Портал:Медицина

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Медицинский портал

Медицина — это наука и практика ухода за пациентами, управления диагностикой , прогнозированием , профилактикой , лечением , паллиативным лечением их травм или заболеваний и укрепления их здоровья . Медицина охватывает различные практики здравоохранения , разработанные для поддержания и восстановления здоровья путем профилактики и лечения заболеваний . Современная медицина применяет биомедицинские науки , биомедицинские исследования , генетику и медицинские технологии для диагностики , лечения и предотвращения травм и заболеваний, как правило, с помощью фармацевтических препаратов или хирургии , но также с помощью таких разнообразных методов лечения, как психотерапия , внешние шины и вытяжение , медицинские устройства , биологические препараты и ионизирующее излучение , среди прочего.

Медицина практикуется с доисторических времен , и большую часть этого времени это было искусство (область творчества и мастерства), часто связанное с религиозными и философскими верованиями местной культуры. Например, знахарь применял травы и читал молитвы об исцелении, или древний философ и врач применял кровопускание в соответствии с теориями гуморизма . В последние столетия, с появлением современной науки , большая часть медицины стала сочетанием искусства и науки (как базовой , так и прикладной , под эгидой медицинской науки ) . Например, в то время как техника наложения швов является искусством, изучаемым на практике, знание того, что происходит на клеточном и молекулярном уровне в сшиваемых тканях, возникает благодаря науке.

Донаучные формы медицины, теперь известные как традиционная медицина или народная медицина , остаются широко используемыми в отсутствие научной медицины и поэтому называются альтернативной медициной . Альтернативные методы лечения вне научной медицины с этическими, безопасными и эффективными проблемами называются шарлатанством . ( Полная статья... )

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Изображение 1

Бригадир Нил Гамильтон Фэрли

Бригадир сэр Нил Гамильтон Фэрли , KBE , CStJ , FRACP , FRCP , FRCPE , FRS (15 июля 1891 г. – 19 апреля 1966 г.) был австралийским врачом, ученым-медиком и офицером армии, который сыграл важную роль в спасении тысяч жизней союзников от малярии и других болезней.

Выпускник Мельбурнского университета , где он был резидентом колледжа Ормонд , Фэрли присоединился к Медицинскому корпусу австралийской армии в 1915 году. Он исследовал эпидемию менингита , которая происходила в армейских лагерях в Австралии. Во время работы в 14-м госпитале общего профиля в Каире он исследовал шистосомоз (тогда известный как бильгарциоз) и разработал тесты и методы лечения этого заболевания. В межвоенный период он стал известен как эксперт по тропической медицине. ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support for people with muscle wasting due to cancer or HIV/AIDS. In healthy adults, supplementation with HMB has been shown to increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size, muscle strength, and lean body mass, reduce skeletal muscle damage from exercise, improve aerobic exercise performance, and expedite recovery from exercise. Medical reviews and meta-analyses indicate that HMB supplementation also helps to preserve or increase lean body mass and muscle strength in individuals experiencing age-related muscle loss. HMB produces these effects in part by stimulating the production of proteins and inhibiting the breakdown of proteins in muscle tissue. No adverse effects from long-term use as a dietary supplement in adults have been found.

HMB is sold as a dietary supplement at a cost of about US$30–50 per month when taking 3 grams per day. HMB is also contained in several nutritional products, including certain formulations of Ensure and Juven. HMB is also present in insignificant quantities in certain foods, such as alfalfa, asparagus, avocados, cauliflower, grapefruit, and catfish. (Full article...)
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A CBC specimen in front of a printout displaying CBC and differential results

A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included.

The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to reference ranges, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like anemia and thrombocytopenia are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. (Full article...)
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Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of its inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use.

The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. (Full article...)
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Debora Green (née Jones; born February 28, 1951) is an American physician who pleaded no contest to setting a 1995 fire that burned down her family's home and killed two of her children, and to poisoning her husband with ricin with the intention of causing his death. The case was sensational, and covered heavily by news media, especially in the Kansas–Missouri area, where the crimes occurred. Though Green has petitioned for a new trial twice in recent years, her requests have not been successful.

