Condition in which the jaw is small
Medical condition
Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called mandibular hypoplasia .[citation needed ] It is common in infants,[citation needed ] but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws' increasing in size. It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding.[2] It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations.
Causes Severe micrognathia in a 23-year-old Micrognathia in Pitt-Rogers-Danks Syndrome (PRDS) According to the NCBI, the following conditions feature micrognathism:[3]
11q partial monosomy syndrome 3-methylglutaconic aciduria , type VIIB46,XY sex reversal 44p partial monosomy syndrome Achard syndrome Acrofacial dysostosis Cincinnati typeAcrofacial dysostosis Rodriguez type Acrofacial dysostosis, Catania type Acromegaloid facial appearance syndrome Adams-Oliver syndrome 2Agnathia -otocephaly complexALG1-congenital disorder of glycosylation Alveolar capillary dysplasia with pulmonary venous misalignmentAmish lethal microcephaly Andersen Tawil syndrome Aprosencephaly cerebellar dysgenesis Arterial tortuosity syndrome Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defectArthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4, neurogenic, with agenesis of the corpus callosum Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5 Arthrogryposis, distal, type 2E Autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiencyAutosomal dominant Robinow syndrome 1-3Autosomal recessive multiple pterygium syndrome Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis 5Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 70 Bailey-Bloch congenital myopathy Baller-Gerold syndrome Barber-Say syndrome Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1 and 2Bohring-Opitz syndrome Bowen-Conradi syndrome C syndrome Camptomelic dysplasia Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome Cat eye syndrome Catel-Manzke syndrome Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 1-4CHARGE association Chondrodysplasia Blomstrand typeChondrodysplasia with joint dislocations , gPAPP type Cleidocranial dysostosis Coffin-Siris syndrome 6 and 12COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation COG7 congenital disorder of glycosylation COG8-congenital disorder of glycosylation Cohen syndrome Cold-induced sweating syndrome 1Cole-Carpenter syndrome 1Complex lethal osteochondrodysplasia Congenital contractural arachnodactyly Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1E Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIr Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIw Congenital lactic acidosis , Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean typeCongenital myasthenic syndrome 19Congenital myopathy 20 Congenital myopathy 22A, classic Congenital myopathy 22B, severe fetal Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1, 3, and 5Costello syndrome Cowden syndrome 5 and 6Cranioectodermal dysplasia 2 and 3Craniofacial microsomia Cutis laxa , autosomal recessive, type 1BD-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria 1Desmosterolosis Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 64, 77, 80, and 100 Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1, 6, 10, 14 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 15 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 21Diaphragmatic hernia 4, with cardiovascular defectsDiarrhea 10, protein-losing enteropathy typeDiGeorge syndrome Distal arthrogryposis types 2B1 and 5DDPAGT1 -congenital disorder of glycosylationDubowitz syndrome Dysosteosclerosis Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , classic-like, 2Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, spondylodysplastic type, 1 Emanuel syndrome Epilepsy , X-linked 2, with or without impaired intellectual development and dysmorphic features Fanconi anemia complementation groups L and PFaundes-Banka syndrome Feingold syndrome type 1FG syndrome 1Fibrochondrogenesis 2Fibromuscular dysplasia , multifocalFontaine progeroid syndrome Frank-Ter Haar syndrome Fraser syndrome 3Galloway-Mowat syndrome 1, 2 (X-linked), 3, and 7GAPO syndrome Gaucher disease perinatal lethalGenitopatellar syndrome Gordon syndrome Granulocytopenia with immunoglobulin abnormalityGreenberg dysplasia Hajdu-Cheney syndrome Hallermann-Streiff syndrome Hamartoma of hypothalamus Hereditary spastic paraplegia 23Holoprosencephaly 13, X-linkedMicrognathism in Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome Hydrolethalus syndrome 1 and 2Immunodeficiency 49Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 1Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy Infantile-onset X-linked spinal muscular atrophy Intellectual developmental disorder , autosomal dominant 64, 65, and 70Intellectual disability , autosomal dominant 1Intellectual disability, X-linked 61Intellectual disability, X-linked syndromic, Turner type Intellectual disability, X-linked, syndromic, Bain type Isolated cleft palate Isolated congenital hypoglossia /aglossia Isolated Pierre-Robin syndrome Isotretinoin -like syndromeKabuki syndrome Keppen-Lubinsky syndrome Knobloch syndrome 2Langer-Giedion syndrome Larsen -like syndrome, B3GAT3 typeLateral meningocele syndrome Legius syndrome Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1, 2, 7, and 9Lethal Kniest -like syndrome Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome Lissencephaly 7 with cerebellar hypoplasia Liver disease , severe congenitalLoeys-Dietz syndrome 1 and 2Lymphatic malformation 