Playing Field" (PDF). Official Baseball Rules. Major League Baseball. 25 January 2010. pp. 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. See especially Diagram No. 1, page 3.
^"Law 7 (The pitch)". Laws of Cricket. Marylebone Cricket Club. October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^"Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
^Curtice, Brian (2021). "New Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry Supersaurus vivianae (Jensen 1985) axial elements provide additional insight into its phylogenetic relationships and size, suggesting an animal that exceeded 39 meters in length" (PDF).
^"Longest Animal". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
^"Driver Location Signs – Frequently Asked Questions". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^"Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
^"Eiffel Tower grows six metres after new antenna attached". Reuters. 15 March 2022.
^Campbell, Marilyn (17 February 2018). "How Tall is the CN Tower?". TripSavvy. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^"Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business 24-7. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
^"Tallest tree in the world: coast redwood". Monumental Trees, an inventory of big and old trees worldwide.
^Fujiwara A, Kawaguchi J, Yeomans DK, Abe M, Mukai T, Okada T, Saito J, Yano H, Yoshikawa M, Scheeres DJ, Barnougin-Jha O, Cheng AF, Demura H, Gaskell RW, Hirata N, Ikeda H, Kominato T, Miyamoto H, Nakamura AM, Nakamura R, Sasaki S, Uesugi K (June 2006). "The rubble-pile asteroid Itokawa as observed by Hayabusa". Science. 312 (5778): 1330–4. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1330F. doi:10.1126/science.1125841. PMID 16741107. S2CID 206508294.
^"long wave". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2011. wavelength above one kilometre (and a frequency below 300 kHz)
^"Bridge Design and Construction Statistics". Golden Gate Bridge. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^Akashi Kaikyo Bridge @ Everything2.com, Everything2, 9 September 2002, retrieved 19 April 2009
^Friedl, Jeffrey (9 December 2008), Supporting the Longest Suspension Bridge in the World, archived from the original on 3 March 2009, retrieved 19 April 2009
^New height of world's railway born in Tibet, Xinhua News Agency, 24 August 2005, archived from the original on 3 June 2009, retrieved 19 April 2009
^"Aucanquilcha 6176m". Andes. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^"Russians in landmark Baikal dive". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2011. current record of 1,637m was set in Lake Baikal in the 1990s
^"Kosciuszko National Park lookouts and scenery". Office of Environment & Heritage: NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.
^"Carstensz Pyramid details". Carstensz Pyramid Site. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014.
^Appell, Wolfgang (16 September 2009) [2002]. "Königreich Frankreich" [Kingdom of France]. Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 [Official units of measure in Europe 1842] (in German). Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. (Website based on Alte Meß- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet, ISBN 3-7686-1036-5)
^Brewster, David (1830). The Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Vol. 12. Edinburgh, UK: William Blackwood, John Waugh, John Murray, Baldwin & Cradock, J. M. Richardson. p. 494. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
^Brewster, David (1832). The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Vol. 12 (1st American ed.). Joseph and Edward Parker. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
^Dingler, Johann Gottfried (1823). Polytechnisches Journal (in German). Vol. 11. Stuttgart, Germany: J.W. Gotta'schen Buchhandlung. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
^Haugen, Einar, Norwegian English Dictionary, 1965, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget and Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, s.v. mil
^"What is a farsakh or farsang?". sizes.com.
^"IAAF Competition Rules 2008" (PDF). IAAF. p. 195. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
^Kennedy, Gregory. "Stratolab, an Evolutionary Stratospheric Balloon Project".
^Wise, Jeff (1 October 2009). "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^"Facts and History about the Panama Canal". Archived from the original on 14 March 2016.
^Highest and lowest points on Mars Archived 31 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine NASA
^Plescia, Jeff (1 October 1997). "Height of Martian vs. Earth mountains". Questions and Answers about Mars terrain and geology. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
^"Bordeaux-Paris | the event". www.bordeauxparis.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^"FAQ-Alaska Highway Facts". The MILEPOST. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007. 1,390 miles ... Alaska Route 2 and often treated as a natural extension of the Alaska Highway
^Downward, R.J.; Bromell, J.E. (March 1990). "The development of a policy for the management of dingo populations in South Australia". Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
^"China's Great Wall far longer than thought: survey". AFP. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
^McGourty, Christine (14 December 2005). "Hubble finds mass of white dwarf". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^NASA Staff (10 May 2011). "Solar System Exploration – Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^"Sun Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
^Sun Fact Sheet
^Akeson, Rachel; Beichman, Charles; Kervella, Pierre; Fomalont, Edward; Benedict, G. Fritz (2021). "Precision Millimeter Astrometry of the α Centauri AB System". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (1): 14. arXiv:2104.10086. Bibcode:2021AJ....162...14A. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff.
