The Americas , Western Hemisphere Cultural regions of North American people at the time of contact Early Indigenous languages in the US The classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions.
Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico In the United States and Canada , ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas.[1] Greenland is part of the Arctic region . Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.
Arctic Inuktitut dialect map Early Indigenous languages in Alaska Paleo-Eskimo , precontact cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CEArctic small tool tradition , precontact culture, 2500 BCE, Bering StraitPre-Dorset , eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCESaqqaq culture , Greenland, 2500–800 BCEIndependence I , northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCEIndependence II culture , northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE)Groswater, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada Dorset culture , 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, CanadaAleut (Unangan ), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, RussiaInuit , Russia, Alaska, Canada, GreenlandYupik peoples (Yup'ik ), Alaska and Russia
Subarctic Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna), AlaskaAnishinaabe – see also Northeastern Woodlands Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, ManitobaOjibwa (Chippewa , Ojibwe ) Ontario, Manitoba, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North DakotaAtikamekw , QuebecChipewyan , Alaskan interior, Western CanadaCree, Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota Dakelh (Carrier ), British ColumbiaDeg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska[2] Dena’ina (Tanaina ), AlaskaDane-zaa (Beaver , Dunneza ), Alberta, British ColumbiaGwich'in (Kutchin , Loucheaux ), Alaska, YukonHän, Alaska, Yukon Holikachuk , AlaskaInnu (Montagnais ), Labrador, Quebec Kaska Dena (Nahane ), YukonKolchan (Upper Kuskokwim )Koyukon , AlaskaNaskapi , Quebec, Newfoundland and LabradorSekani (Tse'khene ), British ColumbiaSahtú (North Slavey , Bearlake , Hare, Mountain ), Northwest TerritoriesSlavey (Awokanak , Slave , Deh Gah Got'ine , Deh Cho ), Alberta, British Columbia[3] Tagish , YukonTahltan , British ColumbiaTanana Athabaskans ([Tanacross people|Tanacross]]), AlaskaTasttine (Dane-zaa , Beaver), AlbertaTłı̨chǫ (Tlicho ), Northwest TerritoriesInland Tlingit , Alaska, British ColumbiaTsetsaut (extinct), formerly Alaska, British ColumbiaTsilhqot'in (Chilcotin ), British ColumbiaNorthern Tutchone , YukonSouthern Tutchone , YukonYellowknives (T'atsaot'ine ), Northwest Territories
Pacific Northwest coast Alsea , OregonHeiltsuk Nuxalk Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Chehalis (Upper and Lower), WashingtonChehalis (BC) , Fraser ValleyChemakum , Washington (extinct)Chetco – see Tolowa Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook , Upper Chinook , Clackamas , Wasco )Clallam – see Klallam Clatsop Coast Salish , British Columbia, Washington, OregonComox , Vancouver Island/BC Georgia StraitCoos, Hanis , Oregon Lower Coquille (Miluk ), OregonUpper Coquille Cowichan , Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia StraitLower Cowlitz, Washington Duwamish , WashingtonEyak, Alaska Galice Gitxsan , British ColumbiaHaida (Dialects: Kaigani , Skidegate , Masset ), BC & AlaskaHaisla BC North/Central CoastHeiltsuk BC Central CoastHoh Washington Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya, Tfalatim , Yamel , Yaquina , Yoncalla ), OregonKlallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha) , S'Klallam (Jamestown) , S'Klallam (Port Gamble) )Klickitat Kwalhioqua Kwakwaka'wakw , British ColumbiaLummi , WashingtonMakah , WashingtonMuckleshoot , WashingtonMusqueam , BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver)Nisga'a , British ColumbiaNisqually , WashingtonNooksack , WashingtonNuu-chah-nulth West Coast of Vancouver IslandNuxalk (Bella Coola) – BC Central CoastOowekeno – see Wuikinuxv Pentlatch , Vancouver Island and Georgia StraitPuyallup , WashingtonQuileute , WashingtonQuinault , WashingtonRivers Inlet – see Wuikinuxv Rogue River or Upper Illinois (Chasta Costa ), Oregon, CaliforniaSaanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia StraitSamish , WashingtonSauk-Suiattle , WashingtonSechelt , BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh)Shoalwater Bay Tribe , WashingtonSiletz , OregonSiuslaw , OregonSkagit Skokomish , WashingtonSliammon , BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox)Snohomish Snoqualmie Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver IslandSonghees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de FucaSooke , Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de FucaSquamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British ColumbiaSquaxin Island Tribe WashingtonSpokane WashingtonStillaguamish WashingtonSto:lo , BC Lower Mainland/Fraser ValleySteilacoom , Coast Salish , Puget Sound , Washington (extinct)[4] Suquamish , WashingtonSwinomish , WashingtonTait Takelma OregonTalio Tillamook (Nehalem) OregonTlatlasikoala Tlingit , AlaskaTolowa -Tututni , Northern CaliforniaTsimshian Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia Tulalip , WashingtonTwana , WashingtonTzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island Lower Umpqua , OregonUpper Umpqua , OregonUpper Skagit WashingtonWuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast
Northwest Plateau Chelan Coeur d'Alene Tribe , ID, MT, WAEntiat , WAFlathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MTKalispel (Pend d'Oreilles ), MT, WAIn-SHUCK-ch , BC (Lower Lillooet)Lil'wat , BC (Lower Lillooet)Methow , WANespelem , WANlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BCNicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy)Sanpoil , WASecwepemc , BC (Shuswap people)Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WASinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia ), WA (extinct)Spokane people , WASyilx (Okanagan ), BC, WASt'at'imc , BC (Upper Lillooet)Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WACowlitz , (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), WashingtonKlickitat , WashingtonNez Perce , IdahoTenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), OregonUmatilla , Idaho, OregonWalla Walla , WAWanapum , WAWauyukma, WA Wyam (Lower Deschutes), OR Yakama , WACayuse , Oregon, WashingtonCelilo (Wayampam), Oregon Cowlitz , WashingtonKalapuya , northwest OregonKlamath , OregonKutenai (Kootenai , Ktunaxa ), British Columbia, Idaho, and MontanaLower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam, Washington Modoc , formerly California, now Oklahoma and OregonMolala (Molale), OregonNicola Athapaskans (extinct), British ColumbiaPalus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and WashingtonUpper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington
Great Plains Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.
Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Northeastern Woodlands)Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, SaskatchewanOdawa people (Ottawa), Ontario,[5] Michigan, later OklahomaPotawatomi , Michigan,[5] Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later OklahomaApache (see also Southwest)Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and WyomingArikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North DakotaAtsina (Gros Ventre), MontanaBlackfoot Cheyenne , Montana, OklahomaComanche , Oklahoma, TexasPlains Cree , MontanaCrow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana Escanjaques , OklahomaHidatsa , North DakotaIowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma Kiowa , OklahomaMandan , North DakotaMétis people (Canada) , North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, AlbertaMissouri (Missouria), OklahomaOmaha , NebraskaOsage , Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, MissouriOtoe (Oto), Oklahoma Pawnee , OklahomaPonca , Nebraska, OklahomaQuapaw , formerly Arkansas, OklahomaSioux Dakota , Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, SaskatchewanSantee , NebraskaYankton , South DakotaYanktonai , formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South DakotaLakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, SaskatchewanNakoda (Stoney), AlbertaNakota , Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, SaskatchewanTeyas , TexasTonkawa , OklahomaTsuu T’ina , (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), AlbertaWichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kitikiti'sh ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and KansasKichai (also related to the Caddo ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and KansasTaovayas (Tawehash ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and KansasTawakoni , Oklahoma, formerly Texas and KansasWaco (Iscani , Yscani ), Oklahoma, formerly Texas Wichita proper , Guichita , Rayados , Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas
Eastern Woodlands
Northeastern Woodlands Annamessex , Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic , Plains )Algonquin ,[7] Quebec, OntarioNipissing ,[7] Ontario[5] Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,[5] and North DakotaOdawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario;[5] later OklahomaPotawatomi , Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[5] Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and OklahomaAccomac people , formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and MarylandAssateague , formerly Maryland[8] Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy ), formerly Ontario[5] Beothuk , formerly Newfoundland[5] Chowanoc , Chowanoke , formerly North CarolinaChoptank people , formerly Maryland[8] Conoy , Virginia,[8] MarylandFort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West VirginiaErie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York[5] Etchemin , formerly MaineHo-Chunk (Winnebago ), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois,[5] Iowa, and NebraskaHonniasont , formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West VirginiaHopewell tradition , formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CEHousatonic , formerly Massachusetts and New York[9] Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek ), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[5] Cahokia , formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently OklahomaKaskaskia , formerly Wisconsin, currently OklahomaMitchigamea , formerly Illinois, currently OklahomaPeoria , Illinois, currently OklahomaMoingona , formerly Illinois, currently OklahomaTamaroa , formerly Illinois, currently OklahomaIroquois Confederacy [7] (Haudenosaunee ), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York[5] Cayuga , currently New York,[5] Ontario, and OklahomaMohawk , New York,[5] Ontario, and QuebecOneida , New York,[5] Ontario, and WisconsinOnondaga , New York,[5] OntarioSeneca , New York,[5] Ontario, and OklahomaMingo , formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West VirginiaTuscarora , formerly North Carolina, currently New York and OntarioKickapoo , formerly Michigan,[5] Illinois, and Missouri; currently Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and MexicoLaurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians ), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CELenni Lenape (Delaware ), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and OklahomaMunsee -speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York;[10] currently WisconsinCanarsie (Canarsee ), formerly Long Island New York[11] Esopus , formerly New York,[10] later Ontario and WisconsinHackensack , formerly New York[10] Haverstraw (Rumachenanck ), New York[12] Kitchawank (Kichtawanks , Kichtawank ), New York[12] Minisink, formerly New York[10] Navasink,[12] formerly north shore of New Jersey Sanhican (Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New JerseySinsink (Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York[12] Siwanoy , formerly New York and ConnecticutTappan , formerly New York[13] Waoranecks [14] Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek , Nochpeem ), formerly New York[9] [15] Warranawankongs [14] Wiechquaeskeck , formerly New York[10] Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York[12] Unami -speaking subgroupsMahican (Stockbridge Mahican )[7] formerly Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[5] [9] Manahoac , Virginia[16] Mascouten , formerly Michigan[5] Massachusett , formerly Massachusetts[7] [17] Meherrin , Virginia,[18] North CarolinaMenominee , Wisconsin[5] Meskwaki (Fox), formerly Michigan,[5] currently IowaMiami , formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan,[5] currently OklahomaPiankeshaw , formerly Indiana, currently OklahomaWea, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma Mohegan ,[7] ConnecticutMonacan , Virginia[19] Montaukett (Montauk ),[7] New YorkMonyton (Monetons , Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan ), West Virginia and VirginiaNansemond , VirginiaNanticoke , Delaware and Maryland[5] Narragansett , Rhode Island[7] Niantic , coastal Connecticut[7] [17] Nipmuc (Nipmuck ), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[17] Nottaway , Virginia[18] Occaneechi (Occaneechee ), Virginia,[18] [20] [21] Patuxent , Maryland[8] Paugussett, Connecticut[7] Pennacook tribe , formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire[22] Pequot , Connecticut[7] Petun (Tionontate ), Ontario[5] Piscataway , Maryland[8] Pocumtuc , western Massachusetts[17] Podunk , formerly New York,[17] eastern Hartford County, ConnecticutPowhatan Confederacy , Virginia[8] Appomattoc , VirginiaArrohateck , VirginiaChesapeake , VirginiaChesepian , VirginiaChickahominy , Virginia[18] Kiskiack , VirginiaMattaponi , VirginiaNansemond , Virginia[18] Paspahegh , VirginiaPotomac (Patawomeck ), VirginiaPowhatan , VirginiaPamunkey , Virginia[18] Quinnipiac , Connecticut,[7] eastern New York, northern New JerseyRappahannock , VirginiaSaponi , North Carolina, Virginia,[18] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Sauk (Sac), formerly Michigan,[5] currently Iowa, Oklahoma Schaghticoke , western Connecticut[7] Shawnee , formerly Ohio,[5] Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently OklahomaShinnecock ,[7] Long Island, New York[17] Stegarake , formerly Virginia[16] Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[18] Conestoga (Susquehannock ), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia[5] Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia[23] Tunxis (Massaco ), Connecticut[7] Tuscarora , formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New YorkTutelo (Nahyssan ), Virginia,[18] [20] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Unquachog (Poospatuck ), Long Island, New York[17] Wabanaki Confederacy , Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec[7] Abenaki (Tarrantine ), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and VermontMi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[5] and MainePassamaquoddy , New Brunswick, and Maine[5] Penobscot , MaineWolastoqiyik (Maliseet ), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[5] Wampanoag , Massachusetts[7] Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut[7] Wawyachtonoc , formerly Connecticut, New York[9] Weapemeoc , formerly northern North CarolinaWenro , formerly New York[5] [7] Wicocomico , formerly Maryland, VirginiaWyandot (Huron ), Ontario south of Georgian Bay , later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake , Quebec
Southeastern Woodlands Most of these no longer exist as tribes.
Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[24] Ais, eastern coastal Florida[25] Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[26] Amacano , Florida west coast[27] Apalachee , northwestern Florida[28] Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[28] Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[19] [24] Bayogoula , southeastern Louisiana[19] [24] Biloxi , formerly Mississippi,[24] [28] currently LouisianaCaddo Confederacy , formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas,[28] [30] currently OklahomaAdai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[24] Cahinnio , southern Arkansas[30] Doustioni , north central Louisiana[30] Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[30] Hainai , eastern Texas[30] Hasinai , eastern Texas[30] Kadohadacho , northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[30] Nabedache , eastern Texas[30] Nabiti , eastern Texas[30] Nacogdoche , eastern Texas[30] Nacono , eastern Texas[30] Nadaco , eastern Texas[30] Nanatsoho , northeastern Texas[30] Nasoni , eastern Texas[30] Natchitoches , Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[30] Neche , eastern Texas[30] Nechaui , eastern Texas[30] Ouachita , northern Louisiana[30] Tula, western Arkansas[30] Yatasi , northwestern Louisiana[30] Calusa , southwestern Florida[26] [28] Cape Fear Indians , North Carolina southern coast[24] Capinan (Capina , Moctobi ), MississippiCatawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[31] North Carolina, currently South Carolina[28] Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo), Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana[24] Chakchiuma , Alabama and Mississippi,[28] merged into Chickasaw, currently OklahomaChawasha (Washa), Louisiana[24] Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North CarolinaCherokee , western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma[32] Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina Chickasaw , Alabama and Mississippi,[28] currently Oklahoma[32] Chicora , coastal South Carolina[19] Chine , FloridaChisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia[19] later in Florida[33] Chitimacha , currently Louisiana[28] Choctaw , formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi,[28] Louisiana, and Oklahoma[32] Chowanoc (Chowanoke ), North CarolinaCongaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[24] [34] Coree , North Carolina[19] Croatan , North CarolinaCusabo , coastal South Carolina[28] Eno, North Carolina[24] Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[35] Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[26] Guacozo, Florida Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[24] [28] Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[26] Houma , Louisiana and Mississippi[28] Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida[25] Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina Jororo , Florida interior[26] Keyauwee, North Carolina[24] Koasati (Coushatta ), formerly eastern Tennessee,[28] currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and TexasKoroa , Mississippi[24] Luca, southwestern Florida coast[26] Lumbee , currently North CarolinaMachapunga , North CarolinaMatecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[26] Mayaca , Florida[26] Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[25] Mayajuaca , FloridaMikasuki (Miccosukee), currently FloridaMobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Mocoso , western Florida[25] [26] Mougoulacha , Mississippi[19] Muscogee (Creek) , Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and AlabamaAbihka , Alabama,[29] currently OklahomaAlabama , formerly Alabama,[29] southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,[24] [28] currently Oklahoma and TexasPakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama,[24] later Texas[19] Apalachicola Province , (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia[36] Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina[36] Hitchiti , Alabama and Georgia[36] Oconee, Alabama and Georgia[36] Sabacola (Sawakola, Sabacôla, Savacola, Sawokli), Alabama and Georgia[36] Chiaha , Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Eufaula tribe , Georgia, currently OklahomaKialegee Tribal Town , Alabama, currently OklahomaOsochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[24] [29] Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Thlopthlocco Tribal Town , Alabama, Georgia, currently OklahomaTukabatchee , Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Natchez , Louisiana and Mississippi[28] currently OklahomaNeusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[24] Norwood culture , Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCEMosopelea (Ofo), Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] eastern Tennessee,[24] currently LouisianaOkchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[24] Okelousa , Louisiana[24] Opelousas , Louisiana[24] Pacara, Florida Pamlico , North CarolinaPascagoula , Mississippi coast[19] Pee Dee (Pedee ), South Carolina[24] [37] and North CarolinaPensacola , Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[28] Potoskeet, North Carolina Quinipissa , southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[29] Roanoke , North CarolinaSaluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[24] Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux ), South Carolina[24] Santa Luces, Florida Saponi , North Carolina, Virginia,[18] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Saura , North CarolinaSaxapahaw (Sissipahaw , Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[24] Secotan , North CarolinaSeminole , currently Florida and Oklahoma[32] Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[24] Shakori , North CarolinaShoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,[24] possibly Virginia Sissipahaw , North CarolinaSugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[24] Surruque , east-central Florida[38] Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina Taensa , Mississippi[35] Taposa , MississippiTawasa , Alabama[39] Tequesta , southeastern coastal Florida[24] [26] Timucua , Florida and Georgia[24] [26] [28] Acuera , central Florida[40] Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[40] Arapaha , north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?[40] Cascangue , coastal southeast Georgia[40] Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[40] Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[40] Northern Utina north-central Florida[40] Ocale , central Florida[40] Oconi , interior southeast Georgia[40] Potano , north-central Florida[40] Saturiwa , northeast Florida[40] Tacatacuru , coastal southeast Georgia[41] Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida[40] Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida[42] Yufera , coastal southeast Georgia[40] Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[40] Yustaga , north-central Florida[40] Taposa , MississippiTiou (Tioux), Mississippi[34] Tocaste, Florida[26] Tocobaga , Florida[24] [26] Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Tomahitan , eastern TennesseeTopachula, Florida Tunica , Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] currently LouisianaUtiza, Florida[25] Uzita , Tampa Bay, Florida[43] Vicela, Florida[25] Viscaynos, Florida Waccamaw , North Carolina, South CarolinaWateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[24] Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[24] [37] Westo , Virginia and South Carolina,[19] extinctWinyaw , South Carolina coast[24] Woccon , North Carolina[24] [37] Yamasee , Florida, Georgia[19] Yazoo , southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[24] [44] Yuchi (Euchee ), central Tennessee,[24] [28] later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma
Great Basin Ahwahnechee , Yosemite Valley, CaliforniaBannock , Idaho[45] Coso People , of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range , Mojave Desert CaliforniaFremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah[46] Kawaiisu , southern inland California[45] Mono, southeastern California Northern Paiute , eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho[45] Agaideka , Salmon Eaters , Lemhi , Snake River and Lemhi River Valley[49] [50] Doyahinee' , Mountain people[47] Kammedeka , Kammitikka , Jack Rabbit Eaters , Snake River, Great Salt Lake[49] Hukundüka , Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters , Wild Wheat Eaters , possibly synonymous with Kammitikka [49] [51] Tukudeka , Dukundeka' , Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters ), Sawtooth Range, Idaho[49] [50] Yahandeka , Yakandika , Groundhog Eaters , lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers[49] [50] Kuyatikka , Kuyudikka , Bitterroot Eaters , Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada[51] Mahaguadüka , Mentzelia Seed Eaters , Ruby Valley , Nevada[51] Painkwitikka , Penkwitikka , Fish Eaters , Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah[51] Pasiatikka , Redtop Grass Eaters , Deep Creek Gosiute , Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley[51] Tipatikka , Pinenut Eaters , northernmost band[51] Tsaiduka , Tule Eaters , Railroad Valley , Nevada[51] Tsogwiyuyugi , Elko, Nevada[51] Waitikka , Ricegrass Eaters , Ione Valley, Nevada[51] Watatikka , Ryegrass Seed Eaters , Ruby Valley , Nevada[51] Wiyimpihtikka , Buffalo Berry Eaters [51] Southern Paiute , Arizona, Nevada, UtahTimbisha , aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern CaliforniaUte, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico[45] Capote , southeastern Colorado and New Mexico[53] Moanunts , Salina, Utah[54] Muache , south and central Colorado[53] Pahvant , western Utah[54] Sanpits , central Utah[54] Timpanogots , north central Utah[54] Uintah , Utah[53] Uncompahgre or Taviwach , central and northern Colorado[53] Weeminuche , western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico[53] White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa ), Colorado and eastern Utah[53] Washo , Nevada and California[55]
California Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes . [56]
Achomawi , Achumawi , Pit River tribe , northeastern California[57] Atsugewi , northeastern California[57] Cahuilla , southern California[57] Chumash , coastal southern California[57] Chilula , northwestern California[57] Chimariko , extinct, northwestern California[58] Cupeño , southern California[57] Eel River Athapaskan peoples Esselen , west-central California[57] Hupa, northwestern California[57] Juaneño , Acjachemem , southwestern CaliforniaKarok , northwestern California[57] Kato, Cahto , northwestern California[57] Kitanemuk , south-central California[57] Konkow , northern-central California[57] Kumeyaay , Diegueño , Kumiai Ipai, southwestern California[57] Jamul , southwestern California[60] Tipai , southwestern California and northwestern Mexico[57] La Jolla complex , southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCELuiseño , southwestern California[57] Maidu , northeastern California[57] Miwok , Me-wuk , central California[57] Monache , Western Mono , central California[57] Nisenan , eastern-central California[57] Nomlaki , northwestern California[57] Ohlone , Costanoan , west-central California[57] Patwin , central California[57] Pauma Complex , southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCEPomo, northwestern and central-western California[57] Salinan , coastal central California[57] Serrano , southern California[57] Shasta northwestern California[57] Tataviam , Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California[57] Tolowa , northwestern California[57] Tongva , Gabrieleño , Fernandeño , San Clemente tribe , coastal southern California[57] Tubatulabal , south-central California[57] Wappo , north-central California[57] Whilkut , northwestern California[57] Wintu , northwestern California[57] Wiyot , northwestern California[57] Yana, northern-central California[57] Yokuts , central and southern California[57] Yuki, Ukomno'm , northwestern California[57] Huchnom , northwestern California[62] Yurok , northwestern California[57]
Southwest This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona , Southern Colorado , New Mexico , Western Texas , Southern Utah, Chihuahua , and Sonora
Southern Athabaskan Chiricahua Apache , New Mexico and OklahomaJicarilla Apache , New MexicoLipan Apache , New Mexico, formerly TexasMescalero Apache , New MexicoNavajo (Diné), Arizona and New MexicoSan Carlos Apache , ArizonaTonto Apache , ArizonaWestern Apache (Coyotero Apache), ArizonaWhite Mountain Apache , ArizonaComecrudo , TamaulipasCotoname (Carrizo de Camargo)Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New MexicoHalchidhoma , Arizona and CaliforniaHualapai , ArizonaHavasupai , ArizonaHohokam , formerly ArizonaKarankawa , formerly TexasLa Junta , Texas, ChihuahuaMamulique , Texas, Nuevo LeónManso , Texas, ChihuahuaMojave , Arizona, California, and NevadaO'odham , Arizona, SonoraPiipaash (Maricopa ), ArizonaPima Bajo Pueblo peoples , Arizona, New Mexico, Western TexasAncestral Pueblo , formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, UtahHopi-Tewa (Arizona Tewa , Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo RevoltHopi, Arizona Keres people , New MexicoTewa people , New MexicoTiwa people , New MexicoTowa people Zuni people (Ashiwi ), New MexicoQuechan (Yuma), Arizona and CaliforniaQuems , formerly Coahuila and TexasSolano , Coahuila, TexasTamique (Aranama ), formerly TexasToboso , Chihuahua and CoahuilaWalapai , ArizonaYaqui (Yoreme ), Arizona, SonoraYavapai , Arizona
Mexico and Mesoamerica The regions of Oasisamerica , Aridoamerica , and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.
Aridoamerica Aridoamerica region of North America Acaxee Aranama (Hanáma , Hanáme , Chaimamé , Chariname , Xaraname , Taraname ), southeast TexasCoahuiltecan , Texas, northern MexicoChichimeca Cochimí , Baja California[63] Cocopa , Arizona, northern MexicoGarza, Texas, northern Mexico Guachimontone Guamare Guaycura , Baja CaliforniaGuarijío , Huarijío , Chihuahua, Sonora[63] Huichol [63] (Wixáritari ), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and DurangoKiliwa , Baja CaliforniaMayo,[63] Sonora and Sinaloa Monqui , Baja CaliforniaPaipai , Akwa'ala , Kw'al , Baja California[64] Opata Otomi , central MexicoPatiri , southeastern TexasPericúe , Baja CaliforniaPima Bajo [63] Seri[63] Tarahumara [63] Tepecano Tepehuán [63] Terocodame , Texas and MexicoTeuchitlan tradition Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition Yaqui ,[63] Sonora and now southern ArizonaZacateco
Mesoamerica Map of Mesoamerica Amuzgos Nahua , Guatemala and MexicoChatinos Cora people Cuicatecs Huastec Huave (Wabi), Juchitán District, Oaxaca Ixcatecos Lenca Maya, Belize , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Mexico Mazatec Mixe Mixtec Olmec Otomi Pipil Purépecha , also known as TarascanTacuate Tlapanec Trique Xinca Zapotec Zoque Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula, Hildago
