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118-й Конгресс США

Небольшая булавка, прикрепленная к предмету одежды с печатью Конгресса.
Значок члена 118-й Палаты представителей Конгресса

118- й Конгресс США — это текущее заседание законодательной ветви федерального правительства США , состоящее из Сената США и Палаты представителей США . Он был созван в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия , 3 января 2023 года и завершится 3 января 2025 года, в течение третьего и четвертого года президентского срока Джо Байдена .

На промежуточных выборах 2022 года Республиканская партия получила контроль над Палатой представителей со счетом 222–213, впервые получив большинство со времен 115-го Конгресса , в то время как Демократическая партия получила одно место в Сенате, где у них уже был фактический контроль, и получила большинство в размере 51–49 мест (с фракцией из 48 демократов и трех независимых). [b] С победой республиканцев в Палате представителей 118-й Конгресс положил конец тройному перевесу демократов в федеральном правительстве, который демократы удерживали в 117-м . [1]

В этом конгрессе также представлена ​​первая женщина- президент Сената pro tempore ( Пэтти Мюррей ), первый чернокожий лидер партии ( Хаким Джеффрис ) в истории Конгресса и самые долговременные лидеры партий Сената ( Митч Макконнелл и Дик Дурбин ). [c] В Сенате самое большое количество независимых членов в одном Конгрессе с момента ратификации 17-й поправки после того, как Джо Мэнчин покинул Демократическую партию, чтобы стать независимым. [2]

118-й Конгресс был охарактеризован как уникально неэффективный Конгресс, а его наиболее заметные события указывали на политическую дисфункцию. [3] Интенсивный тупик , особенно в контролируемой республиканцами Палате представителей, где большинство Республиканской конференции часто подрывалось внутренними спорами среди ее членов, [4] привел к принятию им наименьшего количества законов за первый год сессии со времен администрации Ричарда Никсона , а возможно, и когда-либо. [5] Это привело к необходимости создания законодательной коалиции для принятия ключевых законов, позволяющих меньшинству осуществлять полномочия, обычно зарезервированные для большинства. Нестабильная сессия демотивировала многих опытных законодателей, и пять председателей комитетов из десятков объявили об отставке до конца сессии, трое из которых имели право вновь занять свои должности, если Республиканская партия сохранит свое большинство в 2025 году. [6] В конце 2024 года были поданы две петиции о полном освобождении, обе под руководством республиканцев при поддержке большинства демократов, что демонстрирует тенденцию к отказу от руководства и отсутствию партийной дисциплины; [7] подобная уловка в последний раз была успешной в 2015 году для поддержки Экспортно-импортного банка .

Конгресс начался с многопартийных выборов спикера Палаты представителей , чего не было с 68-го Конгресса в 1923 году. Кевин Маккарти в конечном итоге был избран спикером на 15-м голосовании. После того, как он полагался на двухпартийные голоса, чтобы выйти из кризиса потолка долга и угроз закрытия правительства , Маккарти стал первым спикером, когда-либо отстраненным от должности во время законодательной сессии 3 октября 2023 года. [8] После трех неудачных попыток различных представителей занять этот пост 25 октября спикером был избран Майк Джонсон . Джонсон выдвинул еще четыре двухпартийные резолюции, чтобы избежать закрытия. [9] [10] Конгресс окончательно утвердил федеральный бюджет Соединенных Штатов на 2024 год 23 марта 2024 года посредством двух отдельных мини- пакетов. [11] После спорного голосования по иностранной помощи предложение об отстранении Джонсона от должности спикера было отклонено в ходе двухпартийного голосования. [12]

Также увеличилось число дисциплинарных мер, принимаемых партиями. С исключением представителя Нью-Йорка Джорджа Сантоса из Палаты представителей в декабре 2023 года из-за оппозиции спикера, это был первый конгресс со 107-го , в котором был исключен член , и первый, в котором был исключен республиканец. Также в Палате представителей было вынесено больше порицаний , [13] став первым конгрессом с несколькими порицаниями после сексуального скандала на странице Конгресса в 1983 году и наибольшим за один год с 1870 года. В декабре 2023 года республиканцы Палаты представителей санкционировали расследование импичмента Джо Байдена , [14] за которым последовал импичмент Алехандро Майоркаса в феврале 2024 года, первый раз, когда секретарь кабинета министров стал объектом процедуры импичмента со времен Уильяма У. Белкнапа в 1876 году, и только второй подобный импичмент кабинета министров в истории. [15] [16] Обвинения были отклонены Сенатом, и это был первый случай, когда Сенат отклонил статьи импичмента без суда после их прочтения. [17]