Green married Michael Farrar in 1979 while practicing as an emergency physician. The marriage was tumultuous, and Farrar filed for divorce in July 1995. Between August and September 1995, Farrar repeatedly fell violently ill, and despite numerous hospitalizations his doctors could not pinpoint the source of his illness. Green's emotional stability deteriorated and she began to drink heavily, even while supervising her children. On October 24, 1995, the Farrar family home, occupied by Green and the couple's three children — Timothy (age 13), Kate (age 10), and Kelly (age 6) — caught fire. Debora Green and Kate escaped without harm. Despite the efforts of firefighters, Timothy and Kelly died in the blaze. Investigation showed that trails of accelerant in the house led back to Green's bedroom, and that the source of Michael Farrar's intractable illness had been ricin, a poison served to him in his food by Green. (Full article...)
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A D. medinensis worm emerges from a wound on a person's foot

Dracunculiasis, also called Guinea-worm disease, is a parasitic infection by the Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis. A person becomes infected by drinking water contaminated with Guinea-worm larvae that reside inside copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid digests the copepod and releases the Guinea worm, which penetrates the digestive tract and escapes into the body. Around a year later, the adult female migrates to an exit site – usually the lower leg – and induces an intensely painful blister on the skin. Eventually, the blister bursts, creating a painful wound from which the worm gradually emerges over several weeks. The wound remains painful throughout the worm's emergence, disabling the affected person for the three to ten weeks it takes the worm to emerge.

There is no medication to treat or prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, the mainstay of treatment is the careful wrapping of the emerging worm around a small stick or gauze to encourage and speed up its exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of the worm emerge, and the stick is turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension can break and kill the worm in the wound, causing severe pain and swelling. Dracunculiasis is a disease of extreme poverty, occurring in places with poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods, as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs in sources of drinking water, as this allows the worms to spread their larvae. (Full article...)
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Computer–aided reconstruction of a rotavirus based on several electron micrographs

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. Adults are rarely affected. Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. There are nine species of the genus, referred to as A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I and J. Rotavirus A is the most common species, and these rotaviruses cause more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

The virus is transmitted by the faecal–oral route. It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" despite having no relation to influenza). Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects other animals, and is a pathogen of livestock. (Full article...)
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Cloth embroidered by a person diagnosed with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect. Symptoms develop gradually and typically begin during young adulthood and are never resolved. There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a psychiatric history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person. For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the described symptoms need to have been present for at least six months (according to the DSM-5) or one month (according to the ICD-11). Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders, especially mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and obsessive–compulsive disorder.

About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are diagnosed with schizophrenia during their lifetime. In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2022 a total of 24 million cases globally. Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset than females. The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the age of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. (Full article...)
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Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion

A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.

Viruses are made of either two or three parts. All include genes. These genes contain the encoded biological information of the virus and are built from either DNA or RNA. All viruses are also covered with a protein coat to protect the genes. Some viruses may also have an envelope of fat-like substance that covers the protein coat, and makes them vulnerable to soap. A virus with this "viral envelope" uses it—along with specific receptors—to enter a new host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 33,000 to 500,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to 1 centimetre (0.4 in). (Full article...)
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Tatsuguchi soon after his induction into the Imperial Japanese Army in 1941 and his initial assignment to the First Imperial Guard Regiment in Tokyo
Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi (辰口信夫, Tatsuguchi Nobuo), sometimes mistakenly referred to as Nebu Tatsuguchi (August 31, 1911 – May 30, 1943), was a Japanese soldier and surgeon who served in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. He was killed during the Battle of Attu on Attu Island, Alaska, United States, on May 30, 1943.

A devout Seventh-day Adventist, Tatsuguchi studied medicine and was licensed as a physician in the United States (US). He returned to his native Japan to practice medicine at the Tokyo Adventist Sanitarium, where he received further medical training. In 1941, he was ordered to cease his medical practice and conscripted into the IJA as an acting medical officer, although he was given an enlisted rather than officer rank because of his American connections. In late 1942, Tatsuguchi was sent to Attu, which had been occupied by Japanese forces in June 1942. On May 11, 1943, The United States Army landed on the island, intending to retake American soil from the Japanese. (Full article...)
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Young people with polio receiving physiotherapy in the 1950s

The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history. Epidemics caused by viruses began when human behaviour changed during the Neolithic period, around 12,000 years ago, when humans developed more densely populated agricultural communities. This allowed viruses to spread rapidly and subsequently to become endemic. Viruses of plants and livestock also increased, and as humans became dependent on agriculture and farming, diseases such as potyviruses of potatoes and rinderpest of cattle had devastating consequences.

