1,6 × 10−5 квектометров (1,6 × 10−35 метров ) — длина Планка (Меры расстояния короче этой не имеют физического смысла, согласно современным теориям физики ).
1 кв. м – 1 квектометр, наименьшее именованное подразделение метра в базовой единице длины СИ , одна нониллионная метра. [56]
1 ронтометр
Theронтометр (символСИпм ) — единица длинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−27 метра .
1 пм – 1 ронтометр, подразделение метра в базовой единице длины СИ , одна октиллионная метра. [56]
10 фм – длина одной стороны квадрата, площадь которого составляет один барн (10−28 м2 ) , единица измерения поперечного сечения мишени , используемая в ядерной физике
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−13 м до 10−12 м (от 100 фм до 1 пм ).
570 Фм – типичное расстояние от ядра атома двух самых внутренних электронов (электронов в оболочке 1s ) в атоме урана , самом тяжелом атоме, встречающемся в природе
1 пикометр
TheПикометр (символСИ:пм) —единицадлинывметрической системе,равная10−12метра(1/1 000 000 000 000 м = 0,000 000 000 001 м ) . Для сравнения различных порядков величин в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−12 до 10−11 м (1 ч 00 мин и 10 ч 00 мин).
780 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки кварца
820 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки льда
900 пм – средняя ширина элементарной ячейки коэсита
1 нанометр
Theнанометр (символСИнм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−9 метрам ( 1/1 000 000 000 m = 0,000 000 001 м ) . Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−9 до 10−8 м (1 нм и 10 нм).
200 нм – типичный размер бактерии Mycoplasma , одной из самых маленьких бактерий.
300 нм – наибольший размер частиц, который может пройти через фильтр HEPA (высокоэффективный фильтр для улавливания частиц) (N100 удаляет до 99,97% при 300 нм, N95 удаляет до 95% при 300 нм) [84]
Theмикрометр (символСИмкм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−6 метрам ( 1/1 000 000 м = 0,000 001 м ) . Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены некоторые элементы с длинами от 10−6 до 10−5 м (от 1 до 10 микрометров , или мкм).
78 мкм — ширина пикселя на дисплее iPhone 4, продаваемого как Retina Display [97]
70–180 мкм – толщина бумаги
100 микрометров
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины между 10−4 м и 10−3 м (100 мкм и 1 мм ). Термин мириометр (сокр. mom, эквивалент 100 микрометров; часто путают с мириаметром , 10 километров) [98] устарел; десятичный метрический префикс мирио- [99] устарел [100] [101] [102] и не был включен в число префиксов , когда Международная система единиц была введена в 1960 году.
100 мкм – 1/10 миллиметра
100 мкм – 0,00394 дюйма
100 мкм – наименьшее расстояние, которое можно увидеть невооруженным глазом
Theмиллиметр (символСИмм ) — единица длинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−3 метра ( 1/1 000 m = 0,001 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−3 м до 10−2 м (1 мм и 1 см).
Theсантиметр (символСИсм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−2 метрам ( 1/100 m = 0,01 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10−2 м до 10−1 м (от 1 см до 1 дм).
8,6 см × 5,4 см — размеры стандартной кредитной карты (также называемой CR80) [116] [117]
9 см – длина крапчатой черепахи, самой маленькой известной черепахи
1 дециметр
Theдециметр (символСИдм ) —единицадлинывметрическойсистеме,равная10−1 метрам ( 1/10 m = 0,1 м ). Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10 сантиметров до 100 сантиметров (от 10 −1 метра до 1 метра).
Конверсии
10 сантиметров (сокращенно 10 см) равно:
1 дециметр (дм), термин, не имеющий общего употребления (1 л = 1 дм 3 .)
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от одного метра до десяти метров. Свет в вакууме проходит 1 метр за 1 ⁄ 299 792 458 или 3,3356409519815E-9 секунды.
1,63 м (5 футов 4 дюйма) (или 64 дюйма) — рост среднестатистической женщины в США по состоянию на 2002 год [update](источник: Центры США по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (CDC))
1,75 м (5 футов 8 дюймов) — рост среднего мужчины в США по состоянию на 2002 год [update](источник: Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США, данные по женщинам выше)
15 метров — приблизительное расстояние, на которое тропические круги широты смещаются к экватору, а полярные круги — к полюсам каждый год из-за естественного постепенного уменьшения наклона земной оси
16 метров — длина кашалота , самого крупного зубатого кита
18 метров — высота завропосейдона , самого высокого известного динозавра.
20 метров — длина лидсихтиса , самой большой известной рыбы, когда-либо жившей
Чтобы помочь сравнить различные порядки величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины от 10 до 100 километров (от 10 4 до 10 5 метров ). Мириаметр [148] (иногда также пишется как мириометр ; 10 000 метров) — устаревшее название единицы; десятичный метрический префикс мирия- [99] (иногда также пишется как мирио- [149] [150] [151] ) устарел [100] [101] [102] и не был включен в число префиксов , когда Международная система единиц была введена в 1960 году.
66 км – диаметр Наяды , самого внутреннего спутника Нептуна .
100 километров
Длина в 100 километров (около 62 миль), как грубая величина, является относительно обычной в измерениях на Земле и для некоторых астрономических объектов. Это высота, на которой FAI определяет начало космического полета .
Чтобы облегчить сравнение порядков величин , в этом разделе приведены длины от 100 до 1000 километров (от 105 до 106 метров ) .
Конверсии
Расстояние в 100 километров равно примерно 62 милям (или 62,13711922 мили).
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины , начиная с 107 метров ( 10 мегаметров или 10 000 километров ).
39.000 Мм — длина оптического подводного телекоммуникационного кабеля SEA-ME-WE 3 , соединяющего 39 точек между Норденом , Германия, и Окинавой , Япония.