Главные события

Президент Байден во время своего послания «О положении страны» в 2023 году с вице-президентом Камалой Харрис и тогдашним спикером Палаты представителей Кевином Маккарти
Президент Байден во время своего выступления «О положении страны» в 2024 году с вице-президентом Харрис и спикером Палаты представителей Майком Джонсоном
Премьер-министр Японии Фумио Кисида выступает на совместном заседании Конгресса с вице-президентом Харрисом и спикером Палаты представителей Майком Джонсоном
Премьер-министр Израиля Биньямин Нетаньяху выступает на совместном заседании Конгресса со спикером Палаты представителей Майком Джонсоном и сенатором Беном Кардином

Основное законодательство

Принят

Предложено (но не принято)

Счета за жилье
законопроекты Сената

Основные резолюции

Усыновленный

Предложенный

Наложено вето

Резюме вечеринки

Отставки и новые члены обсуждаются в разделе «Изменения в составе»:
Количество членов Конгресса по возрасту,
118-й Конгресс

Сенат

Палата представителей

Лидерство

Примечание: демократы называют себя «кокусом»; республиканцы называют себя «конференцией».

Сенат

Председатель Сената
Камала Харрис (Д)
Временный председатель Сената
Пэтти Мюррей (Д)

Председательствующий

Большинство (демократическое)

Меньшинство (республиканцы)

Палата представителей

Спикер палаты представителей

Председательствующий

Большинство (республиканцы)

Меньшинство (демократическое)

Участники

Сенат

Цифры относятся к их классам Сената . Все места класса 3 были оспорены на выборах в ноябре 2022 года . В этом Конгрессе класс 3 означает, что их срок полномочий начался в 2023 году, требуя переизбрания в 2028 году ; класс 1 означает, что их срок полномочий заканчивается в этом Конгрессе, требуя переизбрания в 2024 году ; а класс 2 означает, что их срок полномочий начался в предыдущем Конгрессе, требуя переизбрания в 2026 году .

Палата представителей

Все 435 мест были заполнены в ходе выборов в ноябре 2022 года . Кроме того, шесть членов без права голоса были избраны от американских территорий и Вашингтона, округ Колумбия [z]

Цифры относятся к избирательному округу данного штата в этом Конгрессе. Восемь новых избирательных округов были созданы или воссозданы, а восемь других были ликвидированы в результате переписи населения США 2020 года . [aa] [ab]

