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Тартан

Фотография трех образцов ткани тартан: синего, серого и красного цветов, серый в нежной гамме, остальные яркие
Три тартана: левый и правый выполнены в «современной» цветовой гамме, средний — в «приглушенных» тонах.
Монтаж 9 узоров тартана, от простых до сложных, в широкой цветовой гамме.
Тартаны бывают самых разных цветов и узоров.
Юбка и свитер в клетку фиолетово-красно-зеленого цвета на манекене.
Комплект из джемпера (свитера) и юбки в клетку тартан от Missoni 1970-х годов

Тартан ( шотландский гэльский : breacan [ˈpɾʲɛxkən] ) — узорчатая ткань с пересекающимися горизонтальными и вертикальными полосами разных цветов, образующими простые или сложные прямоугольные узоры. Тартаны изначально были ткаными из шерсти, но теперь изготавливаются из других материалов. Тартан особенно ассоциируется с Шотландией , и шотландские килты почти всегда имеют узоры тартана.

За пределами Шотландии тартан иногда также называют « шотландкой » (особенно в Северной Америке); однако в Шотландии плед — это большой кусок клетчатой ​​ткани, который можно носить несколькими способами.

Традиционный тартан изготавливается из чередующихся полос цветных (предварительно окрашенных) нитей, сплетенных обычно в соответствующие основу и уток в простом саржевом узоре 2/2. Вблизи этот узор образует чередующиеся короткие диагональные линии, где пересекаются разные цвета; с более далекого расстояния он создает видимость новых цветов, смешанных с исходными. Полученные блоки цвета повторяются вертикально и горизонтально в характерном узоре из прямоугольников и линий, известном как сетт .

Шотландский тартан изначально ассоциировался с Хайлендом . Ранние тартаны были характерны только для определенных мест, а не для какого-либо определенного шотландского клана ; хотя, поскольку кланы жили и контролировали определенные районы и регионы, то неформально люди могли приблизительно идентифицировать определенные кланы и семьи по узорам, связанным с их собственной местностью. Как и другие материалы, узоры тартана изготавливались местными ткачами по местным вкусам с использованием наиболее доступных натуральных красителей .

Закон об одежде 1746 года был попыткой взять местные воинские кланы под контроль правительства, запретив ношение горской одежды для всех гражданских мужчин и мальчиков в Хайленде, поскольку в то время она была важным элементом гэльской шотландской культуры .

Когда закон был отменен в 1782 году, тартан перестал быть обычной одеждой для большинства горцев. Он был принят более широко как символическая национальная одежда всей Шотландии, когда король Георг IV надел тартановый килт во время своего визита в Шотландию в 1822 году ; его еще больше поддержала королева Виктория . Это ознаменовало эпоху довольно политизированной «тартании» и «хайлендизма» .

Хотя считается, что первый единый тартан датируется 1713 годом (есть некоторые свидетельства его использования ополченцами и ранее), узоры для конкретных шотландских кланов были созданы только в начале 19 века; [1] большинство традиционных узоров были созданы между 1815 и 1850 годами. Изобретение в викторианскую эпоху искусственных красителей означало, что можно было производить множество узоров дешево; массовое производство модной ткани тартан использовалось для ностальгического (и все более аристократического и прибыльного) взгляда на шотландскую историю.

Сегодня тартан больше не ограничивается текстилем , но также используется как название для самого узора, независимо от среды. Использование тартана распространилось за пределы Шотландии, особенно в странах, на которые оказала влияние шотландская культура . Однако узоры в стиле тартана существовали на протяжении столетий в некоторых других культурах, таких как Япония, где сложные ткани коси датируются по крайней мере 18 веком, и Россия (иногда с золотой и серебряной нитью) по крайней мере с начала 19 века. Масайские накидки шука , бутанское ткачество матхра и индийская ткань мадрас также часто имеют узоры тартана, отличные от шотландского стиля.

Этимология и терминология

Английское и шотландское слово tartan , возможно, произошло от французского tiretaine , что означает « ткань из льна и шерсти ». [2] [3] [4] Другие гипотезы заключаются в том, что оно происходит от шотландского гэльского tarsainn или tarsuinn , что означает «через» или «переход через»; [3] [4] или от французского tartarin или tartaryn (встречавшегося в 1454 году как tartyn ) [5] , что означает « ткань татар ». [2] Оно не связано с внешне похожим словом tarlatan , которое относится к очень ажурному муслину, похожему на марлю . Tartan — это как неисчисляемое существительное («12 метров тартана»), так и исчисляемое существительное («12 разных тартанов»).

Сегодня тартан относится к цветным узорам, хотя изначально он вообще не обязательно должен был состоять из узора, так как относился к типу переплетения; еще в 1820-х годах некоторые ткани тартана описывались как «однотонные... без узора». [ 6] [7] Узорчатая ткань из гэльскоязычных шотландских гор называлась бреакан , что означает «много цветов». Со временем значения тартана и бреакана были объединены для описания определенного типа узора на определенном типе ткани. [7]

Узор конкретного тартана называется его сеттом . Сеттом является ряд линий определенной ширины, которые пересекаются под прямым углом и переходят друг в друга; [7] иногда используется более длинный термин сеттинг . [8] Сеттом может называться либо минимальное визуальное представление полного узора тартана, либо его текстовое представление (в количестве нитей ). [7]

Сегодня тартан используется в более общем смысле для описания узора, не ограничиваясь текстилем, а появляющегося на таких носителях, как бумага, пластик, упаковка и настенные покрытия. [9] [7] [1] [10]

В Северной Америке термин «плед» обычно используется для обозначения тартана. [11] [12] [13] [a] Термин « плед » , происходящий от шотландского гэльского слова «plaide» , означающего «одеяло», [16] [b] впервые использовался для обозначения любой прямоугольной одежды, иногда сделанной из тартана, [c] которую можно было носить несколькими способами: опоясанный плед ( breacan féile ) или «большой килт», который предшествовал современному килту ; арисайд ( earasaid ), большая шаль, которую можно было завернуть в платье; и несколько типов накидок на плечи, таких как полный плед и плед с мушками . Со временем термин «плед» стали использовать для описания самих одеял. [12] В прежние времена термин «плединг» [20] или «pladding» [21] иногда использовался для обозначения ткани в клетку.

Ткачество и дизайн

Ткацкое строительство

Простая схема переплетения черных уточных нитей под двумя оранжевыми нитями основы, а затем над двумя нитями основы.
Визуализация саржевого переплетения 2/2: черные нити утка проходят две над, а затем две под оранжевыми нитями основы, смещенными на одну нить за проход (в результате получается диагональный рисунок). В реальной ткани белые промежутки будут закрыты.

В шотландском регистре тартанов дается следующее краткое определение тартана: [22]

Тартан (дизайн) — это узор, состоящий из двух или более различных однотонных полос, которые могут быть похожими, но обычно имеют разные пропорции, которые повторяются в определенной последовательности. Последовательность цветов основы (длинные нити) повторяется в том же порядке и размере в утке (поперечные нити). Большинство таких узоров (или сеток) симметричны, то есть узор повторяется в том же цветовом порядке и пропорциях в каждом направлении от двух точек поворота. В менее распространенных асимметричных узорах последовательность цветов повторяется в блоках, а не вокруг чередующихся точек поворота, но размер и последовательность цветов основы и утка остаются прежними.

Крупный план алой, черной, желтой, лазурно-синей и малиново-красной клетчатой ​​ткани
Крупный план традиционной клетчатой ​​ткани, на которой виден рисунок из диагональных «ребер» цвета; это пятицветный тартан: алый, черный, желтый, лазурно-синий и малиново-красный.

Более подробно, традиционная ткань тартан представляет собой плотное, смещенное саржевое переплетение 2/2 из камвольной шерсти: горизонтальный уток (также уток или заполнитель ) сплетен в простом расположении две над двумя под фиксированной вертикальной основой , продвигая одну нить за каждый проход. [15] Поскольку каждая нить в утке пересекает нити в основе, смещение на одну означает, что каждая нить основы также пересечет две нити утка. Результатом, при внимательном рассмотрении материала, является характерный 45-градусный диагональный рисунок «ребер», где пересекаются разные цвета. [7] [23] Когда нить в утке пересекает нити одного цвета в основе, это дает сплошной цвет на тартане, в то время как нить утка, пересекающая нити основы другого цвета, дает равную смесь двух чередующихся цветов, создавая видимость третьего цвета — полутоновой смеси при просмотре  с более глубокого расстояния. [24] [7] [22] (Эффект похож на многоцветную полутоновую печать или перекрестную штриховку в рисовании цветными карандашами.) [7] Таким образом, набор из двух базовых цветов дает три разных цвета, включая один смешанный, увеличиваясь квадратично с количеством базовых цветов; таким образом, набор из шести базовых цветов дает пятнадцать смешанных цветов и в общей сложности двадцать один воспринимаемый цвет. [7] [25] [d] Это означает, что чем больше полос и цветов используется, тем более размытым и приглушенным становится рисунок тартана. [7] [24] В отличие от простых шахматных узоров (шахматной доски) или игральных костей (например, шахматной доски), ни один сплошной цвет в тартане не появляется рядом с другим сплошным цветом, только смесь [7] (сплошные цвета могут соприкасаться углами). [26]

Джеймс Д. Скарлетт (2008) предложил определение обычного узора тартана (некоторые типы тартана отклоняются от деталей этого определения  – см. ниже ): [7]

Единица узора тартана, сетт , представляет собой квадрат, состоящий из ряда прямоугольников, квадратных и продолговатых, расположенных симметрично вокруг центрального квадрата. Каждый из этих элементов встречается четыре раза с интервалом в девяносто градусов, и каждый повернут на девяносто градусов по отношению к своим собратьям. Пропорции элементов определяются относительной шириной полос, которые их образуют.

Последовательность цветов нитей в сетке (минимальный дизайн тартана, который должен быть продублирован [7]  – «ДНК тартана»), [27] начинается с края и либо переворачивается, либо (редко) повторяется на так называемых опорных точках или опорах . [28] На диаграмме A сетке начинается на первой опорной точке, переворачивается на второй опорной точке, продолжается, затем снова переворачивается на следующей опорной точке и будет продолжаться таким образом по горизонтали. На диаграмме B сетке продолжается так же, как и в основе, но по вертикали. Диаграммы иллюстрируют конструкцию типичного симметричного [29] (также симметричного , [27] отражающего , [27] реверсивного , [30] или зеркального ) [31] [e] тартана. Однако в редком асимметричном [33] ( асимметричном , [27] или нереверсивном ) [33] [f] тартане набор не меняется на поворотных узлах, а просто повторяется на них. [g] Старый термин для последнего типа — узор «щека» или «щека» . [35] Кроме того, некоторые тартаны (очень немногие среди традиционных шотландских тартанов) не имеют точно такого же набора для основы и утка. Это означает, что основа и уток будут иметь разное количество нитей (см. ниже) . [h] Асимметричные и различающиеся узоры основы и утка чаще встречаются в тканях мадрас (см. § Индийские мадрасы ниже) и некоторых других ткацких традициях, чем в шотландском тартане.

Тартан регистрируется путем подсчета нитей каждого цвета, которые появляются в наборе. [i] Количество нитей (или threadcount , thread-count ) описывает не только ширину полос на наборе, но и используемые цвета (обычно сокращенно). [27] Обычно каждое число в количестве нитей является четным числом [42] , чтобы облегчить производство. Первая и последняя нити количества нитей являются стержнями. [28] Количество нитей в сочетании с точной информацией о цвете и другими деталями ткачества называется штампом билета [43] или просто билетом . [44]

Плетение тартана в Лохкарроне , Шотландское нагорье.

Не существует универсального стандартизированного способа записи количества потоков, [37] но различные системы легко различимы. Вот простой пример:

Во всех этих случаях результатом является полунаборное количество нитей, которое представляет собой плетение до того, как рисунок зеркально отразится и завершится; полное количество нитей для зеркального (симметричного) тартана является избыточным. [37] Символ «/» также может использоваться между двумя цветовыми кодами (например, «W/Y24» для «белый/желтый 24»), чтобы создать еще больше сокращенного количества нитей для простых тартанов, в которых половина рисунка полунаборного рисунка отличается от другой только заменой цвета; [45] но это не распространенный стиль подсчета нитей.

Различные авторы и базы данных тартана не используют согласованный набор названий цветов (см. § Цвет, палитры и значение ниже) и сокращений, [46] поэтому количество нитей может быть не универсально понятным без цветового ключа/легенды . Некоторые регистраторы предпочитают начинать подсчет нитей с точки опоры с названия цвета (или сокращения), которая находится первой в алфавитном порядке (например, если есть белая точка опоры и синяя, начните с синей), [27] но на самом деле это произвольно.

Хотя количество нитей довольно специфично, его можно изменять в зависимости от желаемого размера тартана. Например, сетка тартана (например, квадрат со стороной 6 дюймов — типичный размер для килтов) [27] может быть слишком большой, чтобы поместиться на лицевой стороне галстука . В этом случае количество нитей будет уменьшено пропорционально (например, до 3 дюймов на сторону). [37] В некоторых работах количество нитей уменьшается до наименьшего четного числа нитей (часто до 2), необходимого для точного воспроизведения дизайна; [28] в таком случае часто необходимо пропорционально увеличить количество нитей для типичного использования в килтах и ​​пледах.

До XIX века тартан часто ткался с использованием нитей для утка, которые были на 1/3 толще, чем тонкие нити, используемые для основы, [7] что приводило к прямоугольному, а не квадратному рисунку; решением было скорректировать количество нитей утка, чтобы вернуть узор к квадрату, [23] или намеренно сделать его неквадратным, как это до сих пор делается в некоторых традиционных тартанах. [h] Неравномерная толщина нитей основы и утка также могла способствовать полосатому, а не клетчатому виду в некоторых образцах тартана. [47]

Преобладающие цвета тартана (самые широкие полосы) называются подклеточным узором (или подклеточным узором , подклеточным узором , подклеточным узором ); [48] иногда вместо этого используются термины «земля» , [k] фон , [50] или основа [50] , особенно если есть только один доминирующий цвет. Тонкие, контрастные линии называются надклеточным узором [51] [50] (также надклеенная полоса или надклеенная полоса ). [52] Надклеенные парами надклеенные узоры иногда называют трамвайными линиями , трамвайными путями или трамвайными путями . [53] Яркие надклеенные узоры иногда окаймляются с обеих сторон (обычно с обеих) для дополнительного контраста дополнительными тонкими линиями, часто черными, называемыми защитными линиями или защитными полосами . [53] Исторически сложилось так, что ткач Уильям Уилсон и сын из Баннокберна иногда ткал яркие верхние клетки из шелка, чтобы придать немного дополнительного блеска [54] [55] (в коммерческих целях около 1820–30 годов, но в пледах офицеров полков по крайней мере с 1794 года). [56] [l] Тартан, используемый для пледов (не плед с поясом), часто имеет изнаночную бахрому. [57]

Увеличьте изображение преимущественно красной клетчатой ​​ткани, показывая ее нижний край с бахромой из бахромы.
Увеличенный вариант клетчатой ​​накидки волынщика ( королевский тартан Стюартов ), на которой показана бахрома, типичная для такой одежды.

Старинная практика, вплоть до XVIII века, заключалась в добавлении акцента на пледы или иногда килты в виде кромки в елочном переплетении по краю, шириной 1–3 дюйма (2,5–7,6 см), но все еще вписывающейся в цветовой рисунок сетки; [57] [58] некоторые современные ткачи все еще производят некоторые тартаны в этом стиле. Иногда использовались более декоративные кромки: кромки представляли собой границы (обычно только с одной стороны), образованные путем повторения цвета сетки в широкой полосе (часто в елочку), иногда дополнительно окаймленные тонкой полоской другого цвета сетки или украшенные в середине кромки двумя тонкими полосками; они обычно использовались для низа поясных пледов и килтов, [57] [59] и обычно были черными в военных тартанах, но могли быть более красочными в гражданских. [60] Более сложные узоры кромки представляли собой более широкую серию узких полос с использованием некоторых или всех цветов сетки; они использовались почти исключительно на домашних тартанах (одеялах, занавесках и т. д.) и на двух противоположных сторонах ткани. [60] [57] Очень редкая полная кайма представляет собой кромку со всех четырех сторон совершенно другой сетки; Питер Эслеа Макдональд (2019) описал ее как «чрезвычайно сложную для плетения деталь, которую можно считать вершиной искусства ткача тартана», [57] она сохранилась только в шотландском стиле тартана в виде нескольких образцов 18-го века (в Шотландии [61] и Новой Шотландии , Канада, но, вероятно, все они родом из Шотландии). [62] Этот стиль также использовался в Эстонии при плетении шалей/пледов suurrätt .

Тартан обычно ткут с уравновешенной основой (или просто уравновешенной ), повторяясь равномерно от опорной точки в центре наружу и с полной отделкой кромки на внешней кромке; [8] [63] [64] например, кусок тартана для пледа может быть 24 сетки в длину и 4 в ширину. Смещенное , смещенное или несбалансированное переплетение - это переплетение, в котором узор заканчивается на краю в середине опорного цвета; это обычно делалось с частями, предназначенными для соединения (например, для пледа с поясом или одеяла), чтобы сделать большие пролеты ткани с узором, продолжающимся по шву; [8] [64] если у тартана был кромочный знак или рисунок кромки, он находился на другой стороне основы. [65]

Термин «жёсткий тартан» относится к разновидности ткани, сотканной из очень плотно намотанной, неворсистой нити, что даёт сравнительно более грубый и плотный (хотя и более тонкий) материал, чем тот, который сейчас типичен для килтов. [66] [67] Он был широко распространён вплоть до 1830-х годов. [47] Существуют сохранившиеся, но редкие образцы жёсткого тартана начала 18 века, в которых используется более сложная ёлочка вместо саржевого переплетения по всей ткани. [68]

В то время как современный тартан в первую очередь является коммерческим предприятием на больших ткацких станках , тартан изначально был продуктом сельских ткачей доиндустриальной эпохи и мог быть изготовлен преданным любителем с помощью прочного, устойчивого ручного ткацкого станка . [69] [70] [71] Примерно с 1808 года традиционный размер берда основы для тартана составляет 37 дюймов (94 см), длина шотландского элля (предыдущие размеры иногда составляли 34 и 40 дюймов). [72] Телфер Данбар (1979) описывает установку следующим образом: [72]

Бердо различается по толщине в зависимости от текстуры материала, который будет соткан. Тридцатипортовый (который содержит 20 расщеплений берда) или 600-бердо делится на 600 отверстий шириной 37 дюймов. Двадцать из этих отверстий называются портером, и в каждое отверстие вставляются две нити, образуя 1200 нитей основы и столько же утка в квадратном ярде тартана через 30-портовый бердо.

Разделители также называются дентами , а носильщики также называются бандами . [73]

Стили и принципы дизайна

Традиционные узоры тартана можно разделить на несколько классов стилей. Самый базовый — это простая двухцветная клетка из толстых полос (с тонкими верхними клетками одного или нескольких других цветов или без них). Вариант этого разделяет одну или несколько полос, чтобы сформировать квадраты из меньших квадратов вместо просто больших сплошных квадратов; стиль, который очень популярен в Vestiarium Scoticum . Шагом к повышению сложности является наложенная клетка, в которой третий цвет размещается по центру «сверху» или «внутри» (окруженный) одним из базовых цветов нижней клетки, обеспечивая рисунок из вложенных квадратов, которые затем могут также иметь тонкие, яркие и/или черные верхние клетки. Другая группа — множественные клетки, как правило, из двух широких полос цвета на одном доминирующем «фоне» (например, красный, синий, красный, зеленый, красный — снова возможно, с контрастными узкими верхними клетками). Вышеупомянутые типы можно объединить в более сложные тартаны. В любом из этих стилей верхняя клетка иногда является не новым цветом, а одним из цветов нижней клетки «поверх» другой нижней клетки. Редкий стиль, традиционно используемый для тартанов арисейд ( earasaid ), но больше не используемый в шотландском использовании, если таковой вообще имеется, представляет собой рисунок, состоящий полностью из тонких верхних клеток, иногда сгруппированных «на» одном фоновом цвете, обычно белом. [74] М. Мартин (1703) сообщал, что цвета линий обычно были синим, черным и красным. [75] Примеры этого стиля не сохранились, [76] по крайней мере, в базах данных тартанов (могут быть сохранены музейные экспонаты с такими рисунками). [m] Некоторые рисунки тартанов более абстрактны и не вписываются ни в один из этих стилей, [78] особенно в ткани мадрас (см. § Индийские мадрасы ниже) .

Не существует кодифицированных правил или принципов дизайна тартана, но несколько авторов предложили некоторые обоснованные мнения. Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) подвели итог, имея в виду широкое, общее использование тартана, в том числе для моды: «Цвет — и то, как он обрабатывается — имеет решающее значение для дизайна тартана... Таким образом, тартаны должны состоять из чистых, ярких цветов, но достаточно мягких, чтобы хорошо смешиваться и тем самым создавать новые оттенки». James D. Scarlett (2008) отметил: «чем больше цветов изначально, тем более приглушенным будет конечный эффект», [50] или, точнее, «чем больше полос в сетке и чем больше цветов используется, тем более размытым и «размытым» рисунок». [7] Это не обязательно означает утонченность; тартан из многих цветов и полос может казаться «перегруженным». [79]

Скарлетт (2008), после обширного исследования исторических образцов Хайленда (в которых преобладали насыщенный красный и средне-зеленый цвета примерно в равной пропорции с темно-синим в качестве акцента — не считая обычных черных линий), предположила, что для сбалансированного и традиционного стиля: [7]

Любой базовый тип дизайна тартана должен иметь фон, «высокоэффектный» цвет и два других, один из которых должен быть дополнением к первому, а другой — более темного и нейтрального оттенка; другие цвета, введенные для разбиения рисунка или в качестве акцентов, должны быть делом вкуса. Важно, чтобы ни один цвет не был настолько сильным, чтобы «затопить» другой; в противном случае смешение цветов при пересечении будет нарушено. ... Тартан — это сложная абстрактная форма искусства с сильным математическим подтекстом, далекая от простой клетки с несколькими линиями контрастных цветов, разбросанными по ней.

Скарлетт (1990) дала более общее объяснение, оставив в стороне традиционные стили: [80]

Цвета для тартана должны быть чистыми, однозначными, яркими, но мягкими, чтобы обеспечивать хороший контраст как цвета, так и яркости, а также хорошо смешиваться, чтобы давать отчетливо новые оттенки там, где два цвета пересекаются, не перебивая друг друга.

Далее, Скарлетт (1990) утверждал, что «проверки фона покажут четкий, но не резкий контраст, а проверки сверху будут такими, чтобы четко прослеживаться» на цветах недопроверки (или «фона»). [50] Он подытожил желаемый общий результат как «гармоничное сочетание цвета и рисунка, достойное того, чтобы рассматривать его как самостоятельную форму искусства». [81]

Исключение традиционных черных линий имеет сильный смягчающий эффект, как в ансамбле моды Missoni 1970-х годов (вверху справа) и во многих моделях мадрасов (см. § Indian madras, ниже) . Шотландский дизайн без черного (теперь тартан Mar dress) датируется 18-м веком; [82] еще один - Ruthven (1842, выше ), и многие тартаны Ross (например, 1886, выше ), а также несколько дизайнов MacDougal[l] викторианско-эдвардианской эпохи , [83] являются дополнительными примерами. Различные современные тартаны также используют этот эффект, например, Canadian Maple Leaf (1964, в § Regional, ниже ). Умное использование черного или другого темного цвета может создать визуальное восприятие глубины. [84]

Цвет, палитры и значение

Самый яркий из тартанов Маклеода , ласково называемый «громким Маклеодом», в насыщенной современной палитре.