Smallpox and measles viruses are among the oldest that infect humans. Having evolved from viruses that infected other animals, they first appeared in humans in Europe and North Africa thousands of years ago. The viruses were later carried to the New World by Europeans during the time of the Spanish Conquests, but the indigenous people had no natural resistance to the viruses and millions of them died during epidemics. Influenza pandemics have been recorded since 1580, and they have occurred with increasing frequency in subsequent centuries. The pandemic of 1918–19, in which 40–50 million died in less than a year, was one of the most devastating in history. (Full article...)
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Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an embryo. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a median length of 28 days. Menarche (the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years.

Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the follicle stimulating hormone prompts the production and growth of oocytes (immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining (endometrium) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should fertilization occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides nutrients to a successfully implanted embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels, menstruation (a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. (Full article...)
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The four primary symptoms of ME/CFS according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, sleep issues, and problems with memory or concentration. Further common symptoms include dizziness, nausea and pain. The hallmark symptom is a worsening of the illness which starts hours to days after minor physical or mental activity. This "crash" can last from hours or days to several months.

The cause of the disease is unknown. ME/CFS often starts after an infection, such as mononucleosis. It can run in families, but no genes that contribute to ME/CFS have been confirmed. ME/CFS is associated with changes in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in energy production. Diagnosis is based on symptoms because no diagnostic test is available. (Full article...)
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Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of drinking water.

Water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth, it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $1.32 per person-year. Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. In 2011, the World Health Organization suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L (milligrams per litre), depending on climate, local environment, and other sources of fluoride. In 2024, the Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program found that water fluoridation levels above 1.5 mg/L are associated with lower IQ in children. In 2024, U.S. court rulings have raised concerns about the potential health risks of water fluoridation, including findings by the EPA and new risk assessments that suggest the benefits may be waning. Bottled water typically has unknown fluoride levels.

Tooth decay remains a major public health concern in most industrialized countries, affecting 60–90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children, while efficacy in adults is less clear. A Cochrane review estimates a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay, though milk and salt fluoridation is widespread in lieu of water fluoridation. Some studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized nations, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used, and caries rates have become low. (Full article...)
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SARS-CoV-2, a member of the subfamily Coronavirinae

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 11,000 of the millions of virus species have been described in detail. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.

When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent viral particles, or virions, consisting of (i) genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an outside envelope of lipids. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. Most virus species have virions too small to be seen with an optical microscope and are one-hundredth the size of most bacteria. (Full article...)

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Image 1

Несса Кэри в пабе Eastbourne Sceptics в феврале 2015 года после своего выступления по эпигенетике.

Несса Кэри — британский биолог, работающий в области молекулярной биологии и биотехнологии . Она является международным директороморганизации по передаче технологий PraxisUnico и приглашенным профессором в Имперском колледже Лондона.

Обладая опытом в области эпигенетики и передачи технологий, она содействует перемещению ученых между академической средой и промышленностью , часто читая лекции школьникам и начинающим ученым. Кэри пишет книги и статьи для широкой аудитории, интересующейся научными интересами. Она является автором книг The Epigenetics Revolution и Junk DNA: A Journey Through the Dark Matter of the Genome , в которых исследуются достижения в области эпигенетики и их значение для медицины. Она редактировала Epigenetics for Drug Discovery дляКоролевского химического общества . ( Полная статья... )
Image 2

Early in a coronary artery bypass operation, during vein harvesting from the legs (left of image) and the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass by placement of an aortic cannula (bottom of image). The perfusionist and heart-lung machine are on the upper right. The patient's head (not seen) is at the bottom.

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage"), is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), the buildup of plaques in the arteries of the heart. It can relieve chest pain caused by CAD, slow the progression of CAD, and increase life expectancy. It aims to bypass narrowings in heart arteries by using arteries or veins harvested from other parts of the body, thus restoring adequate blood supply to the previously ischemic (deprived of blood) heart.

There are two main approaches. The first uses a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, a machine which takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating blood and oxygen. With the heart in cardioplegic arrest, harvested arteries and veins are used to connect across problematic regions—a construction known as surgical anastomosis. In the second approach, called the off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), these anastomoses are constructed while the heart is still beating. The anastomosis supplying the left anterior descending branch is the most significant one and usually, the left internal mammary artery is harvested for use. Other commonly employed sources are the right internal mammary artery, the radial artery, and the great saphenous vein. (Full article...)
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Vera Gedroits with patients circa 1915

Princess Vera Ignatievna Gedroits (Russian: Ве́ра Игна́тьевна Гедро́йц listen; 7 April 1870 O.S./19 April 1870 N.S. – March 1932, literary pen name Sergei Gedroits) was a Russian doctor of medicine and author. She was the first woman military surgeon in Russia, the first woman professor of surgery, and the first woman to serve as a physician to the Imperial Court of Russia.