Изменения в составе

Изменения в Сенате

Изменения в Палате представителей

Committees

Section contents: Senate, House, Joint

Senate committees

Standing committees

Select, permanent select and special committees

House of Representatives committees

Joint committees

Officers and officials

Congressional officers

Senate officers

House of Representatives officers

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Removed by a vote of the House.
  2. ^ On May 31, 2024, Joe Manchin, a senator from West Virginia, left the Democratic Party and became an Independent, but he has caucused with the Senate Democratic Caucus like the three other Independent members of the Senate. Thus, the number of Independent senators increased to four, and the number of Democratic Party members decreased to forty-seven.
  3. ^ McConnell has served as Senate Republican Leader since January 3, 2007, and Durbin has served as Senate Democratic Whip since January 3, 2005.
  4. ^ All four self-identified independents caucus with the Democrats.
  5. ^ a b In Arizona: Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on December 9, 2022. Effective January 3, 2023, Sinema does not participate in either political party caucus but keeps her seniority and continues to receive committee assignments through the Democrats.[44][45]
  6. ^ a b c d In Nebraska: Ben Sasse (R) resigned on January 8, 2023, to become President of the University of Florida.[46] Pete Ricketts (R) was appointed to fill the vacancy on January 12, 2023, and took office on January 23.
  7. ^ a b c d In California: Dianne Feinstein (D) died on September 29, 2023.[47] Laphonza Butler (D) was appointed to fill the vacancy on October 1, 2023, and took office on October 3.[48]
  8. ^ a b In West Virginia: Joe Manchin left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on May 31, 2024. He continues to caucus with the Democrats.[38]
  9. ^ a b Bob Menendez resigned on August 20, 2024, due to criminal conviction.[50] George Helmy was sworn in as a replacement on September 9, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c In Virginia's 4th district: Donald McEachin (D) died during the previous Congress, and Jennifer McClellan (D) was elected February 21, 2023. She was sworn in on March 7.[51][52]
  11. ^ a b c d In Rhode Island's 1st district: David Cicilline (D) resigned on May 31, 2023, and Gabe Amo (D) was elected November 7, 2023. He was sworn in on November 13, 2023.[53]
  12. ^ a b c d In Utah's 2nd district: Chris Stewart (R) resigned on September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues,[54][55] and Celeste Maloy (R) was elected November 21, 2023. She was sworn in on November 28, 2023.[56]
  13. ^ a b c d In New York's 3rd district: George Santos (R) was expelled on December 1, 2023. Tom Suozzi (D) was elected February 13, 2024. He was sworn in on February 28, 2024.[57]
  14. ^ a b c d In California's 20th district: Kevin McCarthy (R) resigned on December 31, 2023. Vince Fong (R) was elected May 21, 2024. He was sworn in on June 3, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d In Ohio's 6th district: Bill Johnson (R) resigned on January 21, 2024. Michael Rulli was elected June 11, 2024. He was sworn in on June 25, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d In New York's 26th district: Brian Higgins (D) resigned on February 2, 2024. Tim Kennedy (D) was elected April 30, 2024. He was sworn in on May 6, 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d In Colorado's 4th district: Ken Buck (R) resigned on March 22, 2024. Greg Lopez (R) was elected June 25, 2024. He was sworn in on July 8, 2024.
  18. ^ a b In Wisconsin's 8th district: Mike Gallagher (R) resigned on April 20, 2024. A special election will be held on November 5, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c d In New Jersey's 10th district: Donald Payne Jr. (D) died on April 24, 2024. LaMonica McIver (D) was elected September 18, 2024. She was sworn in on September 23, 2024.
  20. ^ a b In Texas's 18th district: Sheila Jackson Lee (D) died on July 19, 2024.
  21. ^ a b In New Jersey's 9th district: Bill Pascrell (D) died on August 21, 2024.
  22. ^ Includes a New Progressive Party member who is also affiliated as a Republican.
  23. ^ Since 1920, the Senate Democratic leader has also concurrently served as the Democratic Caucus chairperson; this is an unwritten tradition.
  24. ^ In California, There are two elections, a special election to fill the seat for the final two months of this congress, and a general election for a full term starting with the 119th Congress. Butler is not running to finish the final two months of the current term.
  25. ^ a b c d e f The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is the Minnesota affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party and its members are counted as Democrats.
  26. ^ a b Puerto Rico's non-voting member, the Resident Commissioner, is elected every four years. Jenniffer González was last elected in 2020.
  27. ^ The new districts created were: Colorado's 8th; Florida's 28th; North Carolina's 14th; Oregon's 6th; Texas's 37th; Texas's 38th. The districts re-created were: Montana's 1st; Montana's 2nd.
  28. ^ The eliminated districts were: California's 53rd; Illinois's 18th; Michigan's 14th; Montana's at-large; New York's 27th; Ohio's 16th; Pennsylvania's 18th; West Virginia's 3rd.
  29. ^ a b When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
  30. ^ Ricketts serves as senator on an interim basis, until a special election, which will be held on November 5, 2024, concurrently with the presidential election and the general election for Nebraska's class 1 senator. The winner of the special election will complete the remainder of Sasse's term, which expires on January 3, 2027, when the winner of the 2026 regular election will commence a full term.[64]
  31. ^ The Joint Taxation Committee leadership rotate the chair and vice chair and the ranking members between the House and Senate at the start of each session in the middle of the congressional term. The first session leadership is shown here.

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