Не существует набора точных цветовых стандартов для оттенков тартана; цвет нити варьируется от ткача к ткачу даже для «одного и того же» цвета. [85] Однако определенный диапазон общих цветов является традиционным для шотландского тартана. К ним относятся синий (темный), малиновый (розовый или темно-красный), зеленый (средне-темный), черный, серый (средне-темный), фиолетовый, красный (алый или яркий), желтовато-коричневый, белый (на самом деле натуральная неокрашенная шерсть, называемая lachdann на гэльском языке), [86] [n] и желтый. [45] [7] [o] Некоторые дополнительные цвета, которые использовались реже, — это лазурный (светло-голубой или небесно-голубой), бордовый и зеленый (яркий или травянисто-зеленый), [45] а также светло-серый (как в тартане Балморала, хотя иногда его называют лавандовым). [89] С момента открытия баз данных тартанов для регистрации новых дизайнов тартанов, включая многие для организационных и модных целей, был задействован более широкий диапазон цветов, таких как оранжевый [90] и розовый, [91] которые нечасто использовались (как отдельные цвета, а не как интерпретации красного) в старых традиционных тартанах. [p] Шотландский регистр тартанов использует длинный список цветов, привязанных к шестнадцатеричным « цветам сети », сортируя группы оттенков в ограниченный набор базовых кодов (но расширенный по сравнению с вышеуказанным традиционным списком, с дополнительными опциями, такими как темно-оранжевый, темно-желтый, светло-фиолетовый и т. д.). [92] Это помогает дизайнерам вписывать свой творческий тартан в схему кодирования, в то же время позволяя ткачам создавать приближение этого дизайна из легкодоступных запасов пряжи.

В середине 19-го века натуральные красители , которые традиционно использовались в Хайленде [24] [93] [94] [q] (например, различные лишайники , кора ольхи , черника , кошениль , вереск , индиго , вайда и желтый подмаренник ) начали заменяться искусственными красителями , которые были проще в использовании и более экономичны для бурно развивающейся индустрии тартана, [95] хотя и менее тонкими. [96] Хотя Уильям Моррис в движении «Искусства и ремесла» конца 19-го века пытался возродить использование британских натуральных красителей, большинство из них были настолько малопроизводительными и настолько непоследовательными от местности к местности (одна из причин исторической дифференциации тартана по площади), что они оказались малоэффективными для массового производства, несмотря на некоторые попытки коммерциализации пурпурного красителя ( cudbear ) в Глазго в 18-м веке. [95] Твердая, тонкая шерсть, используемая в ткачестве тартана, была довольно устойчива к натуральным красителям, и некоторые красильные ванны требовали дней или даже недель. [95] Окрашивание также требовало протрав для постоянной фиксации цветов, обычно металлических солей, таких как квасцы ; есть записи с 1491 года о том, что квасцы импортировались в Лейт , хотя не обязательно все для производства тартана в частности. [97] Некоторые цвета красителя обычно импортировались, особенно красная кошениль и в некоторой степени синий индиго (оба были дорогими и использовались для усиления интенсивности местных красителей), из Нидерландов , с которыми Шотландия вела обширную торговлю с 15-го века. [98] Выдержанная человеческая моча (называемая fual или graith ) также использовалась в качестве усилителя цвета, агента растворения красителя , ферментера лишайника и окончательной обработки для стойкости цвета. [99] Весь коммерчески производимый тартан сегодня окрашен с использованием искусственных, а не натуральных красителей, даже в менее насыщенных цветовых палитрах. [100] [101]

Оттенки цветов в любом устоявшемся тартане могут быть изменены для получения вариаций того же тартана. Такое изменение оттенков по вкусу датируется как минимум 1788 годом в книге образцов производителя Уильяма Уилсона и сына из Баннокберна. [102] Сегодня полустандартизированные цветовые схемы или палитры (то, что маркетологи могут называть «цветовыми решениями») [103] обычно делятся на современные , древние , приглушенные и выветренные (иногда с другими названиями, в зависимости от ткача). Эти термины относятся только к относительным уровням насыщенности «цветности» красителя и не представляют отдельные тартаны. [104] [105]

Современный
Также известен как обычный ; относится к более темному тартану с полностью насыщенными цветами. [101] [105] В современной палитре наборы, состоящие из синего, черного и зеленого, как правило, затемнены из-за темноты цветов в этой схеме. [101]
Древний
Также известны как старые цвета (OC); относятся к более светлой палитре тартана. Эти оттенки якобы предназначены для представления цветов, которые возникли бы в результате старения натурально окрашенной ткани с течением времени. Однако результаты неточны (например, в реальных образцах очень старого тартана черный часто выцветает до цвета хаки [101] или зеленого [106] , в то время как синий остается темным; [101] и натуральные красители способны давать некоторые очень яркие цвета в первую очередь, хотя и не очень последовательно). [105] [80] [107] Этот стиль возник в первой половине 20-го века. [108] [105] Этот древний не следует путать с тем же словом в нескольких названиях тартанов, таких как «древний Кэмпбелл».
Выветренный
Также называется выцветшим ; относится к тартану, который еще светлее (менее насыщенный), чем древний , как будто подвергался воздействию в течение очень долгого времени. [105] Этот стиль был изобретен в конце 1940-х годов. [108]
Приглушенный
Относится к тартану, который по яркости находится между современным и древним . Хотя этот тип окраски появился совсем недавно, только в начале 1970-х годов, считается, что эти оттенки наиболее близки к цветам, полученным с помощью натуральных красителей, использовавшихся до середины 19 века. [105]

Некоторые конкретные фабрики тартана ввели другие цветовые схемы, которые являются уникальными для этого ткача и доступны только в определенных тартанах. Два примера - антиквариат Лохкаррона [105] между современным и древним ; и репродукция Д. К. Даглиша , небольшая вариация на тему выветренного [104] датируемая 1940-ми годами и, как утверждается, основанная на образцах 18-го века. [109]

Общее наблюдение о древних/старых , выветренных/выцветших и приглушенных тартанах заключается в том, что они довольно равномерно снижают насыщенность всех цветов, в то время как реальные образцы натурально окрашенных тартанов показывают, что историческая практика обычно заключалась в сочетании одного или нескольких насыщенных цветов с одним или несколькими бледными для большей ясности и глубины, «гармоничного баланса». [110] [105] [104] По словам Скарлетт (1990): «Цвета были чистыми, яркими и мягкими, совсем не похожими на режущий глаза блеск или размытую тусклость современных тартанов». [81]

Один и тот же тартан в одной и той же палитре от двух производителей (например, приглушенный Colquhoun от D. C. Dalgliesh и от Strathmore) не будет точно соответствовать; существует значительная художественная вольность, связанная с тем, насколько насыщенным должен быть оттенок. [101]

Программное обеспечение для генерации тартана может приблизить внешний вид тартана в любой из этих палитр. Примеры ниже — все тартаны «Принц Чарльз Эдвард Стюарт»: [111]

Шотландские тартаны, в которых используются два или более оттенков одного и того же основного цвета, встречаются довольно редко. Наиболее известен британский королевский тартан Balmoral [112] (1853, два серых, оба в качестве нижней клетки  – см. иллюстрацию в § Семья и личность, ниже ). Другие включают: Akins [113] (1850, два красных, один с верхней клеткой и иногда перекрашенный в фиолетовый), MacBean [114] (1872, два красных, один с верхней клеткой и иногда перекрашенный в фиолетовый), Childers Universal rengal [115] (1907, два зеленых, оба с нижней клеткой), Gordon red [116] (записан в 1930–1950 годах, но, вероятно, значительно старше; два синих и два красных, по одному из каждого использовались более или менее как верхняя клеточка), Galloway district hunting/green [117] [118] (1939/1950-е годы, два зеленых, оба с нижней клеткой), US Air Force Reserve Pipe Band [119] (1988, два синих, оба с нижней клеткой), McCandlish [120] [121] [122] (1992, три варианта, все с нижней клеткой), Isle of Skye district [123] (1992, три зеленых, все, возможно, недоклеенные, вложенные друг в друга) и Chisholm Colonial [124] (2008, два синих, один с переклеенными клетками, другой почти слился с зеленым). Такая практика более распространена в совсем недавних коммерческих тартанах, которые не связаны с шотландскими семьями или округами, например, тартан модного лейбла Loverboy [125] (2018, три синих, один с переклеенными клетками).

Идея о том, что различные цвета, используемые в тартане, имеют определенное значение, является чисто современной, [126] несмотря на легенду о том, что красные тартаны были «боевыми тартанами», разработанными так, чтобы на них не было видно крови. Только недавно созданные тартаны, такие как канадские провинциальные и территориальные тартаны (начало 1950-х годов) и тартаны штатов США (начало 1980-х годов), как утверждается, были разработаны с определенным символическим значением для используемых цветов. Например, зеленый иногда представляет прерии или леса, синий может представлять озера и реки, а желтый может обозначать различные культуры. [127] В шотландском регистре тартанов (и в базах данных до него) заметки о цветовом вдохновении часто записываются дизайнером тартана. Однако не существует общего набора «мотивов» цвета или рисунка тартана с намекающими значениями, которые были бы общими для дизайнеров. [r]

Более абстрактно, с точки зрения искусствоведческой критики , историк дизайна Ричард Мартин (1988) писал о тартанах как о дизайнах и тартане как о классе текстиля, не имеющем по-настоящему эндемичных или объективированных значений, но являющемся искусством, которое «имеет свойство быть сосудом или контейнером смысла, формой дизайна, которая существует не только в истории, но и через историю», способным передавать радикально разные, даже противоречивые, контекстуальные значения, «постоянно меняющиеся и развивающиеся» посредством социокультурной трансмутации использования ткани. Таким образом, тартан мог измениться от символа антипрофсоюзного и якобитского восстания горцев до эмблемы панбританской лояльности империи в течение двух поколений или служить различным рынкам моды в те же последние десятилетия как символ статуса портновского стиля традиционных ценностей и как знамя панка и гранж-бунтаря. [130]

Ранняя история

Досредневековое происхождение

Классические римские писатели делали различные ссылки на континентальных галлов , к югу от Британии, носивших полосатую или пеструю одежду; в латыни, похоже, не было точного слова для «клетчатого». Например, Вергилий в Энеиде (29–19 до н. э., книга VIII, строка 660) описывал галлов как virgatis lucent sagulis (или sagalis ), что означает что-то вроде «они сияют в полосатых плащах» или «их плащи ярко полосатые». [131] [132] [133] Другие писатели использовали такие слова, как pictae и virgatae [134] с переводами вроде «марлед», «пестрый», «разноцветный» и т. д. Скарлетт (1990) предупреждает: «Неразумно, что многие современные авторы готовы предположить, что каждый раз, когда использовалось одно из этих слов или что-то похожее, подразумевался тартан». [135] Иногда это могло быть намеренно, или автор мог просто иметь в виду линейные полосы, как ткань сирсакер . И Скарлетт, и Томпсон (1992) осуждают несостоятельное предположение нескольких более ранних современных авторов (например, Джеймса Гранта, 1886) о том, что галлы, должно быть, бегали в клановых тартанах. [135] [131] Римляне в частности писали о галлах, как о носящих полосатые braccae (штаны). Э. Г. Коди в замечаниях в своем издании 1885 года « Истории Шотландии» Джона Лесли выдвинул гипотезу, что это на самом деле галльское заимствование и родственно гэльскому breacan . [134] Это одна из многих «легенд о тартане», которая не очень хорошо принята; скорее, современные лингвисты считают braccae родственным английским breeches , гэльскому briogais ('штаны') и т. д. [136]

Самая ранняя задокументированная ткань, похожая на тартан, в Британии, известная как «Фолкеркский тартан» [137] датируется 3-м веком н. э. [138] Она была обнаружена в Фолкерке в Стерлингшире, Шотландия, недалеко от стены Антонина . Фрагмент, хранящийся в Национальном музее Шотландии , был засунут в горлышко глиняного горшка, содержащего почти 2000  римских монет. [139] Фолкеркский тартан имеет простой дизайн «Пограничная клетка» из неокрашенной светлой и темной шерсти. [s] Другим свидетельством этого периода является сохранившийся фрагмент статуи римского императора Каракаллы , когда-то являвшейся частью триумфальной арки Волюбилиса , завершенной в 217 году н. э. На нем изображен каледонский пиктский пленник в штанах из тартана (представленных путем вырезания клетчатого рисунка с последующей инкрустацией его бронзовыми и серебряными сплавами для придания пестрого вида). [140] [t] Основываясь на таких доказательствах, исследователь тартана Джеймс Д. Скарлетт (1990) полагает, что шотландский тартан имеет «пиктское или более раннее происхождение», [141] хотя Браун (2012) отмечает, что нет способа доказать или опровергнуть это. [142]

Считается, что ранние формы тартана, подобные этому, были изобретены в доримские времена и были популярны среди жителей северных римских провинций [143] [144], а также в других частях Северной Европы , таких как Ютландия , где был распространен тот же узор, [145] [146] [147] и Швеция бронзового века . [148]

То, что саржевое переплетение было выбрано еще в древние времена, вероятно, не случайно; «простая (2/2) саржа для данной толщины пряжи дает ткань на 50% тяжелее [плотнее] – и, следовательно, более устойчивую к погодным условиям – чем простое переплетение 1/1 ». [7] По словам Скарлетт (2008): [7]

[T]есть веские причины, по которым такой тип узорчатого текстиля должен был развиться почти автоматически в изолированных, самодостаточных ... сообществах. Такие сообщества вряд ли будут обладать большими красильными чанами, и поэтому не могут красить тканые ткани по частям; такие процессы, как батик и тай-дай, недоступны. ... Полоски являются практичным решением, поскольку они используют небольшое количество цвета за раз и перемежаются с другими цветами, но сфера применения ограничена ...; полосы по обеим сторонам делают цвета ярче и добавляют много смесей. С этого момента это действительно только вопрос организации; теперь уже геометрический узор сводится к небольшой единице, которую легче запомнить и отслеживать в мире, где мало что было записано; он еще больше упрощается, будучи разделенным на две равные половины, и, с утком в качестве основы, рисунок утка можно отслеживать от основы.

Средневековый

Довольно грубая картина (деталь) мужчины, использующего какой-то инструмент, одетого в котарди (тунику) наполовину из красной ткани, наполовину из сложного тартана.
Фрагмент испанского алтаря работы «Мастера Эстамариу », конец XIV века, изображающий разноцветную котарди с трехцветным сложным тартаном.

Существует мало письменных или изобразительных свидетельств о тартане (гораздо меньше сохранившихся тартановых тканей) со времен Средневековья . Использование тартана в Британии между тартаном Фолкерка III века и образцами, письменами и искусством XVI века неясно. [149] [150] Космо Иннес (1860) писал, что, согласно средневековым агиографиям , шотландцы VII–VIII веков «носили плащи пёстрой расцветки, по-видимому, домашнего производства». [151] Основываясь на сходстве тартанов, используемых различными кланами, включая Мюрреев , Сазерлендов и Гордонов , и истории их семейных взаимодействий на протяжении веков, Томас Иннес из Лёрни подсчитал, что региональный «родительский» образец более общего стиля может датироваться XII или XIII веком, [152] но это довольно спекулятивно. В 13 веке картулярии Абердина запрещали священнослужителям носить «полосатую» одежду, что могло означать тартан. [ 153]

В 1333 году итальянские готические художники Симоне Мартини и Липпо Мемми создали Благовещение со святой Маргаритой и святым Ансанусом , картину на деревянной панели темперой и сусальным золотом . На ней изображен архангел Гавриил в мантии с узором в виде тартана , со светлыми бликами там, где встречаются более темные полосы, возможно, представляющие драгоценности, вышивку или дополнительное ткачество . Историки искусства считают ее примером «татарского» (монгольского) текстильного влияния ; она, вероятно, не имеет никакого отношения к шотландскому тартану. [u] «Татарская» ткань имела множество узоров, гораздо более сложных, чем тартан (например, мелкие детали на мантии Гавриила на той же картине); узоры такого рода оказали особое влияние на итальянское искусство в XIV веке.

Есть несколько других континентальных европейских картин с изображением одежды, похожей на тартан, примерно этой эпохи (даже с XIII века), но большинство из них показывают очень простые двухцветные базовые клетчатые узоры или (как пример Благовещения Мартини и Мемми ) широкие квадраты, образованные тонкими линиями одного цвета на фоне другого. Любой из них мог представлять собой вышивку или лоскутное шитье, а не тканый тартан. Кажется, в сохранившихся записях нет никаких указаний на то, что материал тартана был импортирован из Шотландии в этот период. Во второй половине XIV века художник, известный только как «Мастер Эстамариу » (в Каталонии, Испания), написал алтарную картину Святого Винсента, одной из деталей которой является человек в котарди , который с одной стороны красный, а с другой — сложный трехцветный тартан, который очень похож на более поздние засвидетельствованные шотландские тартаны.

Сэр Фрэнсис Джеймс Грант , лорд-герольдмейстер Лиона середины XX века , отметил, что записи свидетельствуют о ношении тартана в Шотландии еще в 1440 году. [154] Однако неясно, о каких именно записях он говорил, и другие, более поздние исследователи не сопоставили эту раннюю дату.

16 век

Выцветший и несколько потрепанный кусок клетчатой ​​ткани, сейчас выглядящий желтовато-коричневым с различными темными линиями поперек.
Тартан Глен-Аффрик (ок. 1500–1600 гг. н. э.), обнаруженный в торфяном болоте в 1980-х гг.
Мужчина в желтой клетчатой ​​тунике с поясом, черных туфлях, синих шортах и ​​светло-красном плаще, с мечом и кинжалом.
Éscossois sauvage («Дикий шотландец») Лукаса де Хир , ок. 1567–80

Самый старый сохранившийся образец сложного крашеного шерстяного тартана (не просто клетчатый узор) в Шотландии, как было показано с помощью радиоуглеродного датирования , относится к XVI веку; известный как «тартан Глен Аффрик», он был обнаружен в начале 1980-х годов в торфяном болоте недалеко от Глен Аффрик в Шотландском нагорье; его выцветшие цвета включают зеленый, коричневый, красный и желтый. Артефакт размером 55 см × 42 см (22 дюйма × 17 дюймов), предоставленный во временное пользование Управлением по шотландским тартанам , был выставлен в музее V&A в Данди в апреле 2023 года. [138] [155] [156] [157] [v]

Самое раннее письменное упоминание тартана по названию содержится в отчетах казначея Шотландии 1532–33 годов: «Ane uthir tartane galcoit gevin to the king be the Maister Forbes» («Еще один тартан, подаренный королю мастером Форбсом») [5] , за которым вскоре последовал отчет шотландского казначейства 1538 года об одежде, которая должна была быть заказана для короля Шотландии Якова V , в котором упоминалось «heland tertane to be hoiss» («Шартан Хайленда должен быть чулок »). [158] [159] [w] Клетчатые ткани появились немного раньше; поэт Уильям Данбар (ок. 1459 – ок. 1530) упоминает «Пять тысяч элли … из Хайленда». [160] Самое раннее сохранившееся изображение горца в том, что, вероятно, должно было представлять тартан, — это акварель Лукаса де Хир 1567–80 годов, на которой изображен мужчина в подпоясанной плиссированной желтой тунике с тонким клетчатым узором, светло-красном плаще и обтягивающих синих шортах (типа, который также можно увидеть в ирландском искусстве того периода), с клеймором и кортиком . [161] Оно очень похоже на средневековые иллюстрации «татарской» ткани и, таким образом, не может быть уверено, что представляет собой настоящий тартан. К концу 16 века появляются многочисленные ссылки на полосатые или клетчатые пледы. Предположительно, самый ранний образец, который до сих пор производится (хотя и не используется постоянно), — это тартан округа Леннокс [162] (также принятый как клановый тартан Леннокс ) [163], который, как говорят, был воспроизведен Д. У. Стюартом в 1893 году с портрета Маргарет Дуглас , графини Леннокс, датируемого примерно 1575 годом. [164] Однако это, похоже, легенда, поскольку ни один современный исследователь тартана или историк искусства не идентифицировал такой портрет, а самый ранний известный реалистичный портрет женщины в тартане датируется гораздо более поздним периодом, примерно 1700 годом. [165] Сохранившиеся портреты Маргарет изображают ее в бархате и парче . [166]

Говорят, что тартан и одежда горцев в елизаветинскую эпоху стали по сути бесклассовыми [x]  — их носили в горной местности все, от высокородных лэрдов до простых земледельцев , [172] по крайней мере к концу XVI века. Историк Джон Мейджор писал в 1521 году, что именно высший класс, включая воинов, носил пледы, в то время как простые люди носили лен, предполагая, что шерстяная ткань была чем-то вроде роскоши. [173] Но к 1578 году епископ Джон Лесли из Росса писал, что опоясанный плед был общим костюмом горцев как богатых, так и бедных, а дворянство просто могло позволить себе более крупные пледы с большим количеством цветов. [170] (Позже Берт (1726) также писал о том, что у джентльменов были более крупные пледы, чем у простолюдинов.) [20] Если цвета и передавали различие, то это было различие социального класса, а не клана. [174] Д. У. Стюарт (1893) объяснил этот переход от льна к более широкому производству шерстяных тканей и «росту благосостояния народа». [170]

Многие авторы того периода проводили параллели между ирландской и горской одеждой, особенно ношением длинной желтой рубашки, называемой léine или шафрановой рубашкой (хотя, вероятно, на самом деле не окрашенной дорогим импортным шафраном ), [175] которую носили с мантией (плащом) поверх нее, а иногда и с трюзами . [176] Не совсем ясно, когда эти мантии впервые были сделаны из тартана в Хайленде, но эта отличительная ткань, кажется, впервые упоминается в записях в XVI веке, начиная с Major (1521). В 1556 году Жан де Боге , французский свидетель шотландских войск на континенте во время осады Хаддингтона в 1548 году , различал жителей Лоуленда от «дикарей» Хайленда и писал о последних как о людях, носящих рубашки «и некое легкое покрытие из шерсти разных цветов». [177] [178] Джордж Бьюкенен в 1582 году писал, что «пледы разных цветов» имели давнюю традицию, но мода Хайленда к его эпохе в основном сместилась к более простому виду, особенно коричневым тонам, как к практическому вопросу маскировки. [179] [y] Файнс Морисон писал в 1598 году (опубликовано в 1617 году) о простых женщинах Хайленда, носящих « plodan », «грубую ткань из двух или трех цветов в клетку». [182]

Мужчина в клетчатом костюме с поясом, синем берете и рейтузах с кубиками, с большим луком и мечом; женщина в клетчатом плаще поверх красновато-оранжевого платья с кружевным воротником и кружевным головным убором.
Мужчина и женщина из горных районов в тартане, ок. 1603–1616, Иеронимус Тильш. Грубая попытка изобразить тартан показывает синий и зеленый узор с красной верхней клеткой, но не смешивает цвета. [z]

Его плотное переплетение, требующее специальных навыков и оборудования, тартан, как правило, не был работой одного человека, а чем-то вроде раннего кустарного промысла в Хайленде - часто коллективной деятельностью, называемой каланас , включая некоторые связанные с ней народные песенные традиции  - с несколькими связанными профессиональными специальностями (гребельщик шерсти, красильщик, валяльщик, мотчик основы, ткач) среди людей в деревне, занятых неполный или полный рабочий день, [184] особенно женщин. [185] [aa] Прялка была поздним технологическим достижением в Хайленде , и тартан в эту эпоху ткали из тонкой (но довольно непостоянной) жесткой пряжи, которая прялась вручную на веретенах . [7] Торговля тартанами той эпохи была сосредоточена в Инвернессе , ранние деловые записи которого полны многочисленных ссылок на товары из тартана. [188] Узоры тартана были слабо связаны с ткачами определенных областей, отчасти из-за различий в доступности натуральных красителей, [95] [189] [93] [190] и для горцев было обычным носить то, что было доступно, [1] часто несколько разных тартанов одновременно. [191] [ab] Ранние тартаны, найденные в восточно-побережной Шотландии, чаще использовали красный цвет, вероятно, из-за более легкой континентально-европейской торговли красным красителем кошенилью , в то время как западные тартаны чаще были синего и зеленого цвета из-за местных красителей. [164] (См. также § Цвет, палитра и значение.) Более высокая стоимость красного красителя также могла сделать его символом статуса . [193] Тартан распространился, по крайней мере, в некоторой степени за пределы Хайленда, но не был повсеместно принят хорошо. Генеральная ассамблея Церкви Шотландии в 1575 году запретила священникам и чтецам церкви (и их женам) носить клетчатые пледы и другую « роскошную » одежду, [194] [195] в то время как совет Абердина, «района, ни в коем случае не являющегося горным», в 1576 году запретил ношение пледов (вероятно, имея в виду пледы с поясом). [196]

В ирландском отчете 1594 года Лугайда О. Клерига о шотландских наемниках-галлогласах в Ирландии четко описывается опоясанный плед, «пестрая одежда с многочисленными цветами, свисающая складками до икры ноги, с поясом вокруг чресл поверх одежды». [197] Частно организованные ранние « плантации » (колонии), а затем правительственная плантация Ольстера принесли ткачество тартана в Северную Ирландию в конце 16-го — начале 17-го веков. [198] Многие из новых поселенцев были шотландцами, и они присоединились к населению, уже прочно обосновавшемуся там столетиями галлогласов и других иммигрантов. В 1956 году самый ранний сохранившийся кусок ирландской ткани тартана был обнаружен в торфяном суглинке недалеко от Дангивена в Северной Ирландии в форме штанов с клеткой , наряду с другими предметами одежды без клеточки. [199] Его окрестили «тартаном Дангивена» или «тартаном Ольстера». [200] Образец был датирован с помощью палинологии примерно 1590–1650 гг. [201] [202] (почва, окружавшая ткань, была пропитана пыльцой сосны шотландской , вида, завезенного в Ольстер из Шотландии плантаторами). [203] [19] По словам археологического эксперта по текстилю Одри Хеншолл , ткань, вероятно, была соткана в графстве Донегол , Ирландия, но штаны были сшиты в Шотландском нагорье [203] [204] за некоторые деньги, что предполагает кого-то знатного, [205] возможно, галлогласа. [201] Хеншолл воспроизвела тартан для выставки 1958 года; [203] [19] он стал популярным (и активно рекламировался) как окружной тартан для Ольстера [19] (как в выцветшей форме, как он был найден, [206] так и в яркой палитре, которая пыталась воспроизвести то, как он мог выглядеть изначально), [207] и, кажется, вдохновил на позднее создание большего количества ирландских окружных тартанов. [19] [208] (см. § Региональный, ниже) . В исходном материале того периода почти нет ничего, что предполагало бы, что ирландцы также обычно носили тартан; одним из немногих источников, которые, возможно, можно интерпретировать в поддержку этой идеи, является Уильям Кэмден , который писал в своей «Британии» (по крайней мере, с издания 1607 года), что «горцы ... носят по ирландской моде полосатые мантии». [209] [210] [ac]

17 век

Самое раннее изображение шотландских солдат в клетчатых пледах с поясом из тартана и штанах; немецкая гравюра 1631 года работы Георга Кёлера.