Circum-Caribbean Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians .[65]
Caribbean Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas , except for Trinidad and Tobago .[65]
Arawak Taino , Greater Antilles, northern Lesser AntillesIgneri , Lesser Antilles, 400–1000 CENepoya, Trinidad Suppoya, Trinidad Caquetio , Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and VenezuelaCarib , Lesser AntillesCiboney , Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE[66] Ciguayo , Hispaniola Ortoiroid , c. 5500–200 BCE[67] Coroso culture , Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE[67] Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500–200 BCE[67] Saladoid culture , 500 BCE–545 CE[67]
Central America The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador , most of Honduras , all of Nicaragua , Costa Rica , and Panama , and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador .[65]
Bagaces, Costa Rica Bokota , PanamaBoruca , Costa RicaBribri , Costa RicaCabécar , Costa RicaCacaopera (Matagalpa , Ulua), formerly El Salvador[68] Cayada, Ecuador Changuena , PanamaEmbera-Wounaan (Chocó , Wounaan ), Colombia, PanamaCholuteca, Honduras Coiba, Costa Rica Coito, Costa Rica Corobici, Costa Rica Desaguadero, Costa Rica Dorasque , PanamaGuatuso , Costa RicaGuaymí , PanamaGuetar, Costa Rica Kuna (Guna), Panama and Colombia Lenca , Honduras and El SalvadorMangue, Nicaragua Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua Miskito , Hondrus, NicaraguaNagrandah, Nicaragua Ngöbe Buglé , Bocas del Toro, PanamaNicarao , NicaraguaNicoya, Costa Rica Orotiña, Costa Rica Paparo, Panama Paya, Honduras Pech, northeastern Honduras Piria, Nicaragua Poton, Honduras and El Salvador Quepo, Costa Rica Rama, Nicaragua Sigua, Panama Subtiaba, Nicaragua Suerre, Costa Rica Sumo (Mayagna ), Honduras and Nicaragua Terraba (Naso, Teribe , Tjër Di ), PanamaTojar, Panama Tolupan (Jicaque), HondurasUlva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua Voto, Costa Rica Yasika , Nicaragua
Colombia and Venezuela The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela . Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.[65]
Abibe, northwestern Colombia Aburrá, central Colombia Achagua (Axagua ), eastern Colombia, western VenezuelaAgual, western Colombia Amaní, central Colombia Ancerma, western Colombia Andaqui (Andaki ), Huila Department, ColombiaAndoque , Andoke , southeastern ColombiaAntiochia, Colombia Arbi, western Colombia Arma, western Colombia Atunceta, western Colombia Auracana, northeastern Colombia Buriticá, western Colombia Caquetio , western VenezuelaCalamari , northwestern ColombiaCalima culture , western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CECaramanta, western Columbia Carate, northeastern Colombia Carare, northeastern Colombia Carex, northwestern Colombia Cari, western Colombia Carrapa, western Colombia Cartama, western Colombia Cauca , western ColombiaCorbago, northeastern Colombia Cosina, northeastern Colombia Catio, northwestern Colombia Cenú, northwestern Colombia Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia Chanco, western Colombia Coanoa, northeastern Colombia Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela Cuica , western VenezuelaCumanagoto , eastern VenezuelaEvéjito, western Colombia Fincenú, northwestern Colombia Gorrón, western Colombia Guahibo (Guajibo ), eastern Colombia, southern VenezuelaGuambía, western Colombia Guanes , Colombia, pre-Columbian cultureGuanebucan, northeastern Colombia Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela Jamundí, western Colombia Kari'ña , eastern VenezuelaKogi, northern Colombia Lile, western Colombia Lache , central ColombiaMariche , central VenezuelaMaco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela Mompox, northwestern Colombia Motilone , northeastern Colombia and western VenezuelaNaura, central Colombia Nauracota, central Colombia Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and PanamaNutabé, northwestern Colombia Opón, northeastern Colombia Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia Pancenú, northwestern Colombia Patángoro , central ColombiaPaucura, western Colombia Pemed, northwestern Colombia Pequi people, western Colombia Picara , western ColombiaPozo, western Colombia Pumé (Yaruro ), Venezuela Quimbaya , central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CEQuinchia, western Colombia Sutagao , central ColombianTahamí , northwestern ColombiaTairona , northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CETamalameque, northwestern Colombia Mariche, central Venezuela Timba, western Colombia Timote , western VenezuelaTinigua , Caquetá Department, ColombiaTolú, northwestern Colombia Toro, western Colombia Tupe, northeastern Colombia Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia Urabá, northwestern Colombia Urezo, northwestern Colombia U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela Waikerí , eastern VenezuelaWayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern VenezuelaXiriguana, northeastern Colombia Yamicí, northwestern Colombia Yapel, northwestern Colombia Yarigui , northeastern ColombiaYukpa , Yuko, northeastern ColombiaZamyrua, northeastern Colombia Zendagua, northwestern Colombia Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE Zopia, western Colombia
Guianas The Guianas in northern South AmericaThe position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South America This region includes northern parts Colombia , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Venezuela , and parts of the Amazonas , Amapá , Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.
Acawai (6N 60W) Acokwa (3N 53W) Acuria (Akurio , Akuriyo ), 5N 55W, SurinameAkawaio , Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and VenezuelaAmariba (2N 60W) Amicuana (2N 53W) Apalaí (Apalai ), Amapá, BrazilApirua (3N 53W) Apurui (3N 53W) Aracaret (4N 53W) Aramagoto (2N 54W) Aramisho (2N 54W) Arebato (7N 65W) Arekena (2N 67W) Arhuaco , northeastern ColombiaArigua Arinagoto (4N 63W) Arua (1N 50W) Aruacay, Venezuela Atorai (2N 59W) Atroahy (1S 62W) Auaké , Brazil and GuyanaBaniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and VenezuelaBaraüana (1N 65W) Bonari (3S 58W)Baré (3N 67W) Caberre (4N 71 W) Cadupinago Cariaya (1S 63 W) Carib (Kalinago), VenezuelaCarinepagoto, Trinidad Chaguan , VenezuelaChaima , VenezuelaCuaga, Venezuela Cuacua, Venezuela Cumanagoto , VenezuelaGuayano, Venezuela Guinau (4N 65W)Hixkaryána , Amazonas, BrazilHodï, Venezuela Inao (4N 65W) Ingarikó , Brazil, Guyana and VenezuelaJaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela Kali'na , Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, VenezuelaLokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, VenezuelaMacapa (2N 59W) Macushi , Brazil and GuyanaMaipure (4N 67W)Maopityan (2N 59W) Mapoyo (Mapoye), VenezuelaMarawan (3N 52W)Mariusa, Venezuela Marourioux (3N 53W) Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela Orealla , GuyanaPalengue, Venezuela Palikur , Brazil, French GuianaParauana (2N 63W) Parauien (3S 60W) Pareco, Venezuela Paria, Venezuela Patamona , Roraima, BrazilPauishana (2N 62W) Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and VenezuelaPiapoco (3N 70W)Piaroa , VenezuelaPino (3N 54W) Piritú, Venezuela Purui (2N 52W) Saliba (Sáliva ), Venezuela Sanumá , Venezuela, BrazilShebayo , TrinidadSikiana (Chikena , Xikiyana ), Brazil, SurinameTagare, Venezuela Tamanaco, Venezuela Tarumá (3S 60W) Tibitibi, Venezuela Tiriyó (Tarëno ), Brazil, SurinameTocoyen (3N 53W) Tumuza, Venezuela Wai-Wai , Amazonas, Brazil and GuyanaWapishana , Brazil and GuyanaWarao (Warrau), Guyana and VenezuelaWayana (Oyana ), Pará, BrazilYa̧nomamö (Yanomami ), Venezuela and Amazonas, BrazilYe'kuana , Venezuela, Brazil