Following her involvement in a student movement, Gedroits was unable to complete her studies in Russia, and despite being openly lesbian, entered into a marriage of convenience, which allowed her to obtain a passport in another name and leave the country. In Switzerland, she enrolled in the medical courses of César Roux and graduated in 1898, working as Roux’s assistant, but returned to Russia because of illnesses in her family. (Full article...)
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Chest X-ray showing left sided hemothorax (arrowed)

A hemothorax (derived from hemo- [blood] + thorax [chest], plural hemothoraces) is an accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity. The symptoms of a hemothorax may include chest pain and difficulty breathing, while the clinical signs may include reduced breath sounds on the affected side and a rapid heart rate. Hemothoraces are usually caused by an injury, but they may occur spontaneously due to cancer invading the pleural cavity, as a result of a blood clotting disorder, as an unusual manifestation of endometriosis, in response to pneumothorax, or rarely in association with other conditions.

Hemothoraces are usually diagnosed using a chest X-ray, but they can be identified using other forms of imaging including ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI. They can be differentiated from other forms of fluid within the pleural cavity by analysing a sample of the fluid, and are defined as having a hematocrit of greater than 50% that of the person's blood. Hemothoraces may be treated by draining the blood using a chest tube. Surgery may be required if the bleeding continues. If treated, the prognosis is usually good. Complications of a hemothorax include infection within the pleural cavity and the formation of scar tissue. (Full article...)
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Drawing showing the usual sites of infection in pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.

The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. It has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. However, in the UK it is reported by the NHS that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for only a quarter of PID cases. Often, multiple different bacteria are involved. (Full article...)
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Robert White (1688 – 1752) was an early American physician, military officer, pioneer, and planter in the Colony of Virginia.

White was born in Scotland, the son of John White, a physician practicing in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and later served as a surgeon with the rank of captain in the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of Great Britain. He relocated to the Thirteen Colonies between 1720 and 1730, first to Delaware, then Pennsylvania, and finally as a "pioneer settler" in present-day Frederick County, Virginia between 1732 and 1735. White was one of two physicians practicing in Frederick County, and conducted his practice from his residence near Great North Mountain. White was part of a larger wave of Scottish physicians who settled in Virginia prior to the American Revolutionary War. (Full article...)
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A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills

Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. For example, vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. (Full article...)
Image 8
Pituitary apoplexy is bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland. This usually occurs in the presence of a tumor of the pituitary, although in 80% of cases this has not been diagnosed previously. The most common initial symptom is a sudden headache, often associated with a rapidly worsening visual field defect or double vision caused by compression of nerves surrounding the gland. This is often followed by acute symptoms caused by lack of secretion of essential hormones, predominantly adrenal insufficiency.

The diagnosis is achieved with magnetic resonance imaging and blood tests. Treatment is by the timely correction of hormone deficiencies. In many cases, surgical decompression is required. Many people who have had a pituitary apoplexy develop pituitary hormone deficiencies and require long-term hormone supplementation. The first case of the disease was recorded in 1898. (Full article...)
Image 9
Amputation of the thigh by a railway surgery team c. 1898

Railway surgery was a branch of medical practice that flourished in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It concerned itself with the medical requirements of railway companies. Depending on country, it included some or all of: general practice for railway staff, trauma surgery as a result of accidents on the railways, occupational health and safety, medico-legal activities regarding compensation claims against the company, and occupational testing.

Railway surgery was especially well-developed in the US with formal professional organisations and scholarly journals. One of the reasons for this was that US railways were particularly dangerous with a high number of casualties from crashes and an even higher number of workers hurt in industrial accidents. Another reason was that many US routes passed through areas with little or no existing medical infrastructure. In Europe the railways were safer and infrastructure was generally already in place. The duties of railway surgeons in Europe mostly involved investigations into accidents and the resulting claims arising from passengers. In India the railways also faced a lack of existing medical infrastructure and, like the US, had to build it from scratch. Indian Railways still maintains a network of hospitals. (Full article...)
Image 10

Rabeprazole, sold under the brand name Aciphex, among others, is a medication that decreases stomach acid. It is used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and excess stomach acid production such as in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It may also be used in combination with other medications to treat Helicobacter pylori. Effectiveness is similar to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include constipation, feeling weak, and throat inflammation. Serious side effects may include osteoporosis, low blood magnesium, Clostridioides difficile infection, and pneumonia. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It works by blocking H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in the parietal cells of the stomach. (Full article...)
Image 11

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply 'dioxin') with the chemical formula C₁₂H₄Cl₄O₂. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in burning processes of organic materials or as a side product in organic synthesis.

TCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, known as PCDDs or simply dioxins) and became known as a contaminant in Agent Orange, an herbicide used in the Vietnam War. TCDD was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster. It is a persistent organic pollutant. (Full article...)
Image 12
Nadar, the photographer

Hermaphrodite is a series of photographs of a young intersex person, who had a male build and stature and may have been assigned female or self-identified as female, taken by the French photographer Nadar (real name Gaspard-Félix Tournachon) in 1860. Possibly commissioned by Armand Trousseau, the nine photographs have been described as "probably the first medical photo-illustrations of a patient with intersex genitalia". They were originally restricted for scientific uses, and Nadar did not publish them. Further photographs of intersex subjects followed over the next several decades, although there is no evidence that the photographers knew of Nadar's work. (Full article...)
Image 13

A blue circle is the universal symbol of diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss. Other symptoms include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins and needles, and sores (wounds) that heal slowly. Symptoms often develop slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, stroke, diabetic retinopathy, which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the lower-limbs, which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.

Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others. (Full article...)
Image 14
Playa de Oro virus (OROV) is a probable species of orthohantavirus found in the rodents Oryzomys couesi and Sigmodon mascotensis in the Mexican state of Colima. The former is thought to be the main host. The sequences of parts of the virus's RNA-based genome have been determined; they differ by 7–10% in amino acid composition and 22–24% in nucleotide composition from closely related viruses.

Playa de Oro virus was identified as a new species in 2008 and is most closely related to Bayou virus, Catacamas virus, Muleshoe virus, and Black Creek Canal virus, found in other species of Oryzomys and Sigmodon. Catacamas virus is found in a different population of Oryzomys couesi, and the presence of different viruses in these two species has been used as an argument for classifying the two populations of the host as separate species. (Full article...)
Image 15

Facial features generally include a long face with a broad forehead, an open mouth appearance, arched eyebrows, and protruding ears.

Beck–Fahrner syndrome, also known as BEFAHRS and TET3 deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations of the TET3 gene. The clinical presentation varies among individuals, but typically includes global developmental delay, slow progress in mental and physical activities, autism, decreased muscle tone, epilepsy and dysmorphic features.

Mutations in the TET3 gene disrupt DNA demethylation during embryogenesis, an essential epigenetic process contributing to the early development of the nervous system. They can occur from new genetic mutations or be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Diagnosis involves molecular and genetic testing in the context of typical symptoms. Management is supportive, aimed at improving quality of life. As of 2023, approximately 50 individuals have been diagnosed with Beck–Fahrner syndrome. (Full article...)

Вы знали -показать разные записи

...что болезнь Эрдгейма–Честера или полиоссальный склерозирующий гистиоцитоз является редкой формой нелангергансоклеточного гистиоцитоза , которая может проявляться, среди прочего, болью в костях , ретроперитонеальным фиброзом , несахарным диабетом и экзофтальмом ?

...что со временем практически у каждого мужчины, перенесшего вазэктомию , происходит выброс придатка яичка , представляющий собой образование сперматической гранулемы в придатке яичка для снижения высокого внутрипросветного давления в нежных эпидидимальных канальцах?
...что тест Ринне и тест Вебера являются быстрыми скрининговыми тестами , которые позволяют дифференцировать кондуктивную потерю слуха от сенсоневральной потери слуха ?

Общие изображения –загрузить новую партию

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных медицине.