Самое раннее недвусмысленное сохранившееся изображение горцев в приближении тартана — это акварель, датируемая примерно 1603–1616 годами и вновь обнаруженная в конце 20-го века Иеронимом Тильшем или Тильшем. На ней изображен мужской плед с поясом и женский плед (arisaid, earasaid ), надетый как шаль или плащ поверх платья, а также изображены нарезанные кубиками короткие чулки и синий чепец . [183] ​​[211] [z] Кланы долгое время самостоятельно создавали ополчения , и, начиная с 1603 года, британское правительство само собрало нерегулярные отряды ополчения в Хайленде, известные как Независимые горные компании (IHC). [212] Будучи горцами, они, вероятно, носили тартан (наемники горцев 1631 года, безусловно, носили его, и МКХ были в тартане в 1709 году [212] и фактическая униформа из тартана к 1725 году). [213] [214] [215] Тартан использовался в качестве обивочной ткани , в том числе для полога кроватей в замке Ардстинчар в 1605 году. [216] После упоминания «полосатых мантий» горцев в « Британии » Кэмдена 1607 года [209] поэт Джон Тейлор в 1618 году в «Паломничестве без гроша » подробно описал «тартановую» одежду горцев (в терминах, которые в целом соответствуют тому, что было описано и проиллюстрировано даже два столетия спустя); он отметил, что ее носили не только местные жители, но и приезжие британские джентльмены. [ad] [ae] Совет Абердина снова принял жесткие меры против пледов в 1621 году, на этот раз против их использования в качестве женских головных уборов, [196] а церковь в Глазго ранее, в 1604 году, запретила их ношение во время служб; [218] аналогичные постановления сессий церкви появились в Элгине в 1624 году, в Кингхорне в 1642 и 1644 годах и в Монифиете в 1643 году, причем женские пледы были более буквально осуждены в Эдинбурге в 1633 году Уильямом Литгоу . [219] В 1622 году суды баронов Бредалбейна установили фиксированные цены на различные виды тартана и простой ткани. [ 220]

В 1627 году отряд горных лучников, одетых в тартан, служил под началом графа Мортона . [221] В 1667 году было создано больше независимых рот . [212] Самое раннее изображение шотландских солдат в тартане — это медная гравюра 1631 года Георга Кёлера (1600–1638); на ней изображены горные наемники Тридцатилетней войны в войсках Густава Адольфа Шведского. [222] [223] Вскоре после этого Джеймс Гордон, пастор Ротимея , в своей книге «История шотландских дел с 1637 по 1641 год» написал о опоясанном пледе как о «свободном плаще из нескольких локтей , полосатых и разноцветных, которые они подпоясывали по всей ширине кожаным поясом...». Он также описал короткие чулки и штаны («trowzes»). [224] Карта 1653 года Scotia Antiqua Джоан Блау содержит картуш, изображающий людей в штанах и пледе с поясом; тартан грубо представлен в виде тонких линий на простом фоне, [225] и различные существующие копии раскрашены вручную по-разному. Даниэль Дефо в «Мемуарах кавалера» (ок. 1720 г.) писал, используя материалы, которые, вероятно, относятся к гражданской войне в Англии , о горцах, вторгшихся в Северную Англию в 1639 г., что они носили «дублет, бриджи и чулки из материала, который они называли клетчатым, в красную и желтую полоску, с короткими плащами из того же материала». [226]

Помимо часто порицаемого ранее ношения головных пледов в церкви, женское платье не часто описывалось (за исключением более ранних времен как похожее на мужское). [af] Эквивалентом поясного пледа у женщин Хайленда и островов был арисайд ( earasaid ), плед, который можно было носить как большую шаль или заворачивать в платье. Сэр Уильям Бреретон писал в 1634–35 годах (опубликовано в 1844 году) о женщинах Лоуленда в Эдинбурге, что: «Многие носят (особенно более скромные) пледы... которые [ sic ] накидывают им на голову и закрывают лицо с обеих сторон, и могут доходить почти до земли, но они подбирают их и носят, закинув под мышки». Он также сообщил, что женщины там носили «шесть или семь различных привычек и нарядов, некоторые из которых были предназначены для отличия вдов, жен и служанок», включая платья, накидки/плащи, чепцы с вуалями и воротники-брюки, хотя он не рассматривал узоры тартана в таких нарядах. [228]

В то время как тартан все еще производился в Хайленде как кустарное производство, к 1655 году производство сосредоточилось в Абердине , где его производили «в большем количестве, чем в любом другом месте страны» [21] , хотя его также производили в Глазго , Монтроузе и Данди , большая часть его шла на экспорт. [21] По крайней мере, в Глазго часть торговли велась тартаном, произведенным в Хайленде и на Гебридских островах и привезенным туда для продажи вместе со шкурами и другими товарами. [21] Под впечатлением от торговли в Глазго Ричард Франк в своих «Северных мемуарах» 1658 года писал, что эта ткань была «основным продуктом этой страны». [229] В 1662 году натуралист Джон Рэй писал о «цветном одеяле, которое [шотландцы] называют пладом, накинутом на голову и плечи», и отмечал, что шотландец даже из низшего класса был «одет как джентльмен», потому что в то время было принято тратить огромные деньги на одежду, [230] привычка, которая, по-видимому, восходит к концу XVI века. [231] Томас Кирк из Йоркшира в 1677 году прокомментировал штаны, пледы и, возможно, килты «шотландского цвета»; [232] больше материалов Кирка было напечатано в 1891 году в журнале Early Travellers in Scotland под редакцией Питера Хьюма Брауна , где упоминалась «одежда пладом» в виде пледов с поясом, штанов и чулок. [233] В стихотворении Уильяма Клеланда 1678 года шотландские офицеры носили штаны и пледы, а солдаты — пледы с поясом. [234] В 1689 году Томас Морер, английский священник шотландских полков, описывал женщин Лоуленда как часто носящих пледы, несмотря на то, что в остальном они одевались в основном как англичане. [235]

Портрет маслом молодого человека в клетчатой ​​куртке с поясом в красную, коричневую и черную клетку, белой рубашке, расшитой золотом куртке, коротких красных чулках и широкой плоской фуражке с мушкетом.
Мунго Мюррей, около 1683 г., Джон Майкл Райт ( версия Шотландской национальной портретной галереи ), с очень сложным тартаном

Самый ранний известный реалистичный портрет в шотландской горной одежде — это произведение (существующее в трех версиях) Джона Майкла Райта , на котором изображен очень сложный тартан коричневого, черного и двух оттенков красного; [236] он датируется примерно 1683 годом и изображает Мунго Мюррея, сына Джона Мюррея, маркиза Атолла . [237] [ag]

В 1688 году Уильям Сашеверелл, вице-губернатор острова Мэн , писал о тартановых пледах женщин Малла на Внутренних Гебридских островах как о «гораздо более тонких, цвета более ярких, а квадраты крупнее, чем у мужчин... Они служат им вуалью и покрывают как голову, так и тело». [239] В поэме 1691 года «The Grameid » [240] Джеймс Филипп из Альмери описал битву при Килликранки 1689 года в терминах, которые, по-видимому, предполагают, что некоторые клановые ополчения имели единую тартановую одежду , и некоторые историки интерпретировали это таким образом. [241] [242]

18 век

Сообщается, что региональное единообразие в тартане, достаточное для определения области происхождения, возникло только в начале XVIII века. [149] Мартин Мартин в «Описании западных островов Шотландии », опубликованном в 1703 году, написал, после описания штанов и пледов с поясом «разных цветов... соответствующих самой изысканной фантазии», что тартаны можно использовать для различения жителей разных мест. [ah] Мартин не упоминал ничего похожего на использование особого рисунка каждой семьей.

В 1709 году Независимые горные роты носили повседневную одежду горцев, а не униформу определенного тартана, чтобы лучше сливаться с гражданскими лицами и обнаруживать предательство якобитов . [212] В 1713 году Королевская рота лучников (королевское телохранительное подразделение, впервые сформированное в 1676 году) [245] стала первым подразделением на службе британской короны, которое приняло определенный тартан в качестве части своей официальной униформы. Ополченцы клана Грант, возможно, были все в зелено-красном тартане (подробности не уточняются) еще в 1703–04 годах [246] [164] и носили единую тартановую ливрею к 1715 году. [247] Это не сохранившийся образец, и современные тартаны Гранта появились гораздо позже. [248] (Подробности о ранних униформенных тартанах см. в разделе Полковой тартан § Дополковое военное использование .)

В отчете о мужчинах Хайленда в 1711 году говорилось, что все они, включая «тех, кто был из лучшего сорта», носили плед с поясом. [249] Отчет 1723 года предполагал, что джентльмены, по крайней мере, при смешивании с англичанами, были более склонны носить штаны из тартана и чулки, а их сопровождающие — в пледе с поясом, [249] что также заметил Берт; [250] штаны также были более практичны для верховой езды. [251] Также около 1723 года впервые появились короткие куртки из тартана, называемые по-гэльски còta-goirid , иногда с разрезными рукавами и носившиеся с соответствующим жилетом, и начали вытеснять в одежде Хайленда однотонные дублеты , которые были распространены во всей европейской одежде той эпохи; Кота -гоирид часто носили с подходящими брюками и наплечной накидкой, которая могла сочетаться или не сочетаться, но ее также можно было носить с подпоясанной накидкой. [252] [ai]

Картина маслом, изображающая женщину средних лет в сине-белом платье с коричневым кожаным поясом, с клетчатой ​​накидкой на плечах из красно-синего тартана с тонкими белыми клетками.
Рейчел Гордон из Абергелди, ок. 1700 г. – самый ранний известный официальный портрет женщины в клетчатой ​​одежде.

М. Мартин (1703) писал, что «вульгарные» женщины Гебридских островов все еще носили накидку/платье арисейд , [253] описывая его как «белый плад с несколькими небольшими полосками черного, синего и красного цвета; он доходил от шеи до пят и завязывался на груди пряжкой из серебра или латуни», некоторые из которых были очень богато украшены. Он сказал, что они также носили украшенный пояс, алые рукава и головные платки из льна. [254] Мартин был не единственным источником того периода, который предполагал, что это была в первую очередь одежда простых женщин, поскольку дамы из высшего класса Хайленда в 18 веке чаще носили сшитые на заказ платья, платья и амазонки для верховой езды , часто из импортного материала, как это делали женщины Лоуленда и англичанки. [165] [255] Платье женщин Хайленда также иногда было просто в линейные полосы, а не в тартан, ткань называлась iomairt ( drugget ). [165] С конца XVIII века, когда арисад все больше отводился в сторону для современной женской одежды, в то время как мужчины Хайленда продолжали носить плед с поясом, [256] женские пледы были сокращены до более мелких «экранов» — бахромчатых шалей, используемых в качестве головных уборов и аксессуаров к одежде, [255] «джентрификации арисада». [165] (Wilsons продолжали производить их в первой половине XIX века.) [165] Джон Макки в «Путешествии по Шотландии» (1723) писал о шотландских женщинах, которые носили, когда это было возможно, такие клетчатые пледы на голове и теле, поверх одежды в английском стиле, и сравнивал эту практику с ношением континентальными женщинами черных накидок в церковь, на рынок и для других целей. [235] Эдмунд Берт , англичанин, который провел годы в Инвернессе и его окрестностях, писал в 1727–1737 годах (опубликовано в 1754 году), что женщины там также носили такие пледы, сделанные из тонкой камвольной шерсти или даже из шелка , что они иногда использовались для покрытия головы, и что они носились длинными, до щиколотки, на одну сторону. Он добавил, что в Эдинбурге (далеко на юго-востоке) их также носили, причем дамы указывали свою политическую позицию вигов или тори по тому, с какой стороны они носили пледы (хотя он не помнил, с какой стороны они носили пледы). [257] В Эдинбурге извечное неодобрение «варварского облика» женщин, носящих пледы на голове, вернулось в 1753 году в трудах Уильяма Мейтленда . Женщины впервые появляются на известных нарисованных портретах с тартаном около 1700 года, с изображением Рейчел Гордон из Абергелди; более ранние примеры можно найти на картинах Уильяма Мосмана 1742 и 1749 годов. На них изображены пледы (в тартанах, которые не сохранились в качестве современных образцов), свободно накинутые на плечи моделями в типичных европейских платьях. [258] Некоторые целые платья из тартана можно увидеть на портретах середины XVIII века, но они встречаются нечасто. [165] В период якобитов тартан иногда использовался в качестве отделки, например, на шляпах. Клетку также носили как часть свадебных нарядов. У состоятельных людей иногда были целые свадебные платья из тартана, некоторые из шелка, и даже придумывали индивидуальные тартаны для свадеб, как правило, на основе существующих образцов с измененными цветами. [255]

Женщина с ребенком в клетчатом платье, мужчина в клетчатом килте и красном пальто, синий чепец
Солдат-горец и его семья, женщина в арисаде ; Мартин Энгельбрехт, ок. 1717–1754 [aj]

Портреты стали более популярными среди элиты Хайленда, начиная с начала 18 века. [260] Ткань, похожая на ту, что на портрете Манго Мюррея 1683 года, появляется на портрете молодого Джона Кэмпбелла из Гленорчи 1708 года , приписываемом Чарльзу Джервасу ; и на портрете Кеннета Сазерленда, лорда Даффуса 1712 года , написанном Ричардом Уэйттом . [261] Этот стиль очень «занятого», но с преобладанием коричневого тартана, по-видимому, был довольно распространен в начале 18 века и сильно отличается от более поздних образцов. [262] По мере того, как столетие шло к концу, более смелые сетки стали доминировать, судя по более поздним портретам и сохранившимся образцам ткани и одежды. К началу 18 века производство тартана (и ткачество в целом) были сосредоточены в Баннокберне , Стерлинг; именно здесь в конечном итоге доминирующий ткач тартана Уильям Уилсон и сын, основавший ок. 1765, были основаны. [263] [ak]

Судя по редким сохранившимся образцам, преобладающими цветами гражданских тартанов этого периода, в дополнение к белому (неокрашенная шерсть) и черному, были насыщенные красные и зеленые, а также довольно темные синие цвета, не соответствующие друг другу от региона к региону; там, где был доступен хороший черный, темно-синий использовался реже. [7] Клетчатка типичного образца горцев той эпохи, показанная на портретах, была красной с широкими полосами зеленого и/или синего цвета, иногда с тонкими линиями над клетками. [7] [al] Портретная живопись маслом была уделом привилегированных, и « лучшие воскресные » тартаны с красным фоном обычно носили в них как символ статуса с начала 18 века, причем краситель обычно изготавливался из дорогой импортной кошенили . [165] [265] Зеленый и синий в целом преобладали из-за их относительной простоты производства с использованием местных красителей, а более сложные желтые [am] и красные красители обычно сохранялись для тонких линий над клеткой [267] (практика, которая продолжалась, например, в военных и, следовательно, во многих клановых тартанах вплоть до 19 века  – см. Полковые тартаны ). Однако даже синие с местными красителями часто перекрашивались некоторым количеством импортного индиго для более насыщенного цвета. [49]

Протест Союза и восстание якобитов

Договор и Акты об унии 1706–07 годов, которые положили конец отдельному парламенту Шотландии , привели к тому, что шотландские низменности впервые стали массово носить тартан как символ протеста против унии. [268] [269] Его носили не только мужчины (независимо от социального класса), [270] но даже влиятельные эдинбургские дамы, [268] [271] вплоть до 1790-х годов. [272] К началу 18 века в Англии также появился некоторый спрос на тартан, который использовался для штор, постельных принадлежностей, ночных рубашек и т. д., и ткачи в Норидже , Норфолке и некоторых других английских городах пытались скопировать шотландскую продукцию, но считали ее вариантом более низкого качества. [249]

Портрет принца в красно-черном клетчатом кафтане со скрещенными патронташами и в изысканном синем берете с белой кокардой.
Чарльз Эдвард Стюарт , «Красавчик принц Чарли», в клетчатой ​​одежде и синем берете с белой якобитской кокардой; портрет работы Уильяма Мосмана, около 1750 г.

Наиболее эффективными борцами за якобитизм были поддерживающие шотландские кланы, что привело к ассоциации тартана и одежды горцев с якобитским делом восстановить католическую династию Стюартов на троне Англии, Шотландии и Ирландии. Это включало большие килты и трюзы (брюки) с большими пальто, все обычно из ткани тартан, а также синий берет . Британский парламент рассматривал возможность запрета опоясанного пледа после восстания якобитов в 1715 году , но не сделал этого. [273] Одежда горцев стала чем-то вроде якобитской униформы, [272] [274] которую даже носил сам принц Чарльз Эдуард Стюарт («Красавчик принц Чарли») к середине 18 века, [275] [и] в основном на пропагандистских портретах (с непоследовательными тартанами), но также и по свидетельствам очевидцев в Каллодене . [281] К этому периоду иногда поверх клетчатых брюк и куртки носили клетчатую ткань с поясом (в узорах, которые не обязательно совпадали). [282]

Тартан с преобладанием оливкового цвета, с изрядным количеством темно-синего и черного, а также вкраплениями красного (с небесно-голубыми защитными линиями), желтого (с защитными черными) и белого цветов.
Выкройка сюртука (вероятно, якобитского), датируемого периодом восстания 1745 года.

Берт согласился около 1728 года, как и его редактор 1818 года Роберт Джеймисон , с гораздо более ранним наблюдением Бьюкенена 1582 года о том, что тартаны часто были в цветах, предназначенных для того, чтобы сливаться с вереском и другим естественным окружением. [283] Это может быть просто предубеждением английских писателей того периода, однако, по крайней мере, к середине 18-го века. Сохранившиеся образцы ткани эпохи Каллодена иногда довольно красочны. Одним из примеров является узор, найденный на пальто (вероятно, якобитском), известном как относящийся к восстанию 1745 года; хотя он выцвел до оливковых и темно-синих тонов, сетка представляет собой смелый узор из зеленого, синего, черного, красного, желтого, белого и светло-голубого (в уменьшающихся пропорциях). Хотя приближенный вариант узора был впервые опубликован в D. W. Stewart (1893), цвета и пропорции были неправильными; Оригинальное пальто было вновь обнаружено и повторно исследовано в 2007 году. [284] [285] Другой сохранившийся образец Каллодена, преимущественно красный с широкими полосами синего, зеленого и черного цветов, а также несколькими тонкими клетчатыми линиями, представляет собой практически неповрежденную целую клетку, принадлежавшую некоему Джону Мойру; она была передана в дар Национальному музею Шотландии в 2019 году. [286]

Существует легенда, что определенный сохранившийся тартан использовался якобитами в качестве идентификатора еще до « 15-го года ». Эту историю можно проследить до У. и А. Смита (1850) в работе «Authenticated Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland» , в которой они утверждали, что опубликованный ими образец был получен от неназванной женщины, тогда еще живой, которая, в свою очередь, утверждала, что семейное предание гласит, что тартан датируется 1712 годом, задолго до ее рождения, но этому нет никаких доказательств. [32] Эта слуховая история позже была повторена как известный факт в других книгах, например, в книге Адама Фрэнка « What Is My Tartan?» в 1896 году [287] и в переработанной Маргарет Макдугалл в 1974 году книге Роберта Бейна «Clans and Tartans of Scotland» 1938 года . [ao] Даже часто доверчивый Иннес из Лёрни (1938) не верил в это. [290] Рассматриваемый образец датируется по крайней мере 1815–1826 гг., поскольку он был собран Лондонским горским обществом в этот период. [32] Однако нет никаких подтвержденных свидетельств того, что якобиты использовали постоянный тартан, не говоря уже о том, что он сохранился до наших дней.

Независимые горные роты были повторно сформированы из шотландских кланов, лояльных Ганноверской монархии, в 1725–1729 годах. [291] [ap] [292] На этот раз они носили единые тартаны синего, черного и зеленого цветов, предположительно с различными клетчатыми линиями. [293] [ 292] [213] Все они были приведены к одному тартану в 1725–1733 годах [213] [215] [214] [294] (образец, который, вероятно, не сохранился до наших дней). [164] Единый тартан, по-видимому, изменился на новый тартан, известный сегодня как Black Watch или Government, когда роты объединились, чтобы стать 42-м (Black Watch) полком в 1739 году. (См. Полковой тартан .)