Eastern Brazil This region includes parts of the Ceará , Goiás , Espírito Santo , Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil
Apinajé (Apinaye Caroyo ),[7] Rio AraguiaiaArara , ParáAtikum , Bahia and PernambucoBororo ,[7] Mato GrossoBotocudo (Lakiãnõ )Carijo Guaraní[7] East Brazilian tradition, Precolumbian culture[7] Guató (Guato ), Mato GrossoKadiwéu (Guaicuru ),[7] Mato Grosso do SulKaingang Karajá (Iny, Javaé ),[7] Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and TocantinsKaxixó , Minas GeraisKayapo (Cayapo , Mebêngôkre ),[7] Mato Grosso and ParáLaklãnõ,[7] Santa Catarina Mehim (Krahô , Crahao),[7] Rio Tocantins Ofayé , Mato Grosso do SulParakatêjê (Gavião ),[7] Pará Pataxó , BahiaPotiguara (Pitigoares ),[7] CearáTabajara , CearáTapirapé (Tapirape)Terena , Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilTupiniquim , Espírito SantoUmutina (Barbados )[7] Xakriabá (Chakriaba , Chikriaba , or Shacriaba ), Minas GeraisXavánte (Shavante ),[7] Mato GrossoXerénte (Sherente ),[7] GoiásXucuru , Pernambuco
Andes The Tawantinsuyu , or fullest extent of the Inca Empire , which includes much of the Andean cultural region Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE Awa-Kwaiker , northern Ecuador, southern ColombiaAymara , Bolivia,[69] Chile, PeruCallawalla (Callahuaya ), Bolivia[69] Cañari , EcuadorCapulí culture , Ecuador, 800–1500 CECerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture) Chachapoyas , Amazonas, PeruChachilla (Cayapas) Chanka (Chanca ), PeruChavín , northern Peru, 900–200 BCEChincha people , Peru (Precolumbian culture)Chipaya , Oruro Department, Bolivia[69] Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture) Conchucos Diaguita Guangaia (Precolumbian culture) Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture) Inca Empire (Inka), based in PeruJama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture) Killke culture , Peru, 900–1200 CEKogi Kolla (Colla ), Argentina, Bolivia, ChileLa Tolita (Precolumbian culture)Las Vegas culture , coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCELauricocha culture , Peru, 8000–2500 BCELima culture , Peru, 100–650 CEMaina , Ecuador, PeruManteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture)Milagro (Precolumbian culture) Mollo culture , Bolivia, 1000–1500 CEMuisca , Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture)Pachacama (Precolumbian culture) Paez (Nasa culture ), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture)Pasto Pijao , ColombiaQuechua (Kichua , Kichwa ), Bolivia[69] Quitu culture , 2000 BCE–1550 CESalinar (Precolumbian culture) Saraguro Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco ), 400–1000 CE, BoliviaTsáchila (Colorado ), EcuadorTuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture) Uru, Bolivia,[69] Peru Wari culture , central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE
Pacific lowlands Amotape complex , northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,100 BCEAtacameño (Atacama , Likan Antaí ), ChileAwá, Colombia and Ecuador Bara, Colombia Cara culture , coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CEBahía , Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CECasma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE Chancay , central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CEChango , coastal Peru, northern ChileChimú , north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CECupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal PeruLambayeque (Sican culture ), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CEMachalilla culture , coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCEManteño civilization , western Ecuador, 850–1600 CEMoche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CENazca culture (Nasca ), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CENorte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal PeruPaiján culture , northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCEParacas , south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCERecuay culture , Peru (Precolumbian culture)Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal PeruValdivia culture , Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCEVirú culture , Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CEWari culture (Huari culture ), Peru, 500–1000 CEYukpa (Yuko), ColombiaYurutí , Colombia
Amazon
Northwestern Amazon This region includes Amazonas in Brazil ; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia ; Cotopaxi , Los Rios , Morona-Santiago , Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador ; and the Loreto Region in Peru.
Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, BrazilBaniwa Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru Bora, Loreto Region, Peru Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru Carútana (Arara), Amazonas, Brazil Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru Cocama , Loreto Region, PeruCofán (Cofan ), Putumayo Department, Colombia and EcuadorCubeo (Kobeua ), Amazonas, Brazil and ColombiaDâw, Rio Negro, Brazil Flecheiro Huaorani (Waorani , Waodani , Waos), EcuadorHupda (Hup), Brazil, ColombiaJibito , Loreto Region, PeruJivaroan peoples , Ecuador and PeruAchuar , Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, PeruAguaruna (Aguarana ), Ecuador, PeruHuambisa , PeruShuar , Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, PeruKachá (Shimaco , Urarina ), Loreto Region, PeruKamsá (Sebondoy ), Putumayo Department, ColombiaKanamarí , Amazonas, BrazilKichua (Quichua )Korubu , Amazonas, BrazilKugapakori-Nahua Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia Machiguenga , PeruMarubo Matsés (Mayoruna , Maxuruna ), Brazil and PeruMayoruna (Maxuruna )Miriti , Amazonas Department, ColombiaMurato, Loreto Region, Peru Mura, Amazonas, BrazilPirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil Nukak (Nukak-Makú ), eastern ColombiaOcaina , Loreto Region, PeruOmagua (Cambeba , Kambeba , Umana ), Amazonas, BrazilOrejón (Orejon), Napo Province, EcuadorPanoan , western Brazil, Bolivia, PeruSharpas Siona (Sioni ), Amazonas Department, ColombiaSiriano , Brazil, ColombiaSiusi, Amazonas, Brazil Tariano (Tariana ), Amazonas, BrazilTsohom Djapá Tukano (Tucano ), Brazil, ColombiaWaikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja , Uaimiri-Atroari ), Amazonas and Roraima, BrazilWanano (Unana, Vanana ), Amazonas, Brazil Witoto Yagua (Yahua ), Loreta Region, PeruYaminahua (Jaminawa , Yamanawa , Yaminawá ), Pando Department, Bolivia[69] Yora Záparo (Zaparo ), Pastaza Province, EcuadorZuruahã (Suruahá , Suruwaha ), Amazonas, Brazil
Eastern Amazon This region includes Amazonas , Maranhão , and parts of Pará States in Brazil.
Amanayé (Ararandeura ), BrazilAraweté (Araueté , Bïde), Pará, BrazilAwá (Guajá) , BrazilCh'unchu , PeruGe Guajajára (Guajajara ), Maranhão, BrazilGuaraní , ParaguayKa'apor , Maranhão, BrazilKuruaya , Pará, BrazilMarajoara , Precolumbian culture, Pará, BrazilPanará , Mato Grosso and Pará, BrazilParakanã (Paracana )Suruí do Pará , Pará, BrazilTembé Turiwára Wayampi Zo'é people , Pará, Brazil
Southern Amazon This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , parts of Pará, and Rondônia ) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department ).