Image 1Лекарственные средства XVIII века, собранные британской дворянской семьей (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 2Хирургический папирус Эдвина Смита , написанный в 17 веке до н. э. , содержит самое раннее зарегистрированное упоминание о мозге. Нью-Йоркская медицинская академия . (из Истории медицины )
Image 3Национальная больница неврологии и нейрохирургии в Лондоне , Великобритания, является специализированной неврологической больницей. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 4Магическая стела или циппус Гора с исцеляющими заклинаниями (ок. 332–280 гг. до н. э. ). (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 5Тысячелистник — лекарственное растение, найденное в пещерах, занятых людьми в период верхнего палеолита . (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 6Византийская рукопись клятвы Гиппократа XII века (из «Медицинской этики »)
Image 7Гиппократ ( ок. 460–370 гг. до н. э.). Известен как «отец медицины». (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 8Фрагмент клинописной таблички неоассирийского периода с описанием медицинского текста (ок. 9-7 вв . до н . э. ). (из «Истории медицины» ) .
Image 9Первичная медицинская помощь может оказываться в общественных медицинских центрах. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 10«Врачи курят верблюдов больше, чем любые другие сигареты» — реклама сигарет Camel в 1940-х годах (из Medical Etic )
Image 11Украинский памятник пандемии ВИЧ. (из Истории медицины )
Image 12Американский служащий, выписывающий счета, готовит подробный счет. (1992) (из Medical billing )
Image 13Мандрагора (написано «ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ» греческими заглавными буквами). Неаполь Диоскурид , VII век (из истории медицины )
Image 14Иногда в состав традиционной медицины входят части находящихся под угрозой исчезновения видов, например, толстых лори в Юго-Восточной Азии. (из материала «Традиционная медицина» )
Image 15Медицина во время Первой мировой войны - Медицинский транспорт. (из Истории медицины )
Image 16Основанный в 1796 году Йоркский приют , которым управляли квакеры , приобрел международную известность как центр нравственного лечения и модель реформы приютов после публикации « Описания приюта » Сэмюэля Тьюка (1813). (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 17Очерк о мусульманском враче Мухаммаде ибн Закарии ар-Рази (из истории медицины )
Image 18Чжан Чжунцзин – китайский фармаколог, врач, изобретатель и писатель времен Восточной династии Хань . (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 19Курандера выполняет лимпиезу в Куэнке, Эквадор (из традиционной медицины )
Image 20Клинописная терракотовая табличка с описанием рецепта лечения отравления (ок. 18 в. до н. э. ). Обнаружена в Ниппуре , Ирак.
Image 21Глобальная концентрация ресурсов здравоохранения, представленная числом врачей на 10 000 человек по странам. Данные взяты из World Health Statistics 2010, отчета ВОЗ . ^{[ требуется обновление ]} (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 22Рукопись клятвы Гиппократа на греческом языке, датируемая XII веком, один из самых известных аспектов классической медицины, сохранившийся и в более поздние эпохи (из «Истории медицины» ).
Image 23Этическая молитва о врачебной мудрости доктора Эдмонда Фернандеса (из книги «Медицинская этика »)
Image 24Отделение неотложной помощи часто является местом оказания первичной медицинской помощи. (из раздела «Здравоохранение »)
Image 25Госпиталь времен Гражданской войны в США в Геттисберге , 1863 г. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 26Врач проверяет пульс пациента в Японии эпохи Мэйдзи. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 27Расходы на здравоохранение в Японии по возрастным группам (из медицинского страхования )
Image 28Статуя Роберта Коха , отца медицинской бактериологии, на Роберт-Кох-Плац (площадь Роберта Коха) в Берлине (из Истории медицины )
Image 29Эпидемия в Мехико 1737 года, когда элита призывала Деву Марию Гваделупскую (из Истории медицины )
Image 30Больница Jackson Memorial Hospital в Майами , основная учебная больница Медицинской школы Миллера при Университете Майами и крупнейшая больница в Соединенных Штатах с 1547 койками (из раздела «Здравоохранение »)
Image 31Вакцинация против оспы в Нигере, 1969 год. Десять лет спустя это было первое инфекционное заболевание, которое удалось искоренить. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 32Копия микроскопа Антони ван Левенгука 1670-х годов (из « Истории медицины »)
Image 33Семь названных врачей и ботаников классического мира из Вены Диоскурид . По часовой стрелке от верхнего центра: Гален , Диоскорид , Никандр , Руф Эфесский , Андреас Каристский , Аполлоний Мус или Пергамский , Кратеус (из Истории медицины )