Проскрипция и ее последствия

После провала восстания якобитов в 1745 году попытки усмирить Хайленд и ослабить культурную и политическую власть кланов [295] [296] привели к принятию Закона об одежде 1746 года , части Закона о запрете , призванного разоружить Хайлендеров. Поскольку шотландская горная одежда была так сильно символически связана с воинственным делом якобитов, [297] этот акт — крайне политический возврат к давно заброшенным законам о роскоши [297]  — запретил ношение горской одежды мужчинами и мальчиками в Шотландии к северу от реки Форт (т. е. в Хайленде), [aq], за исключением землевладельцев [ar] и горных полков британской армии. [299] Закон был основан на запретах 16 века на ношение традиционной ирландской одежды в Королевстве Ирландия, введенных администрацией Дублинского замка . [300] Сэр Вальтер Скотт писал о Законе об одежде: «В этом запрете проявилось знание человечества, поскольку он лишал горцев одежды, которая была тесно связана с их привычками клановости и войны». [301]

Тартаны, зарегистрированные вскоре после акта (таким образом, вероятно, являющиеся образцами, использовавшимися в период до проскрипции), показывают, что общий образец использовался на большой территории, с небольшими изменениями, вносимыми отдельными ткачами по вкусу. [222] Например, тартан, который сегодня используется как основной (красный) тартан клана Макинтош , [302] зарегистрированный Лондонским горным обществом около 1815 года, был обнаружен в вариантах от Пертшира и Баденоха вдоль Грейт-Глена до Лох-Мой . [222] Можно найти и другие подобные группы, например кластер Мюррей / Сазерленд / Гордон, сосредоточенный вокруг Хантли , проанализированный как явно связанный Иннесом из Лёрни (1938) [152]  - в отличие от другой группы Хантли / Макрей / Росс / Грант , идентифицированной Шотландским регистром тартанов и исследователем тартанов Питером Эслеа Макдональдом из Scottish Tartans Authority . [303] [304] Но Скарлетт (1990) говорит, что «старые доступные образцы слишком немногочисленны, чтобы провести детальное исследование распределения таких образцов» по ​​всему Хайленду. [222] Портреты той эпохи также показывают, что тартан все чаще изготавливался с идентичными или почти идентичными узорами основы и утка , что не всегда было так ранее, и что ткань тартана использовалась из тонкой саржи с равномерной толщиной основы и утка, которая до сих пор используется для килтов. [242] [260]

Хотя Закон об одежде, вопреки распространенному позднее мнению, не запрещал весь тартан [305] (или волынки, или гэльский), и женщины, дворяне и солдаты продолжали носить тартан, [306] он тем не менее эффективно разорвал повседневную традицию ношения горцами в первую очередь тартана, поскольку он навязывал ношение не-хайлендской одежды, распространенной в остальной Европе на протяжении двух поколений. [299] [307] (Хотя некоторые горцы игнорировали закон, [308] [309] были суровые уголовные наказания.) [310] Он оказал деморализующее воздействие, [поскольку] и цель этого и связанных с ним мер по интеграции горцев в общество Лоуленда и более широкое британское общество [300] была в значительной степени успешной. [297] [312] К 1770-м годам одежда горцев, казалось, почти исчезла. [313] Однако, по иронии судьбы, закон также мог помочь «оживить клановое сознание» в условиях этого подавления; [314] Шотландские кланы, в романтизированном виде, должны были с ревом вернуться в «клановых тартанах» эпохи Регентства (позднего георгианского периода ) и до викторианского периода.

Портрет молодой женщины в сине-белом платье с преимущественно красной клетчатой ​​нашивкой на плечах и несколькими белыми розами — символом якобитов.
Женщины-якобиты продолжали носить тартан во время проскрипции (портрет Флоры Макдональд 1749 года работы Аллана Рэмси и Джозефа ван Акена ; тартан — это узор области Туллибардин , позднее тартан клана Мюррей из Туллибардина). [315]

В это время якобитские женщины продолжали широко использовать тартан для одежды (от платьев до обуви), занавесок и повседневных предметов. [316] [306] Хотя портреты знатных кланов XVIII века, проникнутые классицизмом (часто написанные за пределами Шотландии), обычно изображали их в тартане и «хайлендской» одежде, большая часть из них была лоялистской полковой военной стилистикой, антитезой якобитских посланий; [317] это предвещало серьезный сдвиг в политике тартана (см. § Поздний георгианский стиль ниже) . Тем не менее, это обильное применение тартана можно было рассматривать как в некоторой степени мятежное, поскольку овеществленный горец становился «героической и классической фигурой, наследником примитивных добродетелей». [318] А к 1760-м годам тартан стал все больше ассоциироваться с Шотландией в целом, а не только с Хайлендом, особенно в сознании англичан. [319]

Девочка лет 8, в красно-черном клетчатом корсаже и юбке, с корзиной и белой розой.
Хелен Мюррей из Охтертайра, дочь и старший ребенок сэра Патрика Мюррея из Охтертайра, 4-го баронета; около 1750 г., художник неизвестен. Тартаны лифа и юбки не совпадают в точности и не являются сохранившимися образцами. [320]

После многочисленных протестов (поскольку запрет распространялся как на якобитов, так и на лоялистов) Закон о форме одежды был отменен в 1782 году, в первую очередь благодаря усилиям Лондонского горского общества; [321] законопроект об отмене был представлен Джеймсом Грэмом, маркизом Грэмом (позже герцогом Монтроузом). [322] Некоторые горцы возобновили свою традиционную одежду, [323] но в целом она была заброшена бывшими крестьянами, которые ее носили, и вместо этого была принята высшими и средними классами как мода. [324] Тартан был «культурно перемещен как живописный ансамбль или как одежда выносливой и эффективной боевой силы» для короны, а не как символ прямого восстания. [325] Р. Мартин (1988) называет эту трансмутацию «великим бифуркацией в одежде из тартана», [326] ткань была в значительной степени (насильственно) заброшена первоначальными провинциалами Хайленда, затем ее подхватили военные и, следовательно, гражданские лица, не являющиеся горцами. Во время сухого закона традиционные методы прядения и крашения шерсти, а также ткачества тартана, резко пришли в упадок. [95] [298] [104] Коммерческое производство тартана должно было вновь сконцентрироваться в Лоуленде, в фабричных деревнях вдоль окраины Хайленда, [327] среди таких компаний, как Wilsons of Bannockburn (тогда доминирующий производитель), [328] с ростом спроса на тартан для военной полковой формы . [329] Некоторое ткачество тартана продолжалось в Хайленде, [330] [331] и даже получило расцвет в поздний георгианский период. [330] К этому времени тартан также стал популярен в районах Лоулэнда, включая Файф и Лотиан, а также в городских центрах Эдинбург и Стерлинг . [305] С 1797 по 1830 год [263] Wilsons экспортировала большие партии тартана (как для мужской, так и для женской одежды), сначала в британские колонии на Гренаде и Ямайке (где доступный, прочный и яркий материал был популярен для одежды рабов ), [327] и имела клиентов в Англии, Северной и Центральной Европе, а немного позже в Северной и Южной Америке и Средиземноморье. [332] [333] Однако к концу 18 века Wilsons столкнулась с «жесткой конкуренцией» (в гражданском тартане) со стороны английских ткачей в Норидже . [334]

Поскольку Закон об одежде не распространялся на военных или дворян, тартан постепенно стал ассоциироваться с богатыми, а не с « благородными дикарями » горцами, [335] [336] [337] с конца 18-го века и в 19-й, [338] наряду с патриотическими стилями одежды, навеянными военными, в целом; [339] тартан и военизированная одежда горцев возрождались среди следящих за модой по всей Британии, даже среди женщин, имевших родственников-военных. [340] Кланы, якобитизм и антиюнионизм (ни один из них больше не представлял реальной угрозы гражданским беспорядкам) все чаще воспринимались с чувством ностальгии, [172] [341] [342] [337] особенно после смерти принца Чарльза Эдуарда Стюарта в 1788 году, [343] даже когда полки горцев доказали свою преданность и ценность. [337] Принятие атмосферы тори, своего рода тартанового « хайлендизма » [344], обеспечило пост-унионное и смиренное чувство национального (и военно-элитного) отличия от остальной Британии, не угрожая империи . [345] Даже будущий Георг IV надел регалии Хайленда на бал-маскарад в 1789 году. [346] Согласно сохранившимся записям Уилсона, к 1790-м годам некоторые дворяне помогали разрабатывать тартаны для собственного личного пользования. [172] Джейн (Максвелл) Гордон, герцогиня Гордон , как говорили, «ввела тартан при [королевском] дворе  ... надев плед Черного дозора, в который только что был назначен ее сын» в 1792 году; она инициировала моду на ношение тартана в Лондоне и Париже, хотя и не была защищена от карикатур со стороны неодобрительных лиц. [347]

Р. Мартин (1988) писал с историографической точки зрения, что после Закона о форме одежды: [326]

Идея одежды горцев хранилась на коллективном историческом чердаке; когда она была возрождена в годы, предшествовавшие 1822 году, она была забыта двумя-тремя поколениями в гражданской одежде и могла быть запомнена, как бы обманчиво, как бы наивно это ни было, как древняя одежда горцев, не так недавно носившаяся, как стандартная крестьянская одежда до 1746 года. Запрет на тартан был чрезвычайно успешным, но настолько враждебным естественному историческому процессу, что он способствовал насильственному повторному утверждению тартана, санкционированному ложным чувством истории, в следующем столетии.

Бурные события XVIII века в Шотландии привели не только к более широкому использованию тартана в общественных целях, но и к появлению двух конкретных устойчивых категорий тартана: полковых тартанов и, в конечном итоге, клановых тартанов.

Полковые тартаны

Цветной линейный рисунок двух солдат раннего полка Хайленд в больших килтах из зеленой клетчатой ​​ткани, красно-белых чулках и синих беретах, один из них с мушкетом.
Солдаты из полка Хайленд , около  1744 г., в клетчатых пледах с поясом (большие килты).

После периода ранних клановых ополчений и независимых горных компаний (IHCs) было сформировано более 100 батальонов линейных, фехтовальных, ополченческих и добровольческих полков, между 1739 годом и концом Наполеоновских войн в 1815 году, в или преимущественно в горной местности, [348] значительная часть из них была в горной одежде. Из этих подразделений только некоторые имели отдельные униформы тартанов, и из них лишь небольшое количество было зафиксировано до наших дней.

Оживленная сцена из 8 мужчин в различных формах полка Хайленд, с 3 детьми и собакой, также в сцене. Центральная фигура исполняет танец с мечом Хайленд рядом с волынщиком, в то время как другие фигуры наблюдают.
« Танец с мечами» Дэвида Канлиффа, 1853 г., изображающий солдат 42-го и 93-го полков. Танцор в центре носит красный тартан 42-го полка.

В 1739 году IHC были объединены в 43-й (позднее 42-й) пехотный полк , [349] названный Black Watch. [350] Это был первый настоящий правительственный полк Хайленда , часть британской армии , и они носили опоясанную клетчатую рубашку («большой килт») в качестве парадной формы и сшитый на заказ малый килт в качестве повседневной формы. [351] [292] [352] Для первой одежды [353] они использовали отличительный тартан, который был разработан для подразделения. [354] Первоначально он назывался «42-й тартан», [354] поэтому он, вероятно, не был принят до тех пор, пока подразделение не было переименовано в 42-й в 1749 году. [213] Кажется вероятным, что тартан был основан на тех, которые использовались IHC ранее, но с добавлением двойной черной «трамвайной линии» над клеткой. [213] [355] Узор Black Watch использовался различными другими полками, и было подсчитано, что для того, чтобы одеть их всех, до 1750 года нужно было соткать около 30–40 миль (48–64 км) тартана. [59] Он стал основой для различных более поздних полковых (и в конечном итоге клановых) тартанов. [213] Он остается популярным в общественном использовании под названиями «Black Watch», «Government» и любым из «old Campbell », «hunting Grant » или «hunting Munro », [213] но сегодня военные официально называют его «Government No. 1». (См. иллюстрацию в § Популярные дизайны ниже.) У 42-го были отдельные тратаны для его малого килта до ок. 1814 [353] [356] (также использовался для поясных пледов гренадеров ), [353] для волынщиков , [357] [358] и для барабанщиков. [359]

После восстаний якобитов создание полка для службы королю было для многих шотландских лордов способом реабилитировать фамилию, обеспечить вновь обретенную лояльность ганноверской короне и заслужить королевское расположение (даже вернуть конфискованные поместья). [360] Освобожденные от Закона об одежде , мужчины в этих горных полках империи получали горскую одежду, а «юбки и трубки , которые когда-то считались варварскими, теперь рассматривались как «безопасный» национализм» в армии. [361] Начиная с 1770 года и далее в XIX веке практически весь полковой тартан производился компанией William Wilson & Son of Bannockburn , доминирующим ткачом тартана. [328] Полковая униформа, включая тартаны, была оставлена ​​— обычно в общей цветовой гамме Black Watch, состоящей из черного, синего и зеленого цветов — их командирам. [362] [363]

Семь солдат в действии, в красных клетчатых брюках, красных мундирах и черных перьевых чепцах, и один в клетчатой ​​накидке на плечах; у большинства винтовки.
Горцы 72-го герцога Олбани в период ношения штанов, около 1844 г., в тартане, названном в честь принца Чарльза Эдуарда Стюарта

Некоторые сохранившиеся ранние полковые тартаны включают в себя:

Более подробную информацию и галерею изображений этих тартанов можно найти в разделе Полковой тартан .

Two Highland-regiment pipe majors in kilts, Glengarry bonnets, and undress army blouses with insignia, as well as leather shoes and hose with flashes; a woman in a white skirt is examining the pleats of one of the kilts.
Итальянка осматривает килты двух майоров-трубачей в Риме, 1944 год, к концу использования килтов в качестве повседневной униформы в горных полках.

На рубеже XVIII и XIX веков женщины в Шотландии были особенно «стремительны носить форменные пледы своих мужей», особенно из высококачественной ткани, согласно записям Уилсонов из Баннокберна. [347] После того, как горные полки доказали свое бесстрашие и эффективность в различных военных кампаниях, слава, связанная с ними, во многом способствовала поддержанию интереса к тартану и килтам, который в противном случае мог бы кануть в Лету из-за запрета Закона о форме одежды. [389] Подпоясанный плед был заброшен в пользу малого килта около 1814 года. [336] [353] После бума «клановой тартании» в начале-середине 19-го века (см. ниже) , различные более поздние полки Хайленда приняли некоторые из недавно отчеканенных клановых тартанов для своей униформы (обратив первоначальный поток полковых-в-клановых-тартанов). Некоторые из этих заимствований остаются в полковом использовании и сегодня.

Полки Лоуленда (датируемые в какой-то форме 1633 годом и никогда ранее не носившие одежду Хайленда, а лишь вариант регулярной армейской формы) были одеты в тартановые штаны в 1881 году. Это и связывало их, и отличало от Хайлендских полков, одетых в тартановые килты. [390] Обычно использовался тартан «Правительства» (Black Watch), хотя некоторые подразделения позже диверсифицировали его. Нескольким Хайлендским полкам снова были назначены новые тартаны, которые были клановыми тартанами, а не специфичными для подразделений, в начале 20-го века. [291]

Сегодня официально используется около дюжины тартанов (и еще полдюжины неофициально) между всеми сохранившимися историческими шотландскими полками , которые в значительной степени были объединены с 2006 года в качестве батальонов в Королевский полк Шотландии , часть Шотландской, Уэльской и Ирландской дивизии . [391] Эти тартаны носят только в парадной и волыночной форме после практических изменений в униформе, введенных в начале Второй мировой войны, которые покончили с килтами и штанами из тартана в повседневной форме. (Для получения дополнительной информации об этих тартанах и современных подразделениях, использующих их, см. Список тартанов § Военные или правительственные тартаны Великобритании .) Некоторые военные подразделения в других странах также имеют свои собственные тартаны. Всего существует по крайней мере 38 задокументированных тартанов, которые в то или иное время были связаны с полками, хотя многие из них также с кланами. [av]

Клановые тартаны

За исключением, датируемым 1618 годом [393] , и еще одним, датируемым 1703–1715 годами [247] (ни один из которых, по-видимому, не сохранился), обычно считается, что тартаны, связанные по названию с шотландскими кланами, в основном датируются началом-серединой 19 века, [1] [394] [395] [396] [131] [ 397 ] [398] некоторые — не ранее конца 18 века, [93] [399] [337] в зависимости от того, как определить «клановый тартан». Убеждение, что клановые тартаны являются «древней» системой символической семейной дифференциации, распространено, даже страстно, но не имеет существенных доказательств, даже если оно подавлено контрдоказательствами. Это то, что Дж. К. Томпсон (1992) назвал «Великим мифом о тартане», [131] а Джеймс Д. Скарлетт (1990) — «Культом тартана». [244] Подполковник М. М. Холдейн (1931) назвал это предположением, которое «приобрело такой грозный вес из-за простого повторения» без «критического изучения доказательств». [400] Барнс и Аллен (1956) заметили: [93]

Нет сомнений в том, что многие «поселения» были традиционными для определенных районов на протяжении столетий, но теория о том, что они были своего рода клановой униформой, теперь, похоже, полностью опровергнута.

Отвечая на утверждение, что клановые тартаны имеют «древнее политическое значение», Ричард Мартин , куратор музея Института моды и технологий , а позднее Института костюма в Метрополитен-музее , писал (1988): «[Это] утверждение об истории неверно и может быть продемонстрировано как пагубно неверное». [401] По словам куратора Национальной галереи Шотландии А. Э. Хасвелла Миллера (1956): [397]

Подводя итог, предполагаемое геральдическое или «семейное» значение тартана не имеет документального подтверждения, и возникновение мифа можно объяснить счастливым совпадением желаний потенциальных клиентов, производителя и продавца. Хотя древность «клановых тартанов» преувеличена, то, что можно назвать их неофициальной регистрацией, имело место в девятнадцатом веке, и если мы готовы принять около ста пятидесяти лет как достаточные для создания «традиции», может быть простительно принять свершившийся факт как приятное – и, возможно, не совсем бесполезное – национальное тщеславие.

Исследователь и куратор одежды горцев Джон Телфер Данбар добавил: [402]

Желание придать реликвиям всех видов большую древность, чем та, которой они действительно обладают, многогранно. Жаль, что традиция должна быть деградирована таким образом, и принятие таких заявлений более поздними исследователями было постоянным препятствием для исследований. Более сложная задача поиска в первоисточниках часто избегалась в пользу легкого принятия.

Именно такого рода исследование провел Питер Эслеа Макдональд из Scottish Tartans Authority , который, используя все доступные сохранившиеся записи и образцы компании, реконструировал и проследил историю узоров тартана от ведущего ткача поздней Георгианской эпохи до эпохи Эдварда, компании, сыгравшей важную роль в фактическом дизайне, распространении и принятии клановых тартанов. Его вывод: [398]

Сегодня книги и магазины, торгующие одеждой горцев, в основном, если не исключительно, будут заниматься клановыми тартанами. Они могут попытаться предположить, что это настоящие узоры, которые носили шотландские кланы на протяжении всей истории, вплоть до битвы при Каллодене в 1746 году. Это не так. Большинство узоров до 1850 года с названиями кланов можно проследить только до начала 19 века и до знаменитой ткацкой фирмы William Wilson & Son из Баннокберна, недалеко от Стерлинга.

Идея клановых тартанов была названа «удивительно успешной маркетинговой историей» [394] и примером выдуманной традиции [403] , хотя она была очень хорошо принята кланами, к которым она относилась, и ткацкой промышленностью, начиная с 1815 года, а также широкой публикой примерно с 1822 года – «принятая с энтузиазмом как владельцами, так и продавцами» [404] .

Предшественниками клановых тартанов были региональные тартаны (по крайней мере, с начала XVIII века, возможно, даже с XVI века), тартаны полковой униформы (с 1725 года) и личные тартаны дворян (возможно, с середины XVIII века, если не раньше).

Сегодня клановые тартаны являются важным аспектом шотландских кланов, и у каждого клана есть по крайней мере один тартан, приписываемый его имени (некоторые официально, некоторые нет, и в некоторых случаях один тартан используется несколькими кланами). Клановые тартаны, возможно, на самом деле не были традиционными, но они стали общепринятыми.

Длительные дебаты

Painting of a curly-haired, portly, middle-aged man in a red-and-black tartan outfit, with sword belt over his shoulder
Джон Кэмпбелл из банка, 1749, Уильям Мосман. Современные официальные тартаны клана Кэмпбелл преимущественно синего, зеленого и черного цветов. [405]

Различные авторы, пишущие о тартанах, поддерживали или выступали против идеи о том, что кланы долгое время использовали отличительные тартаны в качестве опознавательного знака, интерпретируя скудные свидетельства так, как это соответствовало их точке зрения. [aw] Там, где один видел форму ополчения или плед отдельного дворянина, другой видел идентификатор клана. Кельтский ученый 19-го века Джон Фрэнсис Кэмпбелл из Айлея был уверен, что, хотя тартаны в целом были довольно старыми, «единообразные клановые тартаны не старше клановых полков», точка зрения, поддержанная Холдейном (1931) в серии статей в The Scots Magazine , [407] за которой позже последовали многие авторы тартанов.

Самые ранние свидетельства, обобщенные ниже, могли быть больше вопросом формы ополчения, чем общеклановой одежды; различие в ту эпоху трудно определить сегодня, потому что войска тогда возглавлялись землевладельцами, а подразделение формировалось в основном на земле своего командира из членов его клана. [ax] Такая неопределенность в определениях может также относиться к поэме Грэмейда 1691 года ; [240] описывая то, что, по-видимому, является некоторыми тартанами солдатской униформы, [ay] это можно было бы переосмыслить как поддержку раннего понятия клановых тартанов, если бы кто-то хотел определить это как «то, что большинство мужчин клана носили в битве»; Скарлетт (1990) подтверждает, что были «ожесточенные споры» в пользу интерпретации клановых тартанов. [242] Однако Роберт Джеймисон (1818) сообщал, что пледы «полевой формы» горцев , для войны и охоты, отличались от их повседневной одежды — они были сделаны из более грубого материала и использовали узоры, предназначенные для слияния с естественной средой, кат-дат или кат-да' ('боевой цвет'). [94] [az] Это ставит под сомнение интерпретацию тартанов ополчения как общих клановых тартанов. Большинство более поздних тартанов полковой униформы (которые не были приняты в качестве клановых тартанов до начала 19-го века или в некоторых случаях до конца 18-го века, если они вообще были приняты) были вариациями темного, зеленого тартана Black Watch, как подробно описано выше.

Дж. К. Томпсон (1992) отметил «типичную викторианскую склонность цитировать предыдущих авторов, практически не пытаясь оценить их утверждения... Современный анализ не может позволить себе быть настолько некритичным». [409] Скарлетт (1990) заметила по этому поводу: [410]

Желаемые доказательства в изобилии встречаются в литературе о тартане, ранней и поздней, и состоят из утверждения мнения как факта и добавления более или менее релевантной исторической ссылки в поддержку, подразумевая или утверждая, что это доказывает точку зрения. То, что это вообще ничего не доказывает, не имеет значения, пока манера изложения достаточно авторитетна; при таком подходе самая дикая теория будет принята, скопирована из одной книги в другую и таким образом войдет в историю тартана. Почти аксиома, что чем диче теория, тем она более приемлема...

Даже Д. У. Стюарт (1893), который иногда симпатизировал идее клановых тартанов, существовавших до XIX века, писал: [411]

Some ... assure us that the antiquity of the so-called clan patterns is very great, and many writers allege in general terms that these designs were used as a clan distinction from the earliest period. ... The halo of romance surrounding the Jacobite struggle inclined many, and still induces others, to accept as authentic and reliable, statements which in different circumstances would be more closely sifted. Thus it is that the tartans ... have won much favour, and those who find one represented as bearing their name accept it as their ancient clan pattern without the inconvenience of investigation, or of posing any awkward questions.