Aikanã , Rondônia, BrazilAkuntsu , Rondônia, BrazilApiacá (Apiaká ), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil[70] Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins ) Aweti (Aueto ), Mato Grosso, BrazilBakairí (Bakairi )Chácobo (Chacobo ), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Chiquitano (Chiquito , Tarapecosi ), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia[69] Cinta Larga , Mato Grosso, BrazilEnawene Nawe , Mato Grosso, BrazilGavião of Rondônia Guarayu (Guarayo ), Bolivia[69] Ikpeng (Xicao ), Mato Grosso, BrazilItene, Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Irántxe (Iranche)Juma (Kagwahiva ), Rondônia, Brazil Jurúna (Yaruna , Juruna , Yudjá ), Mato Grosso, BrazilKaiabi (Caiabi , Cajabi , Kajabi, Kayabi ), Mato Grosso, BrazilKalapálo (Kalapalo ), Mato Grosso, BrazilKamayurá (Camayura ), Mato Grosso, BrazilKanoê (Kapixaná ), Rondônia, BrazilKaripuná (Caripuna) Karitiâna (Caritiana ), BrazilKayapo , Mato Grosso, BrazilKuikuro , Mato Grosso, BrazilMatipu , Mato Grosso, BrazilMehináku (Mehinacu , Mehinako ), Mato Grosso, BrazilMoxo (Mojo), Bolivia Nahukuá (Nahuqua ), Mato Grosso, BrazilNambikuára (Nambicuara , Nambikwara ), Mato Grosso, BrazilPacahuara (Pacaguara , Pacawara ), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Pacajá (Pacaja) Panará , Mato Grosso and Pará, BrazilParecís (Paressi ) Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa ), Mato Grosso, BrazilRio Pardo people , Mato Grosso, BrazilSateré-Mawé (Maue), BrazilSuyá (Kisedje ), Mato Grosso, Brazil Tacana (Takana), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia[69] Tapajó (Tapajo )Tenharim Trumai , Mato Grosso, BrazilTsimané (Chimané , Mosetén , Pano), Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau , Rondônia, BrazilWari' (Pacanawa , Waricaca' ), Rondônia, BrazilWauja (Waurá , Waura ), Mato Grosso, BrazilWuy jugu (Mundurucu , Munduruku )Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti ), Mato Grosso, Brazil
Southwestern Amazon This region includes the Cuzco , Huánuco Junín , Loreto , Madre de Dios , and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas , and Rondônia , Brazil , and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia .
Aguano (Santacrucino, Uguano), PeruAmahuaca , Brazil, PeruApurinã (Popũkare ), Amazonas and AcreAsháninka (Campa , Chuncha ), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, PeruBanawá (Jafí, Kitiya ), Amazonas, BrazilCashibo (Carapache ), Huánuco Region, PeruConibo (Shipibo-Conibo ), Peru and Amazonas, BrazilEse Ejja (Chama ), Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Harakmbut , Madre de Dios, PeruAmarakaeri , Madre de Dios Region, PeruHuachipaeri , Madre de Dios Region, PeruArasairi , Madre de Dios Region, PeruManuquiari , Madre de Dios Region, PeruPuikiri (Puncuri ), Madre de Dios Region, PeruSapiteri , Madre de Dios Region, PeruToyeri , Madre de Dios Region, Peru[71] Hi-Merimã , Himarimã , Amazonas, BrazilJamamadi , Acre and Amazonas, BrazilKaxinawá (Cashinahua , Huni Kuin ), Peru and Acre, BrazilKulina (Culina ), PeruKwaza (Coaiá , Koaiá ), Rondônia, BrazilLatundê , Rondônia, BrazilMachinere , Bolivia[69] and PeruMashco-Piro , PeruMatís (Matis ), BrazilMatsés (Mayoruna , Maxuruna ), Brazil, PeruParintintin (Kagwahiva’nga ), BrazilShipibo , Loreto Region, PeruSirionó (Chori , Miá), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, BoliviaTicuna (Tucuna ), Brazil, Colombia, PeruToromono (Toromona ), La Paz Department, Bolivia[69] Yanesha' (Amuesha ), Cusco Region, PeruYawanawa (Jaminawá , Marinawá , Xixinawá ), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and BoliviaYine (Contaquiro, Simiranch, Simirinche), Cuzco Region, Peru Yuqui (Bia, Yuki), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia[69] Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia[69]
Gran Chaco Approximate region of the Gran Chaco Abipón , Argentina, historic groupAngaite (Angate), northwestern ParaguayAyoreo [72] (Ayoré , Moro, Morotoco , Pyeta , Yovia ,[69] Zamuco ), Bolivia and ParaguayChamacoco (Zamuko ),[72] ParaguayChané , Argentina and BoliviaChiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern BoliviaChorote (Choroti ,[72] Iyo'wujwa,[69] Iyojwa'ja Chorote , Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay Guana [72] (Kaskihá), ParaguayGuaraní ,[72] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and ParaguayBolivian Guaraní[69] Chiriguano, Bolivia Guarayo (East Bolivian Guaraní) Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), BoliviaPai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), BoliviaTapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua ),[72] eastern Bolivia[69] Yuqui (Bia), BoliviaGuaycuru peoples , Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and ParaguayMbayá (Caduveo), historicMocoví (Mocobí), ArgentinaPilagá (Pilage Toba)Toba[72] (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia,[69] and Paraguay Kaiwá ,[72] Argentina and BrazilLengua people (Enxet ),[72] ParaguayNorth Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet , Maskoy), Paraguay South Lengua, Paraguay Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina Maká[72] (Towolhi), Paraguay Nivaclé (Ashlushlay ,[72] Chulupí , Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and ParaguaySanapaná [72] (Quiativis), ParaguayVilela , ArgentinaWichí (Mataco ),[72] Argentina and Tarija Department, Bolivia[69]
Southern Cone Patagonian languages at the time of European/African contact Aché, southeastern Paraguay Chaná (extinct ), formerly UruguayChandule (Chandri) Charrúa , southern Brazil and UruguayComechingon (Henia-Camiare ), ArgentinaHaush (Manek'enk , Mánekenk , Aush), Tierra del FuegoHet (Querandí ) (extinct ), formerly Argentinian Pampas Huarpe (Warpes ), Argentina, ChileMapuche (Araucanian ), southwestern Argentina and ChileMbeguá (extinct ), formerly Paraná River, Argentina Minuane (extinct ), formerly UruguayPuelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes[73] Tehuelche , Patagonia Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken) Küwach-a-Güna Mecharnúekenk Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche) Teushen (Tehues ), extinct , formerly Tierra del FuegoSelk'nam (Ona), Tierra del FuegoYaro (Jaro)
Fjords and channels of Patagonia
Languages Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland , encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas . These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages . Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO , most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.[74]
Genetic classification The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA) .[75] Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis . This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied.[76] The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial-peopling of the Americas , and secondly with European colonization of the Americas .[77] [78] The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations .[77]
Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population .[79] [80] The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.[81] The Na-Dené , Inuit and Alaska Native populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations.[82] [83] [84] This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[85]
See also
Notes ^ "Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization . Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2009-08-18 . ^ "Dena'ina." Archived 2016-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center. Accessed December 10, 2016. ^ "Slavey". The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Indian Claims Commission (1978). Indian Claims Commission Decisions, Volume 11, Part 1. Washington, DC: Native American Rights Fund. pp. 332–33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sturtevant and Trigger ix ^ a b c d "Preamble." Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 5 Dec 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the American Indian . Accessed 8 April 2014. ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Trigger 241 ^ a b c d Sturtevant and Trigger 198 ^ a b c d e Goddard 72 ^ Goddard 72 and 237 ^ a b c d e Goddard 237 ^ Goddard 72, 237–38 ^ a b c Goddard 238 ^ Goddard 72 and 238 ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290 ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Trigger 161 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82 ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291 ^ a b c d Vest, Jay Hansford C. (Winter–Spring 2005). "An Odyssey among the Iroquois: A History of Tutelo Relations in New York". American Indian Quarterly . 29 (1/2): 124–55. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0072. JSTOR 4138803. ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. "Native American Tribes in Massachusetts". History of Massachusetts . Retrieved 15 November 2021 . ^ Sturtevant and Trigger 255 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69 ^ a b c d e f Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214 ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix ^ a b c d e f g h i Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sturtevant, 617 ^ Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315 ^ a b c d Frank, Andrew K. "Indian Removal". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 28 April 2024 . ^ Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee . University Press of Florida. pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5 . ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188 ^ a b Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99 ^ a b c d e Hann, John H. (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee . University Press of Florida. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5 . ^ a b c Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302 ^ Hann 1993 ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hann 1996, 5–13 ^ Milanich 1999, p. 49. ^ Milanich 1996, p. 46. ^ Hann 2003:11 ^ Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190 ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, ix ^ D'Azevedo, 161–62 ^ a b c Loether, Christopher. "Shoshones" Archived 2014-11-10 at the Wayback Machine . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . Retrieved 20 Oct 2013. ^ a b c Shimkin 335 ^ a b c d e f Murphy and Murphy 306 ^ a b c Murphy and Murphy 287 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 280–83 ^ a b c d e f g Pritzker, 230 ^ a b c d e f D'Azevedo, 339 ^ a b c d D'Azevedo, 340 ^ Nicholas, Walter S. "A Short History of Johnsondale". RRanch.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2010-06-04 . ^ Pritzker 112 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Heizer ix ^ Heizer 205–07 ^ Heizer 190 ^ Heizer 593 ^ Heizer 769 ^ Heizer 249 ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mexico: Map". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ "Paipai Language (Akwa'ala)" Archived 2010-09-26 at the Wayback Machine . Native Languages of the Americas . Retrieved 10 Sept 2010. ^ a b c d Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes . Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. ^ "Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture" Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine . (retrieved 9 July 2011) ^ a b c d "Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area" Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine . Southeast Archaeological Center . (retrieved 9 July 2011) ^ "Cacaopera" Archived 2019-09-13 at the Wayback Machine . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Languages of Bolivia" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine . Ethnologue . Retrieved 23 Oct 2012. ^ "Apiaká: Introduction" Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine . Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 28 March 2012 ^ "Huachipaeri" Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine . Ethnologue . Retrieved 18 Feb 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Cultural Thesaurus" Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the American Indian. (retrieved 18 Feb 2011) ^ "Puelche". Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X . (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com)[permanent dead link ] . ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas" (PDF) . Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Gene´tica, Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Gene´tica Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota´; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Gene´tica Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellı´n, Colombia; Université de Montréal . University College London 73:524–539. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2010-01-22 . ^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" (PDF) . Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol . 39 (2): 99–123. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.537.7679 . doi:10.1080/10409230490460765. PMID 15217990. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2010-01-19 . ^ a b Wendy Tymchuk, Senior Technical Editor (2008). "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. Archived from the original (Verbal tutorial possible) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2009-11-21 . Haplogroups are defined by unique mutation events such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. These SNPs mark the branch of a haplogroup, and indicate that all descendants of that haplogroup at one time shared a common ancestor. The Y-DNA SNP mutations were passed from father to son over thousands of years. Over time, additional SNPs occur within a haplogroup, leading to new lineages. These new lineages are considered subclades of the haplogroup. Each time a new mutation occurs, there is a new branch in the haplogroup, and therefore a new subclade. Haplogroup Q, possibly the youngest of the 20 Y-chromosome haplogroups, originated with the SNP mutation M242 in a man from Haplogroup P that likely lived in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years before present ^ Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey (Digitised online by Google books) . Random House . ISBN 0-8129-7146-9 . Archived from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2009-11-21 . ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2009-11-18 . Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken page 2 Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2011-01-19. Retrieved 2010-01-23 . Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas ^ "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2009-11-22 . ^ Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 (23): 13994–96. Bibcode :1998PNAS...9513994R. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 . PMC 25007 . PMID 9811914. ^ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution . 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009 . PMID 14595095. ^ Juliette Saillard; Peter Forster; Niels Lynnerup; Hans-Jürgen Bandelt; Søren Nørby (2000). "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg . Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2009-11-22 . The relatively lower coalescence time of the entire haplogroup A2 including the shared sub-arctic branches A2b (Siberians and Inuit) and A2a (Eskimos and Na-Dené) is probably due to secondary expansions of haplogroup A2 from the Beringia area, which would have averaged the overall internal variation of haplogroup A2 in North America. ^ A. Torroni; T. G. Schurr; C. C. Yang; EJE. Szathmary; R. C. Williams; M. S. Schanfield; G. A. Troup; W. C. Knowler; D. N. Lawrence; K. M. Weiss; D. C. Wallace (January 1992). "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia . 130 (1). Genetics Society of America: 153–62. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-11-28 . The divergence time for the Nadene portion of the HaeIII np 663 lineage was about 6,000–10,000 years. Hence, the ancestral Nadene migrated from Asia independently and considerably more recently than the progenitors of the Amerinds
References D'Azevedo, Warren L., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians , Volume 11: Great Basin . Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3 . Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida" . Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. ISBN 0-8130-1232-5 . Hann, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions . Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7 . Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763 . University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2645-8 . Heizer, Robert F., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California . Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 978-0-16-004574-5 . Milanich, Jerald (1999). The Timucua. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21864-5 . Retrieved June 11, 2010 .Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1 . Steward, Julian H., editor. Handbook of South American Indians , Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes . Smithsonian Institution, 1948. Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast . Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ASIN B000NOYRRA. Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast . Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ISBN 0-16-072300-0 .