Чтобы облегчить сравнение различных порядков величин , в этом разделе перечислены длины , начиная с 108 метров ( 100 мегаметров или 100 000 километров или 62 150 миль ).
989 Мм – диаметр Эпсилон Инди , одной из ближайших к Земле звезд.
1 гигаметр
; нижняя часть: их более темные зеркальные отражения (интерпретация художника).
Theгигаметр (символСИГм ) —единицадлинывметрической системе,равная1000 000 000 метров (109 м). Для сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе перечислены длины, начинающиеся с 109метров(1 гигаметр (Гм) или 1 миллиардметров).
5,0 Гм – максимальное сближение кометы Галлея с Землей, произошло 10 апреля 837 г.
5,0 Гм – (предлагаемый) размер плеч гигантского треугольного интерферометра Майкельсона космической лазерной интерферометрической антенны (LISA), наблюдения с которой планируется начать в 2030-х годах.
35 Гм – приблизительный диаметр Арктура , близкой красной гигантской звезды. [178] Он находится на ветви красных гигантов , синтезируя водород в гелий в оболочке, окружающей инертное гелиевое ядро. [177]
Чтобы облегчить сравнение расстояний разного порядка, в этом разделе перечислены длины, начиная с 1011 метров ( 100 гигаметров или 100 миллионов километров или 0,7 астрономической единицы ).
280 Гм (1,9 а.е.) – диаметр Денеба , голубого сверхгиганта и самой яркой звезды в созвездии Лебедя [182]
511 Gm (3,4 а.е.) – средний диаметр Миры , пульсирующего красного гиганта и прародителя переменных Миры . Это асимптотическая звезда ветви гигантов . [183]
570 Гм (3,8 а.е.) — длина хвоста кометы Хиякутаке, измеренная Улиссом ; фактическое значение может быть намного больше
1,35 Тл – 9,04 а.е. – предполагаемый диаметр Мю Цефея , красного сверхгиганта (возможно, гипергиганта) среди крупнейших известных звезд . [188] Некоторые оценки, однако, достигают 1,98 Тл (13,2 а.е.). [189]
Для облегчения сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе приведены длины, начинающиеся с 1013 м ( 10 Тм или 10 млрд км или 67 астрономических единиц ).
Для облегчения сравнения различных расстояний в этом разделе перечислены длины, начиная с 1014 м ( 100 Тм или 100 млрд км или 670 астрономических единиц ).
7,5 Pm – 50 000 а.е. – возможная внешняя граница облака Оорта (другие оценки составляют от 75 000 до 125 000 или даже 189 000 а.е. (1,18, 2 и 3 световых года соответственно))
9,5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – один световой год , расстояние, которое свет проходит за один год.
260 Pm – 27 световых лет – Расстояние до Хары , звезды примерно такой же яркости, как Солнце. Ее тусклость дает представление о том, как будет выглядеть Солнце , если смотреть с этого расстояния.
1,6 Em – 172 ± 12,5 световых лет – диаметр Омеги Центавра (одного из крупнейших известных шаровых скоплений , возможно, содержащего более миллиона звезд ) [200] [201]
3,08568 Em – 326,1 световых лет – 1 гектопарсек
3,1 Эм – 310 световых лет – расстояние до Канопуса по данным Hipparcos [202]
3,9 Эм – 410 световых лет – расстояние до Бетельгейзе по данным Hipparcos [203]
6,2 Эм – 650 световых лет – расстояние до туманности Улитка , расположенной в созвездии Водолея [204]
8,2 Эм – 860 световых лет – расстояние до Ригеля по данным Hipparcos [202]
9,4 Эм — 1 световое тысячелетие — 1000 световых лет
<1,9 Zm – <200 000 световых лет – пересмотренный расчетный диаметр диска Галактики Млечный Путь . Ранее считалось, что размер составляет половину этого.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.
13 Ym – 1.37 billion light-years – length of the South Pole Wall
13 Ym – 1.38 billion light-years – length of the Sloan Great Wall
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
260 Ym – 27.4 billion light-years – diameter of the observable universe (double LTD)
440 Ym – 46 billion light-years – radius of the universe measured as a comoving distance
590 Ym – 62 billion light-years – cosmological event horizon: the largest comoving distance from which light will ever reach us (the observer) at any time in the future
886.48 Ym – 93.7 billion light-years – the diameter of the observable universe (twice the particle horizon); however, there might be unobserved distances that are even greater.
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (1027 m or 105.7 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.
>1 Rm – >105.7 billion light-years – size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see Shape of the universe) as previously mentioned.
2.764 Rm - 292.2 billion light-years – circumference of the observable universe, as it is in the shape of a sphere.
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^ a bThe exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet) to which particular Solar System objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
^10115 is 1 followed by 115 zeroes, or a googol multiplied by a quadrillion. 1010115 is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 101010122 is 1 followed by 1010122 (a googolplex10 sextillion) zeroes.
^But not cloud or high-level fog droplets; droplet size increases with altitude. For a contradictory study indicating larger drop sizes even in ground fog, see Eldridge, Ralph G. (October 1961). "A Few Fog Drop-Size Distributions". Journal of Meteorology. 18 (5): 671–6. Bibcode:1961JAtS...18..671E. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0671:AFFDSD>2.0.CO;2.
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^diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light-years=24; where "65.00 × 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976
^distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly.
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^Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal. 700 (1): 137–148. arXiv:0902.3913. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700..137R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. S2CID 11347166.
External links
How Big Are Things? – displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms.
Powers of Ten – Travel across the Universe.
Cosmos – Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos (Digital Nature Agency).
Scale of the universe – interactive guide to length magnitudes
Video (4:29) on YouTube – Orders of Magnitude (March 2020).