The Victorians also engaged in some imaginative invention. Aside from the outright forgery of the "Sobieski Stuarts" (see § 19th century broad adoption, below), another extreme case is Charles Rogers, who in his Social Life in Scotland (1884–86) fantastically claimed that the ancient Picts' figural designs – which were painted or tattooed on their bodies, and they went into battle nude [412]– must have been "denoting the families or septs to which they belonged" and thus "This practice originated the tartan of Celtic clans."[413] Another asserted that tartan was invented around a thousand years ago by Saint Margaret of Scotland.[413]

Aside from the unreliability of early writers (and later copiers of them), part of the confusion and debate about clan tartans comes down to definitions. Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, writing in 1938 and described as "immensely keen on [tartan] codification and the importance of it",[414] was one of the firmest proponents of the idea of very old clan tartans (in the particular sense of 'patterns consistently used for a period by certain clans', not 'patterns named for certain clans and claimed by them to the present').[ba] He held that some setts gradually became associated with particular families (clans and septs thereof) over time;[415] clan territories had mostly become stable by the 16th century.[416] D. W. Stewart's 1893 reference shows various cases of old district tartans later sometimes being identified for a time with specific families before 19th-century adoption of their own (usually different) clan tartans.[bb] Innes of Learney wrote of clan tartans that (notwithstanding the unusual 1618 case covered below) "the tendency was rather to insist upon a similarity of general hue than on similarity of detail",[419] a vague sense that is not what "clan tartan" usually refers to. He also reasoned that "it was not until about the 18th century that the clan tartans became conscious and acknowledged badges of identification".[420] However, the surviving period source material lacks this "acknowledgement" and does not actually suggest broad adoption of formal clan tartans (with clan names, particularity of detail, and a symbolic, identifying intent) until the early 19th century.

Earliest evidence

The "Sobieski Stuarts" (1842) and later D. W. Stewart (1893) made much of some changes to the feu duty paid in woven cloth by locals of Noraboll on the island of Islay to their lords. In 1587, under the Macleans, the cloth was to be white, black, and green; in 1617, under the Mackenzies, the demanded cloth-rent changed to white, black, and grey. These writers were sure, without any further evidence, that this represented a change of clan tartans.[421][bc]

The only clear instance of a clan-based and specific livery tartan to an early date, rather than simply regional and later regimental uniformity, is found in a 1618 letter from Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun (in the employ of the Earl of Sutherland) to Murray of Pulrossie, chieftain of the Murray branch in Sutherland but subordinate to the Earl of Sutherland, chief of Clan Sutherland (in turn recently become subordinate to the Gordon earls). The letter (rediscovered in 1909) requested Pulrossie "to remove the red and white lines from the plaides of his men so as to bring their dress into harmony with that of the other septs" of Sutherland.[393] The letter does not specify the tartan to which to conform; there have been sharply conflicting interpretations, and it is not even certain that it was a tartan that survived to the present.[bd]

Stylized bagpiper in green-and-red tartan kilt, red-and-white tartan hose, red embroidered coat, dark bonnet with red cockade, and an armorial banner blowing behind him
This 1714 portrait, by Richard Waitt, of the piper to the chief of Clan Grant does show a broad green-ish and red tartan, but it does not match any modern Grant pattern.[427][be]

A case of general colour-matching: In 1703–04, the chief of Clan Grant ordered that his "fencible" men obtain clothing in red and green tartan[246] (vaguely described as "broad springed"[246] but not specified in detail).[164] The material seems not to have been provided by Grant for them in a centralised way, but left to each man to furnish by his own means (on penalty of a fine).[246] "He did not order them to wear the 'Clan Grant Tartan', as one would expect if such a tartan existed at that time."[429] Some of the modern Grant tartans also use red and green; one was designed by Wilsons of Bannockburn in 1819 as "New Bruce" and shortly adopted by both Grant of Redcastle[430] and Clan Drummond;[431] one was reconstructed from an 1838 portrait;[432] another first appeared in the dubious Vestiarium Scoticum of 1842[433][434] (see below); and so on – none with pre-19th-century history. Nevertheless, D. W. Stewart (1893) proclaimed on this thin material that here was "a complete chain of evidence ... of the existence of a uniform clan pattern at the very start of the eighteenth century" – despite his own observation that portraits of leading members of the Grant family in this era do not show them wearing consistent tartans,[246][242] much less ones that agree with modern "official" Grant tartans.[395][435][bf] Scarlett (1990), though thinking this presaged "the Clan Tartan Idea", notes that "had the men of Strathspey been accustomed to wearing uniform tartans it would not have been necessary to order them to do so"[242] (twice over). He also observes that the lairds of Grant in this period were unusually bent on uniformity, one of them even issuing moustache regulations for clansmen;[242] the Grant red-and-green order cannot be taken as typical of everyday Highland practice. Telfer Dunbar (1979) notes that Highland military discipline hardly existed: "To these independent Highland chieftains restraint of any kind was irksome and unbearable, and to impose any rigid military discipline on their followers ... [was] found to be impossible."[436] Nevertheless, Mackay (1924) corroborates Grant militia wearing a livery tartan in 1715.[247]

In 1718, Allan Ramsay (the writer, father of the artist by the same name) published the poem Tartana, which combined colours with Latinised family names: "... If shining red Campbella's cheeks adorn .... If lin'd with green Stuarta's Plaid we view ... Or thine Ramseia, edg'd around with blue ...." This has sometimes been taken as evidence of early clan tartans, despite possibly just referring to the edging and lining of garments (coloured facings were common on jackets of the time).[437][bg] Worse for this hypothesis, the Campbell tartans are predominantly green, Stuart/Stewart red, and Ramsay red and green. The extant red Campbell tartans are all modern reconstructions of patterns (that are unlike each other) from portraits;[439][440][441] Stewart/Stuart tartans with significant green date to the early 19th century[442][443][444][445][446] or much later;[447][448][449] and the Ramsay blue hunting sett dates to 1950.[450]

A Victorian volume, Old and New Edinburgh (1884) by James Grant,[451] stated that one Rev. Joseph Robertson MacGregor "attired himself in a full suit of the MacGregor tartan" in 1782, upon repeal of the Dress Act. But it misquoted the original source (and contained other errors). The original, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (1842) by John Kay, read: "dressed himself in the Highland costume peculiar to his clan", and says nothing of tartan, much less a suit of clan tartan.[452] While 1782 is within the late-18th-century range accepted by some researchers for some informal early clan tartans, this is not clear evidence of one.

Lack of further evidence of early adoption

John Lesley, bishop of Ross, in 1578 wrote a great deal about Highland customs, including dress, but did not include clan tartans (despite later being claimed to have been the original keeper of the Vestiarium Scoticum clan-tartans manuscript, now known to be a 19th-century forgery).[453]In 1688, William Sacheverell, a Manx politician, described Hebrideans of the Isle of Mull all wearing plaids, but the women in a different style of colour and pattern – not a consistent "clan" tartan.[239] Rev. Thomas Morer in 1689 described Highland garb in some detail, including tartan plaids and hose (made from the same cloth), but mentions no clan patterns.[454] Daniel Defoe (c. 1720) wrote also in considerable detail of Highland warriors of the prior century, and noted that the men were organised into "companies, all of a name", each led by "one of their own clan or family", yet he never mentions any distinction between tartans of these different groups, instead describing them all as wearing tartan with red and yellow over-checks,[226] strongly implying a regional style. This pattern of 17th- through 18th-century writings providing specifics of tartan and Highland dress, but nothing about clan tartans, is consistent.

Contemporary portraits show that although tartan is of an early date, the pattern worn depended not on the wearer's clan, but rather regional style and personal taste. They frequently depict subjects wearing multiple tartans at once.[420] Nor do the tartans shown match current clan tartans.[455][456] For example, the famous painting The MacDonald Boys Playing Golf (1740s), attributed usually to William Mosman but sometimes to Jeremiah Davison, shows them wearing five different tartans, and they are not surviving patterns (except as later reconstructions from the painting).[bh] Period tartans were also often of differing warp and weft (giving more of a striped than checked appearance), unlike modern symmetrical patterns.[458] Sometimes the portraits were copied, but with tartans that do not match, as if the designs were up to artistic whim.[459] As Scarlett (1990) put it:[460]

"[T]hese portraits have one thing in common: in no case does the tartan shown bear any close resemblance to the modern 'Clan' tartan. ... There is a great lack of evidence to show that the pattern of a tartan had any important significance in the early eighteenth century

D. W. Stewart (1893) had also noted this, about both portrait tartans and "examples of tartan fabrics which can be proved to date from the risings of 1715 and 1745".[411] Many of the portraits by Allan Ramsay the younger show the same shoulder plaid but with colours changed, suggesting it was the artist's own studio prop and used for modelling purposes by his clients who apparently did not care about the tartan pattern.[26][165][315] According to Scottish National Portrait Gallery keeper A. E. Haswell Miller (1956):[397]

Authentic documentation of the tartan previous to the 19th century is limited to a comparatively small number of contemporary portraits, and is negative so far as it provides any suggestion of heraldic significance or "clan badge" intention.

David Morier's An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745. The tartans shown generally do not resemble modern ones.

According to Trevor-Roper (1983):[461]

contemporary evidence concerning the rebellion of 1745 – whether pictorial, sartorial, or literary – shows no differentiation of clans, no continuity of setts.... Tartans were a matter of private taste, or necessity, only.

David Morier's well-known mid-18th-century painting of the Highland charge at the 1745 Battle of Culloden shows eight Highlanders wearing over twenty different tartans which have been analysed in detail;[462] very few of the setts painted resemble today's clan tartans,[293][301] though they are similar to existing samples of tartan cloth from the era.[463][bi] The method of identifying Highlander friend from foe was not through tartans but by the colour of the bonnet's cockade or ribbon, or perhaps by the different plant sprigs worn in the cockade of the bonnet.[174][131][bj][bk] In particular, the government Highland militia forces wore a badge in the form of a black cockade with red saltire; according to Mackay Scobie (1946), "each individual wore his own Highland dress with varied tartans, with the only uniform part being the 'Hanoverian' cockade and large coloured cross on the bonnet."[470] A 1745 letter on the Jacobite troops at Culloden describes "all ye Forces as well Horse as foot were in Highland Dress except ye body Guards wh. wore Blue bound wth Red"; i.e., only the bodyguards were wearing a uniform, and it was not of Highland dress.[471]

One of many tartan legends has it that the Highland-dress ban of the Dress Act was enacted because tartans were used as clan-identifying symbols or uniforms, but not a trace of this idea can be found in period sources. To the contrary, Burt (1727–37) was explicit that English objection to Highland dress (since perhaps 1703–04)[327] was general, because the garb served to distinguish the Highlanders as a people apart from the Lowlanders and other British (not distinguish Highlander from Highlander).[472][bl] Defoe (c. 1720) likewise mocked Highland dress as what he saw as a clownish costume that set Highlanders apart from everyone else, not each other.[226] Similarly, in an account of Jacobite trials, it was asked whether defendants had worn "Highland cloaths" in general, with no mention of clan-identifying patterns.[473] Extant MacDonald tartan fragments from the Battle of Culloden do not match each other or any current clan tartan named MacDonald.[469] Lord President Duncan Forbes of Culloden, keen on punishing the Jacobites with disarmament and other penalties, wrote a detailed letter laying out pro and con points (mostly con) regarding the proposed Highland-dress ban before Parliament passed it, yet never indicated anything like clan tartans, something that would have been a key argument to address.[474]

C. C. P. Lawson (1967) raised a point of logic: "Remembering the continuous clan feuds and the consequent state of more or less perpetual hostilities, a recognisable clan plaid would have been a positive danger to the wearer outside his own territory."[475] This may explain why the handful of early apparent examples of groups of men in similar tartan seem to have the nature of militia uniforms and are mentioned in the context of "fencible" bodies or outright battle (possibly aside from the 1618 case).[bm] Lawson also states: "The '45 supplies no evidence that tartans were used as clan insignia .... Relics of those tartans which were worn at Culloden or of the pre-1745 period bear no resemblance to any known modern tartan."[475] The Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1948, Sir Francis James Grant, wrote that pre-1745 tartans were qualitatively different from those of the 19th century and later.[476] Scottish United Services Museum curator Dunbar (1979) notes this as well.[477]

The Jacobite poets wrote much about the rousing appeal of Highland clans and Highland dress, even tartan specifically, but never mentioned clan tartans.[478] Similarly, multiple large volumes of traditional Highland folklore were collected and published by John Francis Campbell in 1860–1862 and Alexander Carmichael (who also collected tartan samples) in 1900, but they are devoid of any recorded references to clan tartans[478] (despite post-dating the popularisation of the notion among city-dwellers and the upper class).

The idea of groups of men wearing the exact same tartan as an identifier is thought to originate (aside, again, from the odd 1618 case) from Highland regiment units in the 18th century, starting with the Black Watch in 1739/1749.[293][213] According to Trevor-Roper (1983):[479]

[I]t was probably their use of it which gave birth to the idea of differentiating tartan by clans; for as the Highland regiments were multiplied ... so their tartan uniforms were differentiated; and when the wearing of tartan by civilians was resumed, and the romantic movement encouraged the cult of the clan, the same principle of differentiation was easily transferred from regiment to clan.

Particular regiments were often dominated by men raised from the same clan lands, and this may have blurred the line between regimental uniform and clan-identifying tartan. (And several tartans of extinct regiments survive today as clan tartans.) Newsome (2006) writes: "the practice of clans wearing these regimental tartans may have in fact been the inspiration for the 'clan tartan' system as we now know it."[213] Telfer Dunbar (1979), on the idea of the early Independent Highland Companies using distinct uniform tartans: "I feel sure that here we have much of the 'clan tartan' origin."[480] The end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries brought an unprecedented level of influence of military clothing styles, including Highland regimental, on civilian attire (even for women), especially among the social elite connected to regiments.[339] Some regimental tartans appear to have been named after their commanding officers, and this may be how they came to be associated with family/clan names over time.[481][367] Banks & de La Chapelle (2007):[322]

the notion of differentiation of tartan by clans might have evolved from this desire to distinguish on Highland regiment uniform from another. Certainly, its classification for military use laid the groundwork for many subsequent designs and the movement toward uniformity.

Scarlett (1990) also observed the connection to regional or "district" tartans:[244]

[B]asic patterns prevailed over wide areas and were modified by local weavers for their own ends. It can easily be seen that a local pattern of this kind, made for a captive clientele, might have become identified with the people of that locality who were themselves predominantly of one Clan or family group and its adherents and, when the belief grew up that Clan tartans had been worn since the beginning of time, have become, by retrospection, the Clan tartan of that group. There is no evidence that the Highlanders themselves looked on tartan in that light, however ....

A young woman in a coat of predominantly-red tartan and white satin with gold braid, and a white headdress, with a white rose and what is probably a riding crop
Unknown Jacobite lady in Tullabardine tartan, c. 1740–1750, attributed to Cosmo Alexander

Haswell Miller (1956) similarly noted: "We can ... readily accept that certain dyes would prevail in different regions and that traditional types of pattern might be followed in various parts."[397] Martin Martin in 1703 had described tartans as being identifiably specific to particular regions, but not clans.[243] There are numerous cases of tartans loosely associated with districts later becoming clan tartans. The best-documented case[8] is the Tullibardine pattern, one of the few modern clan tartans that can be traced (at all, not as a clan tartan) to the pre-proscription period.[315][8] It was long associated with Perthshire, and later adopted as the Murray of Tullibardine clan tartan, but sold by Wilsons as simply "Tullibardine" as late as c. 1830–40, and it was found for sale in a market by W. & A. Smith around 1850, who also said it was worn then by Charles Murray, Earl of Dunmore;[315] the first record of the pattern as "Murray of Tullibardine" is in their 1850 book.[8] It appears in at least five early portraits; four date to c. 1740–1750, the first of an unknown female sitter attributed to Cosmo Alexander,[bn] and three by Allan Ramsay (with the cloth painting completed by Joseph van Aken) which are not of any known Murrays (but of a Campbell, a MacLeod, and a MacDonald).[315] It is not until 1770 that a known Murray is painted wearing it (John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, by Joshua Reynolds),[315] which still does not necessarily make it a "clan tartan" at that early a date ("evidence for its historic use by that branch [of Clan Murray] is circumstantial at best").[8] The oldest version of it differs slightly as to colours and sett from the modern clan version.[8][bo]

Similarly, according to the Scottish Register of Tartans, the district tartan for Huntly,[303] originating in more complex form as the personal tartan of a Marchioness of Huntly[483] (probably Henrietta Mordaunt), was in use as a regional tartan since at least "the '45", and worn at Culloden by clansmen of Brodie, Forbes, Gordon, MacRae, Munro, and Ross, "which gives a strong indication of the greater antiquity of the 'District' setts compared to the Clan tartans."[483]

Some surviving early records of tartan manufacture are those of the Orphan Hospital Manufactory and Paul's Work, in Edinburgh, for the period 1734–37 and 1751–52; tartans were not named but given numeric designations such as "No. 2nd".[158] In 1745, the Caledonian Mercury of Edinburgh carried an advertisement for a "Great Choice of Tartans, the newest Patterns" – not clan or even district tartans, but newly devised ones, suggesting a fashion market driven by novelty not supposed "heraldic" traditions. Even clan-tartans booster D. W. Stewart (1893) conceded: "This advertisement, it may be urged, is a stumbling-block in the way of those who argue for the antiquity of clan patterns; for it seems peculiar that, when the city was filled with Highlanders of all ranks and many clans, they should be offered not their ancient setts ...."[484] Other advertisements for tartan from 1745 to the early 19th century did not mention clans, or focus on the patterns at all, but rather on the forms in which the cloth could be ordered.[485] Even immediately after the repeal of the Dress Act in 1782, the demand was for "latest patterns and bright colours",[486] with no hint of a family heraldry aspect.

William Wilson & Son of Bannockburn, just south of the dividing line between the Highlands and Lowlands,[487] were the first large-scale commercial tartan producers;[105] founded c. 1765,[1] they had become the foremost supplier of tartan to the military by around 1770, and the dominant tartan weaver in general.[328] It was an endeavor that required the introduction of tartan recording, of standardisation of setts and dyes, and of consistency and quality control.[1][488][487] Wilsons corresponded with their agents (especially the son, James Wilson)[102] in the Highlands to get information and samples of cloth from the various districts to enable them to reproduce "perfectly genuine patterns". Wilsons recorded over 200 setts in addition to ones they designed in-house, collected in their 1819 Key Pattern Book of around 250 setts[1] (among earlier in-house volumes to the 1770s). These tartans were numbered, named after places, or given fanciful names such as "Rob Roy", later sometimes family names (after prominent members), sometimes foreign names like "Coburg", but usually not those of clans,[263][387][489][131] nor, when they did, often matching present clan patterns.[490][bp] A large proportion of the modern clan tartans, however, can be traced to this work – just often originally with numbers or unrelated names.[387] The evidence of direct adoption from Wilsons happening frequently completely overwhelms "ancient clan tartans" sentiment.[bq]

The Scottish National Dictionary, in providing an unusually discursive definition of tartan, includes: "[T]owards the end of the 18th century and largely through the enterprise of Messrs Wilson, weavers in Bannockburn, a series of tartans, each ascribed to a certain clan, was devised and is now accepted as authoritative, though almost entirely unhistorical."[503] Analysing the direct and strong influence of Wilsons' Key Pattern Book (KPB) on the later adoption of clan tartans (see next section), Eslea MacDonald (2012) concluded:[504]

Some of the 1819 KPB setts no longer retain their original names, others were altered or were the basis for a number of variations which were named or simply numbered .... Whatever their origins, these patterns gave rise to the idea of clan tartans as we know them today. In a very few cases a pattern's origins may have indeed been a lot older than the 1819 KPB but their contemporary names were almost always the work of Wilsons or subsequent writers.

The Cockburn Collection of 56 tartan samples (some of them duplicates) was put together between 1810 and c. 1825 (most likely 1816–25)[505][387] by Lt.-Gen. Sir William Cockburn, and is now in the Mitchell Library in Glasgow.[387][506] This collection does ascribe particular family names to many of these setts (probably naming them after prominent individuals),[505] but only sometimes corresponding to current clan tartan associations (indeed, some patterns that are today associated with particular clans were given multiple different names in the Cockburn Collection).[br] There are many conflicts in name-to-pattern associations between this collection and that of the Highland Society of London around the same time.[505]

Even David Stewart of Garth, who was to become one of the chief proponents of the idea of clan tartans, observed in 1814 only that various heads of families seemed to have selected personal tartans and that there were also district tartans.[508] When Garth and his Highland Society of London solicited clan tartans from chiefs in 1815 (see below), Col. Alexander Robertson of Struan, Chief of Clan Robertson/Donnachaidh/Duncan, wrote back:[509]

It does not appear to be appertained, either by tradition or by authentick history, that the different Clans in the Highlands of Scotland, wore any distinctive pattern or tartan. It is well known that they all had particular Colours, or Standards, emblematical of some of their most honourable attachments, but as far as I have been able to discover, they wore no uniform Garb.

At the beginning of the 19th century, a letter from an Inverness tailor to Wilsons of Bannockburn requested fine tartan cloth to be used for women's clothing, because the fashion was to wear husbands' regimental tartans (not clan tartans).[347] In 1829, responding negatively to the idea of Lowland and Borders "clans" wearing their own tartans, Sir Walter Scott – who was instrumental in helping start the clan-tartans fervour in the first place – wrote "where had slept this universal custom that nowhere, unless in this MS. [the draft Vestiarium Scoticum, published ultimately in 1842] is it even heard of? ... I would rather suppose that the author had been some tartan-weaver zealous for his craft, who wished to extend the use of tartan over the whole kingdom."[510] Also in the same year, he wrote: "The idea of distinguishing the clans by their tartans is but a fashion of modern date in the Highlands themselves".[511]

Another of the tartan legends has it that Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, commissioned the design of a clan tartan based on Black Watch in 1793, kept one of three designs, then passed the other two on to cadet branches of the family.[512] This tale can be traced in unembellished form to 1793 records of weaver William Forsyth of Huntly which do not say this at all, only that Forsyth provided three potential designs for a regiment tartan, with yellow over-checks in various configurations, of which the Duke selected no. 2 for the unit, the 92nd Gordon Highlanders.[374]

Scarlett (1990) surmises that there must have been some informal clan tartans – a confluence of district tartans that had become associated with particular families, and adoptions of regimental uniform tartans by them – by the late 18th century, otherwise there is no explanation for where Stewart of Garth got the idea.[513] Scottish United Services Museum curator Maj. I. H. Mackay Scobie (1942),[399] Haswell Miller (1947),[514] and Barnes & Allen (1956),[93] also zeroed in on this timeframe. Eslea MacDonald (2010-11) observes, for example, the Murrays using the common Tullibardine regional pattern in portraits and in bed hangings at their clan seat, Blair Castle, 1770 – c. 1780 and possibly earlier.[315] Telfer Dunbar (1979), considering the 1703–04 Grant proclamation and the early regiments, suggests that "any uniformity of tartan was only to be found in an organised body of troops, or the 'tail' or following of a chief."[429] These possible comparatively early, informal clan tartans of the late-18th-century simply cannot usually be identified (when they survived) until the early 19th century.

19th century broad adoption

It has been suggested by a modern chief of Clan Campbell and another of the clan executives that the clan had informally adopted what is now known as old Campbell or Black Watch tartan by the early 19th century, because so many of their men were already wearing it as part of regimental uniform[405] (three of the Independent Highland Companies that amalgamated into the Black Watch regiment in 1739–1751 were Campbell units).[480] Some time in or after 1806, when he became clan chief, the city-dwelling politician George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll, created his own personal tartan, of Black Watch with a thin over-check of white and yellow added,[515] "to differentiate himself from the rest of the Campbells", i.e. because they were already so often wearing Black Watch.[405] This essentially may have been one of the earliest attested surviving clan tartans (and the duke's variant was an early declared personal tartan of a noble).[bs]

Elderly man in Highland dress with a green coat and various medals, wearing spectacles (eyeglasses) and leaning on a basket-hilted sword
Maj.-Gen. David Stewart of Garth, c. 1820, in royal Stewart tartan

The idea arose among Scottish expatriates (especially in the Celtic societies, which encouraged members to wear "appropriate" tartans),[516] eager to "preserve" Highland culture,[1][516][517] that tartans had traditionally been named and that the names represented clan affiliations.[1] Among them was Maj.-Gen. David Stewart of Garth, a Black Watch veteran and vice-president of the Highland Society of London[518] (founded 1778).[387] He and fellow members Sir John Sinclair and Andrew Robertson were among the first proponents of the idea of clans being identified by tartans, despite the lack of evidence.[518][519][520][505][bt] The society also counted among its members the Prince of Wales[522] (the future George IV, who was to become instrumental to clan "tartanry" in 1822) and two dukes, among various itinerant actual Scots[523] – including James Macpherson of "Ossian" fame (or infamy).[524]

Full length portrait of young woman wearing a white empire-waist dress with a plaid of tartan loosely draped over her head and left shoulder, seated in a park
Elizabeth Gordon (née Brodie), Duchess of Gordon, c. 1813–1814 by Alfred Edward Chalon; she appears to be wearing Black Watch (42nd regiment) tartan, as it lacks the yellow over-check of 92nd Regiment, which became the Gordon clan tartan. This was only about a year before the Highland Society solicited clan patterns.