Image 34Гален (129–216 гг. н. э.), известный своими глубокими познаниями в анатомии. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 35Даосский символ Инь и Ян (из Медицинской этики )
Image 36Луи Пастер экспериментирует с бактериями, ок. 1870 г. (из «Истории медицины» )
Image 37Изображение оспы в истории завоевания Мексики францисканцем Бернардино де Саагуном , книга XII Флорентийского кодекса , с точки зрения побежденных ацтеков (из Истории медицины )
Image 38Расходы на здравоохранение на душу населения (в долларах США с поправкой на ППС ) среди нескольких стран-членов ОЭСР. Источник данных: iLibrary ОЭСР (из Health insurance )
Image 39Число американцев, не имеющих медицинской страховки, и уровень незастрахованности с 1987 по 2008 год (из Health insurance )
Image 40Инфографика, показывающая, как данные здравоохранения передаются в процессе выставления счетов (из Medical billing )
Image 41Кохлеарный имплантат — это распространенный вид нейронного протеза , устройство, заменяющее часть нервной системы человека . (из Истории медицины )
Image 42Американская военная хирургия во время войны на Тихом океане , 1943 г. (из истории медицины )
Image 43В большинстве стран с 1945 года наблюдается колоссальный рост продолжительности жизни. Однако в Южной Африке эпидемия ВИЧ, начавшаяся около 1990 года, подорвала национальное здоровье. (из History of medicine )
Image 44Такие магазины Botánicas, как этот в Джамейка-Плейн , Бостон , обслуживают латиноамериканское сообщество и продают народную медицину наряду со статуями святых , свечами, украшенными молитвами , счастливым бамбуком и другими товарами. (из раздела «Традиционная медицина» )
Image 45Шарите в Берлине (из истории медицины )
Image 46Медицинский персонал надевает стерилизованные чехлы на манипуляторы хирургической системы daVinci Xi , малоинвазивной роботизированной хирургической системы, в Военном медицинском центре имени Уильяма Бомонта. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 47Тестирование мазков на COVID-19 в Руанде (2021 г.). (из истории медицины )
Image 48Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни против расходов на здравоохранение в богатых странах ОЭСР . Средний показатель по США составил 10 447 долларов в 2018 году . (из Health care )
Image 49Традиционная медицина на рынке в Антананариву , Мадагаскар (из раздела Традиционная медицина )
Image 50Plinthios brochos, как его описал греческий врач Геракл , праща для связывания сломанной челюсти . Эти записи сохранились в одном из собраний Орибасия . (из Истории медицины )
Image 51Пациент, приют для душевнобольных графства Суррей , ок. 1850 –58. Население приюта в Англии и Уэльсе выросло с 1027 в 1827 году до 74004 в 1900 году. (из History of medicine )
Image 52Санитарный поезд «Терапевт Матвей Мудров» в Хабаровске , Россия (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 53Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни всего населения при рождении среди нескольких стран-членов ОЭСР. Источник данных: OECD's iLibrary (из Health insurance )
Image 54Эмиль Крепелин (1856–1926), основатель современной научной психиатрии, психофармакологии и психиатрической генетики. (из Истории медицины )
Image 55Кодекс медицинской этики Американской медицинской ассоциации (из Медицинской этики )
Image 56« Диаграмма причин смертности в армии на Востоке » Флоренс Найтингейл. (из «Истории медицины »)
Image 57Расходы на здравоохранение по странам . Процент ВВП ( валового внутреннего продукта ). Например: 11,2% для Канады в 2022 году. 16,6% для США в 2022 году. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 58Общая стоимость здравоохранения на человека . Государственные и частные расходы. ППС в долларах США . Например: 6319 долл. США для Канады в 2022 г. 12555 долл. США в 2022 г. (из раздела Здравоохранение )
Image 59Больница Гая в 1820 году (из Истории медицины )

Подробнее Знаете ли вы,(сгенерировано автоматически)

... что лидер Церкви СПД Бригам Янг призвал Маргарет К. Робертс изучать медицину, чтобы снизить уровень смертности во время родов?
... что англосаксы могли использовать смесь чеснока, другого лука , вина и бычьей желчи в качестве глазного лекарства?
... что отсутствие скрининга беременных женщин на сифилис в странах Африки к югу от Сахары связано с ростом детской смертности?
... что индийский гинеколог и пионер репродуктивной медицины Байдьянат Чакрабарти , выполнивший более 4000 процедур ЭКО, был фанатом крикета и считал Вирата Кохли и Эшвина «такими хорошими мальчиками»?
... что буддийский монах XIV века Туэ Тинь считается отцом-основателем традиционной вьетнамской медицины ?
... что Констанс Фоззард во время ее обучения на хирурга сказали, что женщины с детьми не могут стать консультантами ?

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