6Mandibuloacral dysplasia progeroid syndromeMandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome Marbach-Rustad progeroid syndrome Marden-Walker syndrome Marfan syndrome Marshall syndrome Matthew-Wood syndrome Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome type 2Meckel syndrome 13 and 14Meckel syndrome, type 1 Megalocornea-intellectual disability syndrome Melnick-Needles syndrome Menke-Hennekam syndrome 1 and 2Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism , type 3Microcephalic primordial dwarfism due to ZNF335 deficiencyMicrocephaly 13, primary, autosomal recessiveMicrocephaly 16, primary, autosomal recessive Microcephaly 2, primary, autosomal recessive, with or without cortical malformations Microcephaly 4, primary, autosomal recessive Micrognathism in microcephaly (with normal intelligence) Microcephaly, normal intelligence and immunodeficiency Microphthalmia , syndromic 12Miller syndrome Mohr syndrome Mucolipidosis type IIMucopolysaccharidosis , MPS-I-H/SMultiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 and 2Myofibrillar myopathy 8Nager syndrome NEK9-related lethal skeletal dysplasia Nemaline myopathy 9Neonatal pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome Nephrotic syndrome , type 11Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome Neu-Laxova syndrome 1 and 2Neuropathy , congenital hypomyelinating, 3Noonan syndrome 1, 2, and 13Oculodentodigital dysplasia , autosomal recessiveOgden syndrome Orofacial cleft 13Orofacial-digital syndrome IVOrofaciodigital syndrome types 6 and 14Osteogenesis imperfecta types 3, 10, 12, and 18Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosisOto-palato-digital syndrome , type IIOtospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia , autosomal recessivePallister-Killian syndrome Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7Perlman syndrome Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 10A (Zellweger )Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 13A (Zellweger) Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 1A (Zellweger) Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 2A (Zellweger) Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 5A (Zellweger) PGM1-congenital disorder of glycosylation Phelan-McDermid syndrome Pierre Robin sequence with pectus excavatum and rib and scapular anomaliesPierre Robin syndrome-faciodigital anomaly syndrome Poikiloderma with neutropenia Polymicrogyria with or without vascular-type Ehlers-Danlos syndromePontocerebellar hypoplasia types 2E, 7, and 12Potocki-Lupski syndrome Prolidase deficiency Pyknodysostosis Micrognathism in Carpenter syndrome RAB23 -related Carpenter syndrome Renpenning syndrome Restrictive dermopathy 1RFT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata types 1 and 2Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome 1 and 3Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive 2 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome type 2Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to 16p13.3 microdeletion Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome due to EP300 haploinsufficiency Schwartz-Jampel syndrome type 1Seckel syndrome 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9SHORT syndrome Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome Silver-Russell syndrome 1 and 2Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome Spinal muscular atrophy , lower extremity-predominant, 2b, prenatal onset, autosomal dominantSplenogonadal fusion-limb defects-micrognathia syndrome Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fracturesSpondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia-short limb-abnormal calcification syndrome Squalene synthase deficiencySSR4-congenital disorder of glycosylation Stickler syndrome types 1 and 2Stromme syndrome Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Claes-Jensen type Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Najm type Tetraamelia syndrome 1 and 2Thickened earlobes-conductive deafness syndrome Toriello-Carey syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome Ventriculomegaly and arthrogryposisVici syndrome Whistling face syndrome , recessive formWiedemann-Steiner syndrome X-linked intellectual disability with marfanoid habitus Yunis-Varon syndrome Zaki syndrome
Diagnosis It can be detected by the naked eye as well as dental or skull X-Ray testing .[citation needed ]
Treatments Micrognathia can be treated by surgery and modified eating methods.[medical citation needed ] Early detection of the problem and monitoring as the problems grows can help understand it better and find the most effective treatment procedure.
See also
References ^ Martínez-Frías, ML; Martín, M; Pardo, M; Torres, M; Cohen MM, Jr (1993). "Holoprosencephaly and hypognathia with two proboscides: report of a case and review of unusual proboscides". Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology . 14 (4): 231–4. PMID 7883869. ^ Hong, Paul; Brake, Maria K.; Cavanagh, Jonathan P.; Bezuhly, Michael; Magit, Anthony E. (2012). "Feeding and mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence: A case series of functional outcomes". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology . 76 (3): 414–418. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.12.023. ISSN 0165-5876. PMID 22245167. ^ "Micrognathia (Concept Id: C0025990)". NCBI . Retrieved April 2, 2024 .
External links
"Micrognathia". Medline Plus. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2011 .