On 8 April 1815, the society resolved that the clan chiefs each "be respectfully solicited to furnish the Society with as much of the Tartan of his Lordship's Clan as will serve to Show the Pattern and to Authenticate the Same by Attaching Thereunto a Card bearing the Impression of his Lordship's Arms."[525] Many had no idea of what their tartan might be or whether they had one,[526] some provided only a vague description, and some claimed they had none.[522] But plenty were keen to comply and to provide authentic signed and sealed samples;[525][522][527] many (possibly most) turned to Wilsons of Bannockburn for a design,[516][492] while some directly adopted a regimental tartan as their own,[387][1][bu] and still others adapted designs from old portraits of clan nobles.[522][bv] Alexander Wentworth Macdonald, Baron Macdonald, wrote back to the society: "Being really ignorant of what is exactly The Macdonald Tartan, I request you will have the goodness to exert every Means in your power to Obtain a perfectly genuine Pattern, Such as Will Warrant me in Authenticating it with my Arms."[525] Finding no agreement within his clan on a pattern, Robertson of Struan ended up adopting the regimental tartan of the Loyal Clan Donnachie (Robertson) Volunteers; being based on the Black Watch pattern, it could not pre-date the late 18th century.[530] On the other hand, Sir John Macgregor Murray of Clan Gregor, who had spent most of his life in England and India, was writing instructions on the use of his clan's tartan by December 1818.[531] In 1819, Wilsons were engaged in correspondence to "send ... specimens of all coloured Tartans used by these Clans ...said to exceed thirty in number", to a writer in Italy preparing a book on clan tartans;[532] the same year, they also produced their Key Pattern Book of over 200 tartans (representing only a fraction of their total tartan output, presumably the most marketable designs, and not always under the same names as found in contemporary collections of Wilsons' tartan samples such as the Cockburn collection and that of the Highland Society).[533]

According to Trevor-Roper (1983), Wilsons were in a direct "alliance" with the Highland Society of London by 1819; the former saw a great marketing opportunity, and the latter provided a veneer of respectability as Wilsons helped the society pin tartans to clan names.[534][535] Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) concur: "The Wilson firm worked in tandem with the Highland Society, preparing tartan samples for the latter to certify as belonging to one clan or another."[490] Clan nobles (who sometimes contradicted each other, within the same clan, on what their tartan was or should be)[536] were apparently also "ready to adopt changes at the mere dictation of fancy" to improve designs.[537] From the "authentications" they received 1815–26, the society built up a clan-tartan collection (now in the National Museum of Scotland), with 34 authenticated specimens and about 40 others.[522][538][bw] Other such societies generated more interest, belief, and demand.[539] According to the analysis by Eslea MacDonald (2012), "Most of the pieces sealed [by clan chiefs] and deposited with the Society at that time were patterns woven, and in the majority of cases appear to have been designed, by Wilsons. This obviously means they could not have existed prior to c1765 when William Wilson started his business."[530] So many of Wilsons' stock tartans from their Key Pattern Book of 1819 were being renamed for clans that J. C. Thompson (1992) wrote: "Clearly the naming of tartans was just getting started in 1819",[131] and: "There was nothing people wanted more than an ancient clan tartan system, and they were determined to have one."[540] By 1821, advertisements for tartan cloth had shifted to include language like "true", "warranted", and "original", and began to stress antiquity and family connections.[541]

The 1822 visit of George IV to Scotland, in Highland garb and with a great deal of tartan-festooned public ceremony (arranged by Stewart of Garth and romanticist writer Sir Walter Scott of the Celtic Society of Edinburgh), had a profound tartan-boosting effect, including the invention of new clan-specific tartans to suit[542][387][543] (or renaming of old tartans to have clan names),[1][544] as clan chiefs had been asked to attend in clan tartans.[1] It caused a boom in the tartan-weaving business,[491] and a broader public notion that tartans should be named for families.[387][1] "When these two [Scott and Stewart of Garth] stage-managed the King's visit ... they fixed the Clan Tartan idea in the public mind."[544] Wilsons' pattern book in 1822 had expanded significantly with tartans named for clans, in addition to all their numbered setts.[502] According to R. Martin (1988), Wilsons and other weavers were made aware of the king's planned visit three or four years in advance, and had all that time to pad their catalogues with additional designs and to assign clan names to patterns often "probably picked entirely out of the air."[545] He added that "anyone looking at the tartan pattern books of 1819 to 1822 would have realized the cacophony of different names for the same [pattern], the chaos of clan attributions, and the complete capriciousness of that association."[546] A telling letter from a tailor, archived among the Wilsons papers, to the company in 1822 asked: "Please send me a piece of Rose tartan, and if there isn't one, please send me a different pattern and call it Rose."[493]

By 1824, an invitation to the Atholl Gathering, one of the earliest of the modern Highland games festivals, made it clear that participants should arrive "in the plaids or Tartans of their Clans".[547] In 1829, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder complained to Walter Scott about all the "uncouth, spurious, modern [tartans] which are every day manufactured, christened after particular names, and worn as genuine",[548] and also of "clans ... at this moment ignorantly disputing for the right to the same tartans which in fact belong to none of them but are merely modern inventions for clothing Regimental Highlanders".[549] Scott himself was backpedalling away from what he had helped create, and was suspicious of the recent claims about "ancient" clan tartans: "it has been the bane of Scottish literature and disgrace of her antiquities, that we have manifested an eager propensity to believe without inquiry and propagate the errors which we adopt too hastily ourselves."[550]

A "busy" tartan of broad red bands, medium green ones, and thin white ones
The Scott tartan invented by the "Sobieski Stuarts" around 1829, eventually published in the 1842 Vestiarium. Based on the c. 1819 MacGregor, the tartan was rejected (along with other Lowland family tartans) by Walter Scott, but remains the most popular Scott tartan.[551]

A wave of highly dubious books were published, all purporting to reveal true clan histories and tartans; they presented little in the way of evidence, but they caused enthusiastic adoption of clan tartans. The first of these, in 1831, was The Scottish Gaël or Celtic Manners, as Preserved Among the Highlanders by James Logan, containing 54 tartans (based on Wilsons' collection, that of the Highland Society of London, and other sources he alleged but did not name, plus some he collected or devised himself); the author ignored advice from Wilsons on which were actually old tartans, and included some erroneous, fictitious, and incomplete setts.[552][553][bx] He also included untenable assertions about the designs' antiquity; "Logan took the line that everything Highland was rooted impossibly far in the past", and was mocked in The Pall Mall Gazette for it.[544] Meanwhile, Wilsons and other weavers simply adopted some patterns from his book due to demand,[554][491][555] and also took to inventing all-new "clan tartans" to keep up with the growing market for patterns associated with names.[556] The archived correspondence of Wilsons in the 1830s shows that the company was frequently pressured by merchants for the "truest" and "real" clan patterns.[557] Logan, despite himself being involved in sham clan tartanry, observed that "fanciful varieties of tartan ... were being passed off as genuine" by Wilsons and other weavers.[493]

Logan was followed in 1842 by Vestiarium Scoticum by the so-called Sobieski Stuarts, purporting to contain 75 centuries-old clan tartans, illustrated in great detail but from vague textual descriptions.[558] Although it is now known to have been largely a forgery,[559][560][by] many of the visual tartan designs in this "final – and fantastic – codification"[560] of clan tartans were nevertheless adopted and still survive as accepted tartans of clans,[564][565] especially for Lowland clan names (which had hitherto never been associated with tartan or Highland garb at all).[387][172][566][567] Starting in 1822, Borders families had been redefining themselves as clans, and the book encouraged more of them to take on clan tartans and open clan societies.[568] Modern critics have even praised the lasting socio-cultural accomplishement of the Sobieski-Stuarts' works in helping establish a systemic clan-tartans legend while recognizing the bogus nature of their material.[bz]

(The socio-political background of these events and their overall impact on tartan in general are presented at § Late Georgian and § Victorian, below.)

Trevor-Roper (1983) believed that the Sobieski Stuarts had been in direct communication with manufacturers like Wilsons, and were advising clan chiefs on which tartans to choose, from as early as 1819;[570] J. C. Thompson (1992) agreed.[540] Dick Lauder certainly said they were doing so by 1829, and that Wilsons were already weaving many Sobieski Stuart samples by that year;[571] the company's own records the same year confirm orders for designs from the Sobieski Stuarts.[572] Vestiarium was followed soon after by The Costume of the Clans published by the Sobieski Stuarts in 1845;[554] the illustrations it provided, allegedly based on portraits, have proven to be largely a mixture of error and invention.[573] By 1849, John Sobieski Stuart was in discussion with a publisher to produce a new, cheaper edition of Vestiarium, in a series of small volumes "so that it might be rendered as available as possible to manufacturers and the trades in general concerned in Tartan ... and it was for the[ir] advantage and use ... that I consented to the publication." The same letter also proposed binding the manufacturers by contract to produce tartans that conformed exactly to the Sobieski Stuarts' specifications.[574]

Weavers like Wilsons were complicit, not passive, in the tartan boom. They had lost much of their military and export markets after major wars ended and colonies in the Americas and elsewhere had become more self-sufficient.[497] "The concept of differentiated clan tartans, newly popularized, was codified and developed by canny manufacturers .... Since the repeal of the [Dress Act], these tartan makers saw the prospect of a vast new market."[264] According to Alastair Campbell of Airds:[404]

One factor which has been decisive throughout the history of the development of the modern system [of clan tartans] has been the influence of the tartan manufacturers .... As with any marketing organisation it was important to maintain a steady flow of "new products", and every year new patterns were produced .... The idea of individual tartans providing a clan or family identity was a most attractive one, which was adopted enthusiastically by both wearer and seller alike.

Romanticised Highland warrior with red-and-blue tartan small kilt, a targe, a basket-hilt broadsword, a fur vest, and a blue bonnet
"Maclachlan", a romanticised Highland warrior image from Logan and McIan's The Clans of the Scottish Highlands, 1843

This heavy promotion for decades of the clan-tartans idea has been described as "inciting a rush to lay claim to the tartan to which one's family was 'entitled'".[575] Other 19th-century clan-tartan works followed.[564] Logan (by then president of the Highland Society of London)[570] returned, with illustrator Robert Ranald McIan, with The Clans of the Scottish Highlands in several volumes 1843–1849, which had inconsistently hand-coloured portraits of chiefs in clan tartans, which he stated were "acknowledged by the present chiefs and clans".[387] The Clans of the Highlands of Scotland in 1850 by Thomas Smibert drew heavily on Wilsons' patterns and on Logan.[576] In the same year, Authenticated Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland by William & Andrew Smith was based on trade sources such as Wilsons, competing mill Romanes & Paterson of Edinburgh, and army clothier George Hunter's pre-1822 collection of setts (and some consultation with historian W. F. Skene).[576][409] Also in 1850, Gen. James Browne published History of the Highlands and the Highland Clans, another Vestiarium knock-off.[570]

In 1871, Gaelic folklorist and Highland dress fancier John Francis Campbell of Islay wrote in Clan Tartans:[577]

I have come to the conclusion that Sir Walter Scott and my friends the Editors of the Vestiarium Scoticum and Scotch Manufacturers of tartans are together responsible for the present flourishing and luxuriant crop of brilliant clan tartans .... I do not believe that the distinctions which are now made as to Clan Tartans ever prevailed at all, till Tartan became an important manufacture in Scotland in the reign of George the 4th

J. Claude produced the tartan pattern sample book Clans Originaux in Paris c. 1880, and some tartans were adopted from it,[ca] though its 185 samples were mostly of already-known tartans.[19] A second edition of The Costume of the Clans was published in 1892.[580] Another influential book was Donald W. Stewart's Old & Rare Scottish Tartans (1893), which included swatches of fabric; several accepted clan tartans date to this work.[581]

Books of this era also introduced lists of alleged clan septs, families of different surnames (often of English, Norman, or other non-Gaelic derivation) supposedly linked to particular clans as "extended family". It was a means of greatly increasing tartan sales by attaching many more names to extant tartan designs, but not well-grounded in any historical reality.[582][583][400] Two such works, both published by W. & A. K. Johnston were: Tartans of the Clans and Septs of Scotland by James Grant in 1886, revised by Henry Whyte in 1906 in more of a picture-book format (three tartans make their first appearance in the 1886 edition,[584] and various more in the 1906 version, with no provenance);[585] and What Is My Tartan? or, The Clans of Scotland, with Their Septs and Dependents by Adam Frank in 1896.[387]

The romanticised notion of clan tartans had become deeply embedded in the Scottish imagination and further afield.[172][586] "[I]t all got mixed up in the public mind and the myth of tartan as a kind of heraldry became established, not only in the eyes of outsiders, even the Clansfolk believed it".[587] On the cusp of the Scottish Renaissance and Gaelic Revival, most clans (including major Lowland families) had been assigned and had generally accepted one or more tartans by the late 19th century.

20th century consolidation

Charles E. N. Leith Hay, 1905 portrait by John Ernest Breun, in Edwardian daywear Highland dress, kilt in a dark rendition of the Hay and Leith tartan. Most clan tartans were settled by the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The first Edwardian book on the subject (aside from a larger 1906 "library edition" of Whyte as The Scottish Clans and Their Tartans with Notes),[585] was Frank Adam's 1908 The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands, which remains in print today (though in drastically edited form, by Sir Thomas Innes of Learney).[387][588] A variety of books, with colour plates, had been affordably and widely published about clan tartans by the mid-20th century. Three popular ones were The Clans and Tartans of Scotland by Robert Bain, 1938 (the first to use photographic halftone prints; revised and updated many times through 1983);[589] The Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland by Innes of Learney (later to become the Lord Lyon King of Arms as well as a founder of the Scottish Tartans Society),[590] 1938, advancing some clan-tartanry ideas his Lord Lyon predecessor Sir Francis James Grant considered "humbug";[588] and The Scottish Clans & Their Tartans published by W. & A. K. Johnston, 1945 (later editions re-titled The Scottish Tartans with Historical Sketches, edited by Innes of Learney), and based on previous works by Grant and Whyte. Many others followed in successive decades.[387]

A wall covered with a bewildering array of different samples of tartan cloth
400 clan and district tartan samples at the headquarters of the weaver Lochcarron of Scotland

The mass-market books (some with over 200 tartans illustrated) did much to cement the idea of clan tartans in the public imagination, as well as to consistently anchor particular tartans to particular clans. And the works were in more general agreement with one another than had been the Victorian "authorities".[cb] They also simultaneously increased the number of clans with their own assigned tartans, and reduced the number of tartans claimed to be those of certain clans to a more manageable number, probably after consultation with clan chiefs and clan society officers. They did, however, typically include sept lists, which today are widely regarded as bogus[582] (though many present-day clan associations still use them, as a means of attracting larger membership).

Almost every extant clan (with or without a chief) had at least one tartan associated with it by this era. Many clans have several well-accepted tartans. Sometimes they represent different branches of the family; e.g., there are separate tartans for Campbell of Breadalbane, Campbell of Cawdor, and Campbell of Loudoun, in addition to the general "old" Campbell tartan. In other cases, they are (at least ostensibly) for specific purposes such as hunting, mourning, formal dress occasions, or Highland dance competition; e.g., the MacFarlane dress[592] and hunting tartans[593] are different. (See § Tartans for specific purposes, below.)

An important, more scholarly work was 1950's The Setts of the Scottish Tartans by Donald C. Stewart[594][cc] (son of the aforementioned D. W. Stewart).[387] The younger Stewart has been hailed as "the founder of serious tartan research"; originated now-standard methods for indexing tartans; and would go on to help expose the Vestiarium Scoticum as a fraud, in Scotland's Forged Tartans, co-authored with J. Charles Thompson in 1980.[387][596]

In the late 20th century to present, clan and other tartans also have been catalogued in databases. (See § Registration, below.) A small number of new official clan tartans (mostly specific-purpose "side" tartans, like dance tartans) were registered in tartan databases in the 21st century.[cd]

Regarding modern misrepresentations of clan tartans on historical figures in films and even museums, Scarlett (1990) wrote: "so widely have the tartan myths been spread that any script- or guide-book writer will, in complete ignorance, write the most arrant nonsense and never think that it might not be true. ... Once false information has been disseminated by a supposedly authoritative body it is virtually impossible to correct it."[598]

Recognition by clan chiefs

The "officialness" of clan tartans has varied widely, and still does today. Although it is possible for anyone to create a tartan and assign it any name they wish, the only person with the authority to make a clan's tartan "official" is the chief.[387]

Some clans have had no chiefs for some time, while only a majority subset of those with living chiefs in the modern era made direct proclamations as to their clan tartans and registered them with the Lord Lyon.[ce] Some time after the launch of the Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) in 2009, the Lord Lyon stopped recording clan tartans, deferring to SRT for this purpose. (See § Registration, below.) Some of the clan tartans were simply adopted by custom,[cf] and have remained rather consistent into the 21st century. A clan booth at a Highland games event is likely to proudly display at least their best-known clan tartan, regardless whether a chief has declared it official.

However, some chiefs have been quite adamant about what their clan's legitimate tartans are. Ian Campbell, 12th Duke of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell in the late 20th century, excoriated attempts to claim there were other than the four aforementioned particular Campbell tartans (and specifically rejected the personal-variant tartan of the 6th Duke).[405] Similarly, Sir Malcolm MacGregor, chief of Clan Gregor, has written that only four MacGregor tartans (plus a newer dance tartan) are legitimate, out of 10 or more alleged ones found in a tartan database, which he blamed on "indiscriminate commercialisation ... disingenuous and lead[ing] to confusion".[601]

In at least one instance, a clan tartan appears in the coat of arms of a clan chief and is considered by the Lord Lyon as the "proper" tartan of the clan: The crest of the chief of Clan MacLennan is A demi-piper all Proper, garbed in the proper tartan of the Clan Maclennan.[602][cg]

Some chief-authenticated clan tartans are quite late arrivals. In 1961, the Clan Davidson main tartan was replaced (and registered with the Lord Lyon) by one of multiple disputed chiefs, Sir David Davidson of Allt Dinnie, with a design dating to 1893, in place of an older white-striped version.[603] Chief Charles Shaw of Tordarroch in 1971 replaced the old Shaw tartan (a Black Watch variant based on a misprinted image in Logan & McIan (1847))[604] with a new pair (dress[605] and hunting)[606] designed in 1969 by D. C. Stewart based on more historical sources.[607] Clan Mar had no approved tartan until Chief Margaret of Mar registered one in 1978 (from a design that may pre-date 1850);[608] their dress/red tartan was not adopted until 1992 (from a design dating to the 18th century).[82] The MacLeod red tartan was approved by Chief John MacLeod of MacLeod in 1982, to join much longer-standing yellow and blue tartans of the clan; it was based loosely on what appears in a 1748 portrait of Chief Norman MacLeod by Allan Ramsay and Joseph van Aken.[609] Baron David Lumsden of Cushnie-Lumsden in 1996 approved the Clan Lumsden hunting sett by Peter Eslea MacDonald[610] (though technically the baron was just the chieftain of the Cushnie-Lumsden branch). In 1998, Chief Dugald MacTavish of Dunardry approved a 1958 design as the MacTavish dress tartan.[611] In 2005, Chief Gillem Lumsden of that Ilk registered a new main Lumsden tartan with the Lord Lyon,[612] based closely on that of a c. 1790 Lumsden family waistcoat.[613] Also in 2005, a pattern for Duncan of Sketraw was approved by Chieftain John Duncan of Sketraw, based on a 1930s design.[614] In 2007, Chief Fergus D. H. Macdowall of Garthland designed the Clan MacDowall tartan (the clan previously used MacDougall or Galloway district); he registered it with the Lord Lyon and Scottish Tartans Authority in 2008.[615][616] The Cochrane hunting tartan was designed personally by Chief Iain A. D. B. Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, in 2008.[617] The Clan Carruthers tartan was approved by Chief Simon Peter Carruthers of Holmains in 2017.[618]

Modern general use

Aside from regimental and clan usage, tartan has seen broad (and sometimes highly politicised) use by the general public in the modern era. By the 19th century, the Highland romantic revival, inspired by James Macpherson's "Ossian" poems and the writings of Sir Walter Scott, led to wider interest in tartan and other things felt to be Gaelic and Celtic. Clubs like the Celtic societies welcomed Lowlanders, and tartan was rapidly appropriated[545] as part of the Scottish national identity[619][620] (and part of broader British dress as a familiar exoticism).[621][622]

Late Georgian

Illustration of Scottish regimental soldier in green tartan kilt, red coat, and feather bonnet, with a lady in a blue tartan dress over a white slip
"The New Fashion, or The Scotsman in Paris", from a series of Parisian fashion prints, 1815

The period of widened public interest in tartan and Highland dress after the repeal of the Dress Act in 1782 has been called the Highland Revival.[32][ch] While tartan had already seen more nationwide use from 1707, as a Scottish nationalism symbol against union with England,[269] it was turned on its ear to become a romanticised symbol of union loyalism in the early 19th century,[172][624] an era in which prominent conflicts caused a patriotic influence of military (including Highland) style on civilian clothing,[ci] even among women[339][627] despite its overtly masculine focus.[628][629][165] First among the northern gentry and later among the common people more broadly, there was a renewed interest in tartan and Highland dress, despite the long period of prohibition – largely due to the glory associated with the Highland regiments' exemplary service in various military campaigns.[630] "Highlandism"[631] became a romantic, mythologised (even fictionalised) and colourful escapism[632][337] even as Lowland Scotland itself was becoming one of the most industrialised places on earth, and the entire nation was undergoing the social upheavals of union and empire, of large-scale warfare, of urbanisation, and of modernisation during the Scottish Enlightenment.[633] The bloody French Revolution of 1789–1799 had also helped inspire a British setting aside of old Stuart and Hanoverian rivalry.[634]

Before the clan tartans rush began in 1815, tartan was already being aggressively marketed to the general public as "fancy" cloth with names that commemorated famous events and people, even fictional characters from books and songs, e.g. "Waterloo", "Flora MacDonald", "Sir Walter Scott", "Wellington", "Maggie Lauder", and "Meg Merrilees". This inspired a novel perception that tartans should be named.[635] Some of the designs by leading weaver Wilsons of Bannockburn by this period were considered recognisable on sight.[636]

In 1822, Maj.-Gen. David Stewart of Garth, who was with both the Highland Society of London and the Celtic Society of Edinburgh,[637][520] published Sketches of the Character, Manners, and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland, the first of a number of 19th-century books lionising the Highlanders, the clans, and the tartaned regiments.[628][527] The various Celtic/Highland societies throughout Britain had already been driving a rise in tartan demand since the late 18th century.[638][363] The societies liked wearing Highland dress – in their own assimilated, urban idiom,[cj] such as tartan frock coats[343] – and devising new tartans; it has been suggested that they were engaging in a sort of "internal colonisation", imposing what they wanted to see rather than simply recording what was traditionally Highland.[639] Aside from tartan fabric's increasing use in non-Highland styles of clothing, Highland dress itself had already become highly stylised, quite removed from the simplicity of its peasant origins;[640] this was a trend that would continue throughout the later Victorian period.

The King's jaunt in tartan

David Wilkie's idealised depiction of George IV, in full Highland dress, during the visit to Scotland in 1822[ck]

The popularity of tartan was greatly increased by the royal visit of King George IV of the United Kingdom to Edinburgh in 1822, with other nobles including Lord Mayor of London Sir William Curtis,[642] in Highland garb. George was the first reigning monarch to visit Scotland in 171 years.[542] The pageantry invented for the event, which was nicknamed "the King's Jaunt", brought a sudden consumer-driven demand for tartan cloth[491] and made it the national dress of the whole of Scotland.[542][643][619][644] The 21 days of festivities were organised by the Jacobitism-romanticising but staunchly unionist[172] Walter Scott, who was another co-founder of the Celtic Society of Edinburgh, and military officer David Stewart of Garth.[518] They urged Scots (most of whom were Lowlanders) to attend "all plaided and plumed in their tartan array"[645] in "complete national costume".[643] One contemporary writer sarcastically described the pomp that surrounded the celebrations as "Sir Walter's Celtified Pageantry",[645][646] and another as a "plaided panorama".[643] Clan chiefs, expected to be kilted, had little choice but to take the event seriously, and arrived to show their loyalty in something of a panic, with tartaned retinues of half a dozen[264] to up to 50 per clan[647] (equipped at great expense, and with only about a month's official notice), in a city overflowing with Highlanders, Lowlanders, and English spectators decked in tartan,[648][492] a sight that Scott's own son-in-law and biographer John Gibson Lockhart called a "Celtic hallucination".[490] Thousands of spectators attended the many events arranged for the visit.[264] The formal ball, reserved for the gentry, required Highland dress for admittance, and some 300 tailors were employed to supply it.[647]

The royal endorsement of tartan and Highland-wear did much to erase any lingering association of them with the servile peasant class of the Highlands[649] (or the region's bands of mountain bandits, for that matter).[647] Because Scott had become "the acknowledged preserver of Scotland's past" through his historical novels, the legend he helped create of tartan and Highland dress as a Scotland-wide tradition rooted in antiquity was widely and quickly accepted, despite its ignoring and erasing of cultural diversity within the country[640] (of Gaels, Norse–Gaels, Scoto-Normans, and Lowlanders of largely Anglo-Saxon extraction). "A bogus tartan caricature of [Scotland] had been drawn and accepted, even by those who mocked it, and it would develop in perspective and colour."[650] George IV's visit – which was not just theatrical but thoroughly political, in marrying Hanoverian power and loyalty to Stuart ideology and pride[651] – has been described in by Angus Calder (1994) as the catalyst by which "a Union of practical convenience became a Union of irrational love and fears, sublimated in militarism, tartanry, royalism and, eventually imperialism".[652] R. Martin (1988) added: "it would seem that this visit presages the acts of orchestrated political propaganda that we have come to know very well in the 20th century."[545]

Young man in a black coat, trousers, and boots, a white cravat, and a voluminous tartan cloak with a red lining, holding a gentleman's cane
Portrait of John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, by Henry Raeburn, c. 1829, showing adaptation of tartan to Regency-era clothing styles, like this red-lined cloak

Following the royal visit, the tartan industry boomed,[653] and the number of available tartans increased tenfold;[654] in 1822, Wilsons' pattern book had numbered setts in the hundreds, and introduced many more with proper names.[502] Scarlett (1990) writes that "Tartan was no longer the dress of northern barbarians or political dissidents; it had become respectable and the garb of loyal subjects."[655] Books which documented tartans began to appear and added to the "tartanry" craze. James Logan's romanticised work[555] The Scottish Gaël (1831) was the first such publication, and led the weaving industry to adopt new patterns, even Logan's invented or erroneous ones.[554]

The result of these flurries of attention has been described as an "astonishing frenzy of excitement into which [patronage of tartanry] threw the citizens of Edinburgh and much of the rest of Scotland".[656]

Civilian spread

From the 1820s, Georgian and then Victorian portraiture of clan nobles continued the earlier theme of regimentally re-styled Highland dress, with jewels, gold, and other symbols of aristocracy – a "synthetic Gaelicism".[657] The funerals of Sir John Macgregor Murray and Alasdair Ranaldson Macdonell of Glengarry, in 1822 and 1823 respectively, were marked by tartan, bagpipes, and "wailing" of clansmen – "a feudal sight in an increasingly industrial age".[658] A large public tartan affair was the 1824 Atholl Gathering[547] (an annual event that, after a period of abeyance, continues to the present). From the end of proscription through the Georgian promotion, "distrust of the Highlands became fascination",[659] and tartan and Highland garb "moved from the periphery to the very center, accompanied by all the processes of forgetting and imaginative re-creation".[660] Tartan, no longer the everyday traditional dress of Highland "barbarians", had become, in altered form, all the rage among the Scottish upper and even middle classes as formal attire.[661] This popularisation of tartan increased its marketability in the Lowlands, in England, and in the colonies, and provided a boost to the Scottish textile industry.[330]

Illustration of tartan dresses in French style of the era, frilly and with no relation to Scottish garb
French tartan fashions from Costumes Parisiens, 1826

Tartan had begun making appearances in civilian Georgian fashion throughout Britain and into continental Europe, as illustrated in publications such as London's Gallery of Fashion (1787) and La Belle Assemblée (1808), and (after Paris was famously occupied by Highland regiments during the Waterloo campaign and the fall of Napoleon in 1815)[662][628][663] in the French periodicals Le Prétexte (1815)[664] and Costumes Parisiens (1826); tartan was in vogue in Paris in particular in this period,[665][666] and approximations of Highland soldiers even appeared in Parisian plays at the time.[667] Tartans associated with family names became popular, but there was also a brisk trade in new tartans commissioned for societies, to commemorate events, in honour of famous persons, and designed simply to personal aesthetic taste.[668] Manufacturers struggled to keep up with demand.[669][619] By 1819, dominant tartan weaver Wilsons of Bannockburn[328] (also a carpet and ribbon weaver)[670] was keenly interested in exploiting the civilian market, due to a reduction in regimental demand, and introduced many more patterns, providing cloth in various grades.[671] By 1820, the company had access to 132 looms;[672] they experienced a four-fold increase in output in 1821, leading up to George IV's visit,[643] after which they acquired 40 more looms[493][654] in an add-on building,[669] named the Royal George after the king,[493] and expanded into a new mill in 1822, mechanising more and more to keep up with demand.[672] They stopped weaving muslin to focus on tartan,[669] and produced it in a range of qualities from finest merino wool to cheap linsey-woolsey blends, demonstrating that whatever high-class associations tartan had taken on, there was significant working-class demand.[673] In 1829, a merchant wrote to Wilsons that "We are like to be torn to pieces for tartan; the demand is so great we cannot supply our customers", and there was great demand for the newest patterns.[557]

Colour illustration of women in Victorian dresses working power looms in a large textile factory
Illustration of Victorian women weaving at power looms in a textile factory (this one in Denmark, but the scene in Wilsons of Bannockburn at its peak would have been very similar).

Georgian and later Victorian entrepreneurs not only created new tartans, but new tartan objects called tartanware, starting as far back as the proscription period in the form of wine glasses decorated with tartan and enamel Jacobite portraits.[301] Tartan decorated an assortment of common household objects, such as snuffboxes, jewellery cases, tableware, sewing accessories, desk items, and even doorknobs and furniture – a tartan knick-knack market for tourists that continues through the present in the Highlands.[674] Visitors to the Highlands went home with tartanware, and Scotland-based businesses sent tartanware out as gifts to customers. Some of the more popular tartans used were the Stewart, MacDonald, MacGregor, MacDuff, MacBeth, and one fancifully named "Prince Charlie".[675][676][677] Today, tartanware is widely collected in England and Scotland.[678] There was a symbiotic relationship between tartanware production and interest in tartans generated by books on the subject: a tartanware manufacturer from 1820 onward was W. & A. Smith, of Mauchline, also incidentally the publishers of Authenticated Tartans of the Clans and Families of Scotland (1850).;[679] tartanware was sometimes more specifically called Mauchlinware.[680]

Victorian

Leading up to the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign in 1837, tartan was a brisk trade in London, Manchester, and other English cities and towns.[681] In 1839, the Eglinton Tournament, a medieval re-enactment featuring jousting and a ball, was organised in North Ayrshire by Archibald Montgomerie, Earl of Eglinton; it drew some 100,000 spectators, who had been asked to attend in plaids, and included George Murray, Duke of Atholl, arriving with an entire regiment in tartan, his newly re-formed Atholl Highlanders[682] (which still exists as Europe's last remaining private military force).

A Scottish Highlands hunting scene with a lord, a lady, a child, a gillie (all in tartan), two dogs, a horse, and two slain deer
Scene in the Highlands with Portraits of the Duchess of Bedford and Duke of Gordon (in various tartans), by Edwin Landseer, 1825. The Highlands were being cleared of native people, for deer hunting preserves and sheep pastures

Vestiarium Scoticum

The first publication showing colour plates of an array of tartans was the Vestiarium Scoticum (meaning 'wardrobe of the Scots'), published in 1842,[564] and it included a first: tartans for Lowland families. It was the work of two brothers: John Carter Allen and Charles Manning Allen, from Surrey, England, who used a variety of assumed names. The two implied they were grandsons of Prince Charles Edward Stuart and Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, and consequently later became known as the "Sobieski Stuarts". They claimed further that the Vestiarium was based on a 1571 manuscript on clan tartans – a manuscript which they never managed to produce. It was not known at the time, but many of the tartans were simply invented by the brothers, and others were taken from early-19th-century sources like the Cockburn and Wilson collections.[683][387] The brothers heavily favoured basic checks, or crudely divided checks, with thin over-checks added; they had an identifiable style of tartans, assessment of which has varied from "few can be called inspired"[50] to "quite novel and singularly gorgeous".[684] The Vestiarium was followed by their equally dubious The Costume of the Clans in 1845.[554] The books, which "added mystery, romance and some spurious historical documentation to the subject",[560] triggered another wave of interest in tartans, and the enthusiasm generated by these publications led the way for numerous tartan books in the later 19th century.[645][564][cl]

The sudden availability (and almost unquestioning acceptance) of Lowland tartans helped spread tartan further in popularity. "The [tartan] cult was gathering strength and tartan was no longer 'Highland', it had become 'Scottish'."[587]

The Queen and "Balmorality"

Blue and yellow tartan dress with a trailing bustle, high collar, and a long series of buttons down the entire front
A silk and velvet late-Victorian young woman's tartan dress, 1878, probably made in England

Twenty years after her uncle's royal visit to Scotland, Victoria and her husband Prince Albert made their first trip to the Scottish Highlands in 1842; she was the first monarch to set foot in the Highlands since Mary, Queen of Scots, in the 16th century.[685] The visit involved her large royal party being met with several theatrical tartan-kilted welcomes by Highland nobility and their retinues, with much sycophantic newspaper fanfare (while the common people were experiencing considerable misery); the Queen wrote: "It seemed as if a great chieftain in olden feudal times was receiving his sovereign".[686] The monarch's early trips to Scotland were seen as a royal endorsement and had a transformative effect on the image of the country, as a now-loyal land of tartan, pipers, and kilted martial display.[687]

Victoria and Albert leased Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, in 1848 (and bought it in 1852)[688] as a private royal demesne and hired a local architect to re-model the estate in feudalised Scots baronial style, starting a "sham-castles" trend.[689] Prince Albert personally took care of the interior design, where he made great use of tartan. He used the royal Stewart (red) and the hunting Stewart (green) tartans for carpets, while using the dress Stewart (red and white) for curtains and upholstery.[565] Prince Albert (who often wore the kilt at Balmoral) is said to have created the Balmoral tartan, still used as a royal tartan today.[690] (See illustration at § Family and individual, below.) They even decorated their carriage with tartan.[691][692] Their adoption of a showy form of Highland dress inspired adoption by subject "who would have previously left Highland dress to the festivals of the Scots."[680]

The royal couple spent a considerable amount of time at their Scottish estate (nearly 7 years in total),[693][cm] and in doing so hosted "Highland" activities. Victoria was attended by pipers,[695] and her children were attired in Highland dress.[696] Prince Albert himself loved watching the Highland games[697] and the pair became patrons of the Braemar Gathering.[698] (Support from and attendance by various nobles may have helped preserve such events to the present, but it also "tartanised" them permanently, all the way into the 21st century.)[699] The royal enthusiasm for and patronage of Highland things generated more early tourism to the Highlands,[575][700][cn] and a boost to business in the region as far as Perth and Edinburgh.[702] It also spread tartan-wearing to other northern British lords and ladies, who began to invent complicated etiquette rules of dress for Highland garb, which had the effect of increasing the sense that it was upper-class attire.[172][703][587] (See § Etiquette, below.) Adoption of tartan continued to spread into England; Thomas Osborne, Duke of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, devised a livery tartan for his men in 1848.[704] Tartan, though a "pseudo-Caledonian masquerade",[705] had become "the stuff of loyalty to the crown",[706] with "a spurious royal and aristocratic cachet".[707] This royal promotion was also noted abroad, with the effect that tartan became one of the widest-recognised cultural-identity symbols for the entire British country.[708]

Despite their considerable devotion to charity (up to 20% of their Privy Purse income),[709] Victoria and Albert, along with their friends in the northern gentry, have been accused of using their "Balmorality" – a term coined by George Scott-Moncrieff (1932) to refer to upper-class appropriation of Highland cultural trappings, marked by "hypocrisy" and "false sentiment" – to trivialise and even fictionalise history.[710] According to Fiona K. Armstrong (2017), they engaged in long-term, tartan-blanketed escapism from the uncertainties of modernising, industrialised society and from pressing British societal problems, while worsening those problems in the actual Highlands.[710] The queen's Balmoral residency also had another detrimental effect on the Scottish Highlands; inspired by her residency, aristocrats who lived outside the Highlands began purchasing estates in the region, resulting in land-ownership disparities that persist into the present day.[711] The Highlands during Victoria's reign also became more accessible by road, rail, and boat.[697]

Mannequin modelling a green and blue tartan suit, with a bowler derby hat and black shoes
A late Victorian style, this two-piece tartan suit dates to about 1875–1880

As the tartan and "romantic Highlands" craze swept over Scotland, the real Highland population suffered grievously from the Hungry Forties as well as the Highland Clearances, when thousands of Gaelic-speaking Scots from the Highlands and Isles were evicted by landlords (often the very men who would have been their clan chiefs) to make way for sheep[645][712] and for expansive deer-hunting preserves.[713] Scots were also largely disenfranchised from voting, and the Highlands were running out of young men, in great regimental demand to fight and die in foreign wars for the empire, and many emigrating otherwise,[714] with Victoria and Albert directly patronising emigration societies.[715] Nearly 2 million Scots moved to non-European destinations during the Victorian era (more than half the native-born Scottish people of the period), and took a measure of Highlandism with them[716] – "many of the generally understood images of the Highlands were held to be 'real' by people at the time".[717] This would have strong tartan-promoting results among the Scottish diaspora later;[718] Scarlett (1990) calls it a "tartan hunger that has been abroad from late Victorian times to the present day".[719]

Ripple effects

Thomas Babington Macaulay wrote in 1848 of the romantic reinvention of Highland customs as somehow generally Scottish: "Soon the vulgar imagination was so completely occupied by plaids, targets, and claymores, that, by most Englishmen, Scotchman and Highlander were regarded as synonymous words."[720] In 1849, Sir John Graham Dalyell asserted that "forty years ago no reputable gentleman would have appeared in a kilt in the streets of Edinburgh."[721] Scott-Moncrieff (1932) likewise wrote of tartans being "misconceived" and worn all over Scotland (and even England) in the Victorian era as a part of the Queen's influence.[722] Increasingly-urban Scotland was putting on a "rural face"[723] (a trend that would continue with "kailyard" literature). Tartanry and Highlandism were popular in part as a counter to a sense (especially among the aristocracy) that Scotland was losing its separate national identity in the Georgian to Victorian era, being ever more Anglicised as just "North Britain" amid empire-wide modernisation.[724]

Four men in kilts with widely divergent tartans, sporting a variety of headgear, jackets, plaids, sporrans, and other accessories
Kenneth MacLeay's 1866 portrait of a MacLachlan, a Graham, a MacFarlane, and a Colquhoun, for Victoria's Highlanders of Scotland book project.

In an 1849 letter to a publisher about a planned second edition of Vestiarium Scoticum, John Sobieski Stuart noted that tartan had become "extensively worn and manufactured" on the continent, as far away as France, Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary; he also expressed an interest in working directly with tartanware and tartan book makers W. & A. Smith of Mauchline.[725] The same year, the Duke and Duchess of Atholl (whose entire estate was prescribed tartan livery)[726] hosted a Highland-dress affair in London, the Royal Caledonian Ball, the first known charity ball (still a sold-out annual event today).[727] The 1859 opening of the massive Loch Katrine waterworks (to pump fresh water to Glasgow, running out of well water) was attended by Queen Victoria, with the Atholl Highlanders (cannon in tow), the Celtic Society of Glasgow, and an honour-guard unit called the Glasgow Volunteers putting on a tartan- and piper-laden display for the newspapers; it was a confluence of modern engineering and romantic–patriotic tartanry.[728] When the Prince Consort died in 1861, Victoria commissioned a tartan-kilted statue of Albert at Balmoral by William Theed.[729]

According to Jonathan Faiers (2008), Victoria had actually intentionally made tartan more popular for the benefit of the British textile industry.[730] By the 1860s, tartan was not only as popular in London as in Scotland,[731] leading weaver Wilsons of Bannockburn produced £80,000 of product per year, and employed 500–600 people. (It amalgamated with another of the family businesses, a carpet-weaving operation, in 1867, which continued to 1924.)[263] Around 1860, new synthetic aniline dyes allowed for production of tartans in vivid colours at more affordable prices, and their lower cost translated into more consumption of tartan by the middle class.[695]

The first permanent colour photograph, by Thomas Sutton in 1861, was of a tartan ribbon.

As modernisation marched on, the world's first permanent colour photograph, taken by Thomas Sutton (using the three-colour process developed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell) in 1861, was of a tartan ribbon.[732] It was created by using red, blue, and yellow filters to create three photographs which were then combined into a composite. R. Martin (1988) notes that there was a confluence of unrelated technological "junctions and serendipities" in the mid-19th century that together broadly promoted tartan, including photography, consistently bright and more economical artificial dyes, affordable colour book printing, mass-production of soft but durable fine textiles, and applicability of printed patterns to middle-class products like tartanware – all "far-removed from the true peasant history of tartan."[733] Ian Brown (2012), a professor with a focus on Scottish literature and culture, has written that while George IV and Victoria (not to mention business interests in their wake, like the Wilsons of Bannockburn and the Smiths of Mauchline) seemed to have been "the winner taking over the loser's tokens", the renewed public interest in tartan within and beyond Scotland was not entirely owing to them, especially given the international interest in Highland-romantic works of Walter Scott and "Ossian". The acceptance of and even enthusiasm for tartan among the post-proscription upper class can be seen as a necessary attempt at reconciliation within a culturally diverse country, and the influence ran both ways, with old Scottish nationalism transmuting into a new unionism that demanded recognition of Scottish interests and institutions. "In short, it is an open question whether George IV in a kilt and Victoria and Albert at Balmoral are appropriating and subverting a set of values, or whether they are being appropriated and subverted."[734] Even the 1822 "King's Jaunt" had been stage-managed by two Scots with a keen interest in romanticising and promoting Gaelic and broader Scottish culture (historico-traditional accuracy notwithstanding),[640] and the Atholls' deep and tartan-arrayed involvement in Victoria's activities in the north can be viewed in the same light.[735] Both George IV[736][737][738] and Victoria,[739] primarily of German House of Hanover stock, came to identify strongly with their quite thin Scottish House of Stuart genealogy.

Prince Arthur with his hand on a chair, and dressed in an elaborate tartan costume
Prince Arthur dressed up as Bonnie Prince Charlie for the 1871 Waverley Ball

The 1863 funeral of the Duke of Atholl was another anachronistically feudal, tartan-and-pipers pageant.[740] In 1866–1870, Victoria and the Duchess of Atholl commissioned artist Kenneth MacLeay in Edinburgh to produce a series of watercolours of statuesque men in tartan Highland gear, representing common people from ghillies to shepherds and fishermen, "as they now are". Prints were published in 1870 as Highlanders of Scotland: Portraits Illustrative of the Principal Clans and Followings, and the Retainers of the Royal Household at Balmoral, with text by Amelia (Emily) Murray MacGregor, an attendant of Victoria as well as a Clan Gregor historian and the first female Gaelic lecturer. A tartanistical fantasy, as well as another exercise in "Highlander as noble savage", the art book necessitated canvassing Scottish aristocrats for outfits and suitable models ("specimens"), as the everyday people did not look the hyper-masculine part, were not able to afford such Highland-dress extravagances as were to be illustrated, and were more likely to be wearing trousers than kilts.[741] The resulting book is the most detailed record of the "proper", codified Victorian-era Highland dress and accessories, which "removed tartan from its blustery nonchalance to an ordered set of adornments"[731] – most of which survive to the present, Highland dress being remarkably resistant to further major stylistic changes, Victorian styles having become "traditional". Tartan had also become more established throughout the 1850s and 1860s as a textile for European-fashionable rather than Highland women's clothing, from bodices and dresses to sashes and shawls (the never-extinguished ladies' plaids).[731] The tartan sash in particular was a favourite of the Queen,[731] and remains a common womenswear option, worn several different ways in modern Highland dress,[742] though it has little to do with original Highland clothing before the 19th century; it is an adaptation of the plaid to a style of the European nobility.

In 1871, at the Waverley Ball, a fancy dress affair in London, the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) and his brother Prince Arthur, long accustomed to Highland dress, arrived tartaned out as an old-time Lord of the Isles and as Bonnie Prince Charlie, respectively.[743] In 1872, ethnologist Jacob Falke wrote that "In Scotland indeed the plaid has still some importance, but it is an object of manufacture, and ... its motives have long ago become the common property of fashion, and indeed have become so permeated by it that what is genuine and old in it is scarcely to be recognised".[744] Since its 1880 re-opening, the Gaelic Society of Perth in the Lowlands held festivities that involved much piping and tartan-wear, into the early 20th century, despite the language-preservation organisation having nothing to do with Highland dress or pibroch; being swathed in tartan had somehow become vital to such events.[745] By 1883, Highland dress as proper courtly attire had become highly regulated, aristocratic, and formal, but "inclusive" in one sense – the tartan-wear was permitted at court for essentially anyone claiming Highland origins or land-ownership (even if natively English), not just the gentles of the well-established clans.[746]

In the Victorian era, tartan garments for women as well as men continued to be featured in fashion catalogues, in styles not derived from Highland costume, such as everyday suits and dresses.[575] Tartan had also become popular for children's clothing in continental Europe,[747] inspired by the royal children of Victoria.[748] In the United States, tartan was similarly worked into school uniforms, especially at Catholic schools.[749] The late 19th century saw tartan (sometimes in silk) in fashion throughout Europe, including in France (e.g. Paris, Lyon, and Alsace) and Italy,[750] and as far from Britain as Russia.[751] (See c. 1855 French master weaver's illustration of complex tartan-making.) Founded in 1898, Walker's Shortbread has long been sold in royal Stewart tartan packaging around the world (especially for Christmas and Hogmanay).[752]

20th century to present

Head and shoulders view, in black and white, of Edward in a grey suit, white shirt, and starkly tartaned tie
Edward, Duke of Windsor, in a tartan necktie, 1945

In the Edwardian era, tartan had become less a component of men's clothing (with the decline in kilt-wearing) but more an important part of women's fashion,[76] including fanciful haute couture designs from Paris that had no connection to Highland style,[575] and many accessories such as petticoats, stockings, and blouses; masculine accessories included braces (suspenders), neckties, cummerbunds, and socks.[76]

Edward VII himself had grown up wearing Highland dress frequently.[696] There was also in this period into the 1920s a market for Highland-dress etiquette booklets, which tied into the era's "dress sense" of decorum and class[414] (see also § Etiquette, below). Because of its associations with the British aristocracy, Scottish clans, and Highland military, tartan had developed an air of dignity and exclusivity.[753] Because of this, tartan was to make periodic resurgences in the world of fashion. The tartan uniforms of the Scottish Regiments were an important recruiting tool during World War I; as Archibald Primrose, Lord Rosebery, put it: "there is nothing so magnificent in our army as the swing of a kilted regiment".[754] Tartan's Georgian re-orientation as a symbol representing unionism and empire continued well into the first half of the 20th century,[755] though outright tartanry and Highlandism on the part of the upper class waned, especially after about 1920.[756] Nevertheless, Edward VIII, later Duke of Windsor, was a life-long devotee of tartan, often wearing more than one at a time.[575]

Close up of five skirts in a wide variety of tartans
Catholic school uniform skirts, using a wide variety of tartans

Tartan patterns (often simple, unnamed ones) remained commonly used for skirts and pinafore dresses (jumper dresses) in Catholic and other private school uniform codes in North America and also in public and private schools in New Zealand. The style spread to many other places, including South America, Japan[673] (which sometimes imports tartan directly from Scotland),[757] and Hong Kong.