^Liebert, James; Young, Patrick A.; Arnett, David; Holberg, J. B.; Williams, Kurtis A. (2005). "The Age and Progenitor Mass of Sirius B". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (1): L69–L72. arXiv:astro-ph/0507523. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L..69L. doi:10.1086/462419. S2CID 8792889.
^Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain"IBRO Brain Campaign". Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. p.44
^Yoon, Jinmi; Peterson, Deane M.; Kurucz, Robert L.; Zagarello, Robert J. (2010). "A New View of Vega's Composition, Mass, and Age". The Astrophysical Journal. 708 (1): 71–79. Bibcode:2010ApJ...708...71Y. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/708/1/71. S2CID 120986935.
^Tkachenko, A.; et al. (May 2016), "Stellar modelling of Spica, a high-mass spectroscopic binary with a β Cep variable primary component", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 458 (2): 1964–1976, arXiv:1601.08069, Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.1964T, doi:10.1093/mnras/stw255, S2CID 26945389
^ a bBaines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (2017). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1): 30. arXiv:1712.08109. Bibcode:2018AJ....155...30B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b.
^ a bHowes, Louise M.; Lindegren, Lennart; Feltzing, Sofia; Church, Ross P.; Bensby, Thomas (1 February 2019). "Estimating stellar ages and metallicities from parallaxes and broadband photometry: successes and shortcomings". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 622: A27. arXiv:1804.08321. Bibcode:2019A&A...622A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833280. ISSN 0004-6361.
^Ramírez, I.; Allende Prieto, C. (2011). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (2): 135. arXiv:1109.4425. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743..135R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. S2CID 119186472.
^Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2005). "Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know it?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 433 (1): 305–312. arXiv:astro-ph/0502181. Bibcode:2005A&A...433..305R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041765. S2CID 119414301. They derived an angular diameter of 20.58±0.03 milliarcsec, which given a distance of 65 light-years yields a diameter of 61 million km.
^Kallinger, T.; Beck, P. G.; Hekker, S.; Huber, D.; Kuschnig, R.; Rockenbauer, M.; Winter, P. M.; Weiss, W. W.; Handler, G.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pigulski, A.; Popowicz, A.; Wade, G. A.; Zwintz, K. (April 2019). "Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE - Constellation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A35. arXiv:1902.07531. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514. ISSN 0004-6361.
^McDonald, Iain; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Watson, Robert A. (11 October 2017). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 471 (1): 770–791. arXiv:1706.02208. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1433. ISSN 0035-8711.
^Chesneau, O.; Dessart, L.; Mourard, D.; Bério, Ph.; Buil, Ch.; Bonneau, D.; Borges Fernandes, M.; Clausse, J. M.; Delaa, O.; Marcotto, A.; Meilland, A.; Millour, F.; Nardetto, N.; Perraut, K.; Roussel, A.; Spang, A.; Stee, P.; Tallon-Bosc, I.; McAlister, H.; Ten Brummelaar, T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N.; Farrington, C.; Goldfinger, P. J. (2010). "Time, spatial, and spectral resolution of the H α line-formation region of Deneb and Rigel with the VEGA/CHARA interferometer". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521: A5. arXiv:1007.2095. Bibcode:2010A&A...521A...5C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014509. S2CID 10340205.
^Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Ohnaka, K.; Richichi, A.; Schertl, D.; Schoeller, M.; Scholz, M.; Weigelt, G.; Wittkowski, M.; Wood, P. R. (July 2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421 (2): 703–714. arXiv:astro-ph/0404248. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..703W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035826. ISSN 0004-6361.
^Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 120. arXiv:1403.5298. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. S2CID 118447462.
^Anugu, Narsireddy; Baron, Fabien; Monnier, John D.; Gies, Douglas R.; Roettenbacher, Rachael M.; Schaefer, Gail H.; Montargès, Miguel; Kraus, Stefan; Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le (5 August 2024). "CHARA Near-Infrared Imaging of the Yellow Hypergiant Star $\rho$ Cassiopeiae: Convection Cells and Circumstellar Envelope". arXiv:2408.02756v2 [astro-ph.SR].
^Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'Ichi (2020). "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: New Mass and Distance Estimates for Betelgeuse through Combined Evolutionary, Asteroseismic, and Hydrodynamic Simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 63. arXiv:2006.09837. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...63J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db.
^Gull, Theodore R.; Hillier, D. John; Hartman, Henrik; Corcoran, Michael F.; Damineli, Augusto; Espinoza-Galeas, David; Hamaguchi, Kenji; Navarete, Felipe; Nielsen, Krister; Madura, Thomas; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Morris, Patrick; Richardson, Noel D.; Russell, Christopher M. P.; Stevens, Ian R. (July 2022). "Eta Carinae: An Evolving View of the Central Binary, Its Interacting Winds and Its Foreground Ejecta". The Astrophysical Journal. 933 (2): 175. arXiv:2205.15116. Bibcode:2022ApJ...933..175G. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac74c2. ISSN 0004-637X.
^Montargès, M.; Homan, W.; Keller, D.; Clementel, N.; Shetye, S.; Decin, L.; Harper, G. M.; Royer, P.; Winters, J. M.; Le Bertre, T.; Richards, A. M. S. (2019). "NOEMA maps the CO J = 2 − 1 environment of the red supergiant μ Cep". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 485 (2): 2417–2430. arXiv:1903.07129. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.485.2417M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz397. S2CID 119423161.
^Table 4 in Emily M. Levesque; Philip Massey; K. A. G. Olsen; Bertrand Plez; Eric Josselin; Andre Maeder & Georges Meynet (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. S2CID 15109583.
^van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
^Bauer, W. H.; Gull, T. R.; Bennett, P. D. (2008). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1312. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312. S2CID 119404901.
^Shenoy, Dinesh; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J.; Marengo, Massimo; Gehrz, Robert D.; Helton, L. Andrew; Hoffmann, William F.; Skemer, Andrew J.; Hinz, Philip M. (2016). "SEARCHING FOR COOL DUST IN THE MID-TO-FAR INFRARED: THE MASS-LOSS HISTORIES OF THE HYPERGIANTS μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, AND ρ Cas". The Astronomical Journal. 151 (3): 51. arXiv:1512.01529. Bibcode:2016AJ....151...51S. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/51.
^Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. S2CID 54044968.
^Parthasarathy, M. (2000). "Birth and early evolution of planetary nebulae". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 28: 217–224. Bibcode:2000BASI...28..217P.
^Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (1999). "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution". Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 2430–2441. arXiv:astro-ph/9907313. Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R. doi:10.1086/301091. S2CID 14746840.
^Szpir, Michael (May–June 2001). "Bart Bok's Black Blobs". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 June 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2008. Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses
^Sandstrom, Karin M; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (1999). "A Parallactic Distance of 389+24 −21 parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161–1169. arXiv:0706.2361. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. doi:10.1086/520922. S2CID 18192326.
^diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light-years=24; where "65.00 × 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
^distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
^van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 445 (2): 513–543. arXiv:astro-ph/0509228. Bibcode:2006A&A...445..513V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053061. S2CID 15538249. best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods
^ a bvan Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. Vizier catalog entry
^Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (29 July 2022). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 516 (1): 693–719. arXiv:2207.04702. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711.
^Harris, Hugh C.; Dahn, Conard C.; Canzian, Blaise; Guetter, Harry H.; et al. (2007). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (2): 631–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0611543. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..631H. doi:10.1086/510348. S2CID 18261027.
^Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal. 700 (1): 137–148. arXiv:0902.3913. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. S2CID 11347166.
External links
How Big Are Things? – displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms.
Powers of Ten – Travel across the Universe.
Cosmos – Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos (Digital Nature Agency).
Scale of the universe – interactive guide to length magnitudes
Video (4:29) on YouTube – Orders of Magnitude (March 2020).