Black and white image of Harry Lauder in a kilt, tartan hose and tie, tweed jacket, and a Balmoral bonnet
Harry Lauder in one of his Highland outfits, 1922

Harry Lauder (properly Sir Henry – he was knighted for his war-effort fundraising during World War I) became world-famous in the 1910s and 1920s, on a dance hall and vaudeville entertainment platform of tartan Highland dress, a thick Scots accent, and folksy songs about an idealised, rural Scotland, like his hit "Roamin' in the Gloamin'". At one point, he was the highest-paid performer in the world, and toured the United States, Australia, South Africa, and of course the UK to sold-out audiences. A Lowlander himself, Lauder has been credited with (and blamed for) keeping alive a tartanry-and-Highlandism image of Scotland, with critics calling him a "kilted clown" who promoted the idea of Scotsmen "clothed like the chieftain of Clan McCrazy".[758]

Diaspora and globalisation

By the mid-20th century,[759] annual Highland games events, modelled on the traditional events in Scotland, had been established not just in Scotland but throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, among other places with a notable Scottish diaspora, which totals about 50 million people worldwide.[760] There are dozens of such events in Scotland,[761] and at least 260 annual Highland games events worldwide as of 2000,[762] more than 100 of them in the US alone, and dozens more in Canada.[761] They are closely intertwined with bagpipe band competitions (which date to 1781), a lasting source of tartan imagery in their regiment-inspired Highland uniforms.[763]

A hundred or more pipers and drummers in an array of kilts at a Scottish games event
Massed bands at the Glengarry Highland Games, Maxville, Ontario, Canada, 2006

The games' rather flamboyantly[764] tartaned subculture is sustained outside Scotland primarily by multi-generational Scottish descendants rather than by direct Scottish expatriates.[765][766]

Red-kilted bagpipers in feather bonnets on an urban city street
Mystic Highland Pipe Band at Tartan Day parade, New York City, 2002

Tartan Day, an annual symbolic ethnicity holiday among the Scottish diaspora, is a growing affair celebrated on 6 April, the date on which the Declaration of Arbroath was signed in 1320. Tartan Day was first declared in Nova Scotia in 1987, and was essentially nation-wide in Canada by the 1990s. It has since spread to Australia (with varying levels of official recognition, 1989–1996), the US (1998), and other places including New Zealand,[767] and even Argentina[768] and Paris, France.[769] In New York City, it has turned into an entire Tartan Week since 1999, with honorary "grand marshals" that are usually Scottish celebrities.[770]

The term tartanism (as distinct from tartanry) has been coined by Ian Brown (2012) for this international tokenisation of tartan as an ethnic-identity symbol, evolving to some degree independently to suit diasporic cultural needs and unrestrained by the views of the originating Scottish "home" culture.[771] According to Ian Maitland Hume (2001), tartan and the kilt are powerful symbols that "encapsulate many facets of a heritage which people aspire to access ... a part-mythical family origin for those seeking roots".[772]

The Scottish Tartans Museum and Heritage Center was opened by the Scottish Tartans Society in 1988 in Highlands, North Carolina; in 1994, it moved to nearby Franklin. The museum, which runs independently of STS, features over 600 tartans on display, including specimens dating to c. 1725, and Highland dress examples to ca. 1800.[773] (STS also operated a Scottish Tartans Museum in Edinburgh,[774] but it closed when STS did in 2000.) A major exhibition on tartan was produced by the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York 1988–89, and another was created for the Edinburgh Festival in 1989.[775] Others followed in Italy in 2003, and Japan in 2018.[776] In April 2023, the Victoria and Albert Museum of Dundee (V&A Dundee) opened a design exhibit (running until January 2024) about tartan and its "shifting context", with goals of "challenging preconceptions of what tartan is, whether that be from a historical sense or fashion sense".[777][778]

D. Gordon Teall of Teallach, of the Scottish Tartans Society, observed in 1994:[779]

Tartans have always formed part of Scotland's historic heritage and it is a compliment to their country that they have become so widespread throughout the English and Gaelic speaking world. They are probably more popular now than they have ever been because they have come to symbolise the spirit of families, clans and districts and, more recently, corporate institutions.

Even as tartan has been bent to the cultural needs of the diaspora, as "the most straightforward and outward sign of ... affinity with Scottishness", and bent to the commercial intents of fashion, tourism, entertainment, and other industries, tartan's reception by native Scots in Scotland has been less favourable for decades, even the last century or so. Reasons include a feeling that it is not really a symbol of broad Scottish national identity because of its specifically Gaelic and Highland origin; the "Highlandist" and imperialist foisting of it on the entire country as national costume in the late Georgian through Victorian eras; distorted views of Scottish people promulgated by Lauder and other tartaned entertainers of a century ago; an academic view of tartary and Lowland kailyard literature as two halves of a low-brow, romanticising vulgarity (reinforced in recent decades by the "Tartan Army" fandom of the Scotland national football team reinvigorating a working-class attachment to kilts and tartan); and historically inaccurate portrayal of Scotland by tartan-heavy Hollywood productions like Brigadoon (1954) and Braveheart (1995).[780] Brancaz (2016) argues that "looking at tartan through the lens of the intelligentsia fails to account for its enduring appeal and resilience. ... [T]he wearing of kilts and tartans at weddings, funerals, and cèilidhs in Scotland has increasingly been interpreted as a form of cultural reappropriation."[781]

Industry and politics

In 2006, the British Ministry of Defence sparked controversy when it allowed foreign woollen mills to bid for the government contracts to provide the tartans used by the Scottish troops (newly amalgamated as battalions into the Royal Regiment of Scotland), and lowered the formerly very high standards for the cloth.[213]

Following a bill submitted in the Scottish Parliament in February 2007,[782] Scotland's enterprise minister announced in July 2007 that the National Archives of Scotland would set up a national register of tartans.[783] The announcement stated that "Tartan's importance to Scotland cannot be overestimated. It is deeply embedded in Scottish culture and is an internationally recognised symbol of Scotland."[783] This was later reiterated in 2013 through the BBC.[784] The ministry cited an industry report indicating that "the tartan industry is a significant contributor to the overall Scottish economy; and larger ... than suggested by previous industry estimates", and is the basis for some 200 businesses, 4,000 jobs, and £350 million in annual GDP in Scotland.[783] The bill passed in October 2008, and the Scottish Register of Tartans launched in February 2009.[782] (See § Registration, below.)

Clothing rack with very wide array of tartan flannel shirts
General tartan-pattern clothing shot up in popularity again starting around 2010

The Observer reported in 2010 that tartan clothing had become more popular than ever before, crossing subcultural, social-class, and age-group lines, and showing in that year a 540% sales increase in Britain from only two years earlier.[785] Around the same time, there began a resurgence in tartan kilt wearing among Scottish young people "as a mark of a vibrant, modern Scotland".[786][787][788][789] This has interrupted a generations-long trend of native Scottish disaffection toward tartan as stereotyping kitsch.[790][791] An online survey by BBC in 2012 found that 52% of respondents strongly or very strongly disagreed with the premise "Walter Scott's re-branding of all Scots as tartan-wearing Highlanders has been a hindrance to Scotland's cultural development", and only a third agreed.[792] Tartan in mainstream, international fashion experienced another resurgence starting in 2019.[793]

Contemporary Scottish nationalism has been said to be "fed, in part, by tartan and Jacobite nostalgia".[794] After avoidance of tartan since the 1970s (especially by Scottish liberals),[795] the cloth has been politicised again as a nationalist symbol (as it was in the early 18th century), especially during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum and in the Scottish National Party's 2015 campaign.[788] (Perhaps owing to this messaging shift, the VisitScotland agency around the same time changed its tourism advertising to minimise, though not eliminate, tartan imagery.)[796] Murray Pittock (2002) writes that the neo-Jacobitism is "both irritating kitsch and a language of identity" for modern Scots.[797] After several decades of intellectual hostility toward tartan (e.g. in Tom Nairn's 1977 The Break-up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-nationalism, and Hugh Trevor-Roper's posthumous 2008 The Invention of Scotland), an "academic re-assessment of tartan" began in the early 21st century, relying on a wider range of early and modern source material,[798] in historiographical, multidisciplinary edited volumes including Scottish History: The Power of the Past (eds. Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay, 2002) and From Tartan to Tartany (ed. Ian Brown, 2010).

Major commercial weavers (tartan mills) of traditional tartan cloth that are operating today include Lochcarron of Scotland[799][800] in Lochcarron and Selkirk; Ingles Buchan in Glasgow;[387][800] House of Edgar (also a Highland dress vendor, and a subsidiary of Macnaughton Holdings) in Perth;[387] Johnstons of Elgin (also a wool clothing maker),[387] Strathmore Woollen in Forfar,[387] and D. C. Dalgliesh in Selkirk,[105] all three of which are now part of the Edinburgh-based Scotweb, under the trade name Clan;[801] Prickly Thistle (also a women's clothing maker) in Evanton and Edinburgh;[802] The Tartan Weaving Mill (also a weaving museum, and a subsidiary of Gold Brothers) in Edinburgh;[803] Andrew Elliot Ltd in Selkirk; Stevens & Graham (specialising mostly in tartan rugs and carpet) in Rutherglen; Marton Mills in West Yorkshire, England; Cambrian Woollen Mill, in Powys, Wales; West Coast Woollen Mills in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;[804] GK Textiles in Port Moody, BC (formerly Fraser & Kirkbright, Vancouver);[805] and Pendleton Woolen Mills in Portland, Oregon, US.[204] The modern trade in wool tartan fabric has three principal markets: Highland dress, high fashion (with significant business from France and Italy), and furnishing.[806][19]

Popular tartans (including for kilts and other Highland dress, as well as for school uniforms) have increasingly been manufactured, primarily in the UK, in poly-viscose (PV),[807] a blend of the artificial materials polyester and viscose (rayon), typically in a 65% polyester to 35% viscose ratio.[808][809] PV is promoted as washable, durable, crease-resistant but heat-settable for permanent pleating, shrinkage-resistant, stain-resistant, colour-fast, low-pilling, hypoallergenic, not attractive to clothes moths, more "breatheable" than polyester (thus good for athletics), lower cost than wool, and lighter weight than wool, but said to have a wool-like texture.[810][811][812][813][814] It also does not rely on animal industry, so it appeals to vegans.[810][811] Large-scale global manufacturers of tartan-patterned cloth in a variety of cotton, polyester, viscose, nylon, etc., materials and blends include Başkan Tekstil in Istanbul and Bursa, Turkey; and Jeen Wei Enterprises in Taichung, Taiwan; while a leading maker of tartan ribbon is Satab in Saint-Just-Malmont, France.[815] Tartan designs have long been produced in low-cost cotton in large quantities in China.[804]

Carol Craig (2003) writes: "Like it or not, tartan is a very sophisticated branding and marketing tool for Scotland."[816] In a tartan-as-marketing analysis, Paterson (2001) observed that continued internationalisation of tartan manufacture, design, and consumption has diluted the associative "Scottishness" of tartan and its value as a national identifier. He blames this in part on Scottish weavers' failure to adapt to market demands for a wider range of fabric applications, as well as the businesses' own complicity in broadening tartan's perceived cultural identity, e.g. in creating tartans for non-Scottish families, places, and organisations.[817]

(For particular 20th-century to present-day tartans, see also § Corporate and commercial and § Fashion, below.)

A cast of dozens singing and dancing in kilts, tartan trews, and other outfits
Scene from 1954 Brigadoon film, with kilts and tartan trews

In 1947, the tartan-laden Broadway musical Brigadoon (followed by a film version in 1954 and a television adaptation in 1966) renewed an excessively romanticised notion of the Highlands and Highland dress. A critical review called it a "whimsical dream-world" that was "overloaded with Hollywood-Scottish trappings".[818] (The production is generally not well received by actual Scots.)[819][820]

Tartan suits were popular in the mod subculture of Great Britain of the early to mid-1960s and its late 1970s revival.

Football fans in kilts and other tartan garb, mixed with informal everyday clothing, on steps outside an arena
"Tartan Army" Scottish football fans at a match in Milan, Italy, in 2005

Since the 1970s, the fandom of the Scotland men's national football (soccer) team have been collectively referred to by the nickname "Tartan Army", with fans often sporting tartan clothing (including kilts) at matches.

Five young men, two in tartan shirts, all wearing Dutch clogs
The Bay City Rollers in the Netherlands in 1976, sporting some tartan shirts and a tartan-trimmed jacket

Popular in the mid-1970s, Scottish teeny-bopper band the Bay City Rollers were described by the British Hit Singles & Albums reference book as "tartan teen sensations from Edinburgh".[821]

A German punk wearing a piece of the royal Stewart tartan, 1984

Tartan became a common element of punk subculture starting in the late 1970s. Punk music was a way for youth in the British Isles to voice their discontent with the ruling class and with modern society. The unorthodox use of tartan (especially the royal Stewart), which had long been associated with authority and gentility, was then seen as an expression of that discontent. In this way, tartan – worn unconventionally – became an anti-establishment symbol. This was entirely on purpose according to Vivienne Westwood, a designer deeply involved in early punk fashion;[753][822] the idea was "to seize the very fabric of the Establishment in order to reverse its meaning and perhaps to challenge society's design."[823] American punks often wore tartan skirts, a "subversion" of the Catholic school-girl uniform, and kilts have also been worn in the punk scene since the late 1970s, especially in the UK.[789] Baggy tartan pants later proved popular among pop-punks and skate punks, and tartan-lined jackets among ska punks. (For further information, see Punk fashion.) From the late 1990s, kilts (mostly modernised "utility kilts" but sometimes traditional ones) have become relatively popular even in North American post-punk subculture (e.g. the goth–industrial, emo, and steampunk scenes), though often in black rather than tartan.

After the 1970s, Westwood, who continued to work extenstively with tartan, was joined by other big-name couturiers. These included Ralph Lauren and Laura Ashley, whose designs promoted tartan as a mainstream modern clothing option "with traditional grace and style" for both women and men;[799][823] Stephen Sprouse,[823] credited with a 1980s combination of "uptown sophistication in clothing with a downtown punk and pop sensibility";[824] and later Alexander McQueen,[825] who was "consciously repoliticising the cloth".[307] Others have included Jean Paul Gaultier, Tommy Hilfiger (who made tartan central to his fall 2000 collection), Christian Lacroix, Yves Saint Laurent, Giorgio Armani, and Gianfranco Ferré.[826][823] A tartan outfit designed by Westwood featured on a commemorative UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail in 2012 celebrating "Great British Fashion".[827]

Tartan/plaid flannel shirts, emblematic of the working class, re-entered mainstream fashion through a series of subcultural adoptions, originating primarily in the western United States. First, the style became a staple of cholo style in and around Los Angeles, from the 1970s. From there, the style later became adopted by hip hop fashion in the 1990s, especially the West Coast hip hop lifestyle.[828] Tartan flannel shirts also became quintessentially part of (and androgynous within) the grunge scene (starting in Seattle) of the late 1980s to 2000s.[829] There was fashion cross-pollination between these youth-culture movements,[830] and the fashion industry has found this confluence very marketable.[831]

A resurgence of interest in tartan and kilts (and even Scottish tourism)[820][832] has been generated in recent times by major Hollywood productions[833] like the Highlander franchise (1986–2007),[834][833] Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994),[835] Braveheart (1995),[836][837][838] Rob Roy (1995),[836][838][839] Brave (2012),[840] and the television series Outlander (2014–, with a follow-on travelogue documentary series, Men in Kilts).[841] Many of these featured custom-designed tartans.[834][842]

Tartan clothing has appeared frequently in Doctor Who. The Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker) wore a Wallace tartan scarf on Terror of the Zygons,[843] and his robot-dog companion K9 had a tartan collar.[842] The Sixth Doctor (Colin Baker) had a signature patchwork frock coat that included segments in three different tartans, and also typically wore a tartan waistcoat in a fourth sett under it.[844] The Seventh Doctor (Sylvester McCoy) wore a crimson and black tartan scarf on Time and the Rani. Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman), the companion of the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) and the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi), wore a Campbell tartan dress on "The Name of the Doctor" and a Wallace skirt on "The Time of the Doctor" and "Deep Breath".[845] Annabel Scholey as Claire Brown, in the Thirteenth Doctor (Jodie Whittaker) serial Flux, wears a 1960s-style muted tartan dress.[846] The Fourteenth Doctor (David Tennant) wore a brown tartan suit in the 60th anniversary specials.[847]

Popular designs

One of the most popular tartans is the royal Stewart, ostensibly the personal tartan of the British monarch, since George IV declared it his own (though it was probably designed by the Sobieski Stuarts,[688] albeit based on mid-18th-century pattern called "Prince Charles Edward Stuart").[111][63] The "royal" sett was first published in 1831 in the book The Scottish Gaël by James Logan. In addition to its use in clothing, such as skirts and scarves, royal Stewart tartan has also appeared on biscuit tins for Scottish shortbread,[848] and it has also long been favoured by the British punk scene.

Another tartan in very common use by the general public is Black Watch (also known as old Campbell, Grant hunting, and Government).[127] This tartan, a dark variant (and ancestor) of the main Clan Campbell tartan, has long been used by military units in the British Army and other Commonwealth forces.

Early manufacturer Wilsons of Bannockburn made many "fashion", "fancy", or "national" tartans with catalogue numbers or fanciful names, without any association with particular families, districts, or organisations; two popular ones still in use are both usually called "Caledonia". Wilsons No. 3 is found in their 1819 Key Pattern Book and is comparatively simple,[849] while No. 144 is more complex, though of a similar colour scheme, and seems to date to the late 18th century.[850] (The numbering suggests the other does as well.) Some other tartans in this "Caledonia" group were later claimed by clans; e.g. Caledonia No. 43 or "Kidd" became one of the MacPherson tartans.[851][849]

In the general fashion industry, various patterns are technically tartan but are not treated as tartans in the clan or district sense. The very basic red-and-black Rob Roy or Robert Roy MacGregor pattern, the oldest of the Clan Gregor setts (though named after Rob Roy in the Victorian period),[852] is also in broad use (often with changed colours) as one of the most common patterns used in flannel cloth for clothing and bedding; in the US, it is often called "buffalo plaid",[853] a term of uncertain derivation.[854] When the Rob Roy sett is changed to a white ground with any other colour this forms the most common gingham cloth style. Gingham is often given a wider setting, to form a lattice appearance (sometimes called "windowpane plaid" or "windowpane check").[855] When that pattern is given one or more additional over-check colours, the result is the pattern known as tattersall.[855]

Tartans for specific purposes

A fairly traditional tartan pattern, but rendered in a rainbow selection of blue, purple, red, orange, yellow, and green.
"Tartan of Pride", designed in 2008;[856] one of over a dozen LGBT-themed modern "fashion" tartans

In addition to clan tartans, many tartan patterns have been developed for individuals, families, districts and towns, institutions, corporations, and events.[1] They have even been created for particular religious and ethnic groups,[co] and for sociological groups like the LGBT community.[787][861] Tartan has had a long history with the military, and today some military units – particularly those within the Commonwealth – have tartan dress uniforms.[862] (See List of tartans § UK military or government tartans.)

Regional

Many districts, cities, and towns in Scotland have their own tartans, mostly dating to the 20th century (though some few district tartans are quite old),[cp] and not always official; many were just created for marketing to tourists,[863] and some are copyrighted works tied to specific vendors.[864] They are intended primarily for those to whom a clan tartan does not seem to apply (see § Etiquette, below). At least two local government councils in Scotland have official tartans.[865]

A tartan with wide bands of green and red, and narrower bands of grey and yellow
The Maple Leaf tartan, designed in 1964,[866] has been an official symbol of Canada since 2011.[867]

In addition to the traditional district and modern geographic tartans of Scotland, new designs have been created for places in other countries. Only some regional tartans are officially recognised by the government bodies of the places the designs represent.

The pan-Celticism movement has inspired the creation of "national" (in the sense of Celtic nations) and sometimes regional tartans "to emphasise the ... bonds with other Celtic countries"[868] outside of Scotland; none of these appear to have any official recognition. There are tartans of Cornwall, long a part of Devonshire in England (the designs date from 1963 to the 1980s);[cq] Wales (from 1967 onward[cr] – sometimes with false claims of antiquity by marketers);[879] the Isle of Man (from 1946, many by D. G. Teall of the Scottish Tartans Society, and several asymmetric);[cs] Brittany in France (from 2002);[ct] Galicia in Spain (from 1990);[cu] and especially Ireland (from 1956).

After the discovery of the "Dungiven tartan" (see § 16th century, above) and its marketing as a district tartan for Ulster, Scottish weavers (and in two cases English, and in another American) decided to tap an Irish and especially Irish-American market by introducing a profusion of national, province, and county tartans for Ireland and Northern Ireland, generally based on established Scottish tartans with some colour changes.[19][204] These geographical tartans, which (aside from the Dungiven/Ulster reconstruction of 1956) date to 1970 and later,[208] do not have any official recognition, and are purely a product of the industry.[19][202] One weaver even introduced a competing set of Irish national and county tartans in 1996, different from the previous offerings.[202] "The influence of native Irish people, either as suppliers or consumers of Irish tartans, would appear to be minimal."[19]

Further afield, all but two Canadian provinces and territories have official tartans, with the first dating from 1956. Neither Quebec nor Nunavut, Canada's newest territory, have formally adopted patterns. Alberta, meanwhile, has two official tartans, including a dress one. All but Quebec's were registered with the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland.[896] Canada has an official national tartan that was originally designed to commemorate the introduction of its new maple leaf flag, and was made an official national emblem in 2011.[867] Various Canadian regions (like Labrador and Cape Breton Island), counties, municipalities, and institutions also have official tartans.[cv]

Tartans have been created for Australia; its capital city, Canberra; each of its states; and some of its local government areas; but only some of those tartans have been officially adopted or recognised by the relevant governments in Australia. US states have official tartans, with the first dating from 1988.

Hunting, mourning, dress, and dance

Highland dancing, at a 2008 Highland games event, in Aboyne dresses with dance tartans that feature a lot of white

A tartan is sometimes differentiated from another with the same name by a label: hunting, mourning, dress, or dance. The first three of these ideas are the result of Victorian fondness for dress etiquette and show[899] (and weaver marketing);[66] the last is more recent.

Hunting tartans tend to be made up of subdued colours, such as dark blues, greens, and browns.[900] Although there is some evidence of early tartans with camouflage colours going back to the 16th century, hunting tartans, despite the name, have very little to do with actual hunting.[12]

Mourning tartans, though quite rare, are associated with death and funerals. They are usually designed using combinations of black and white, or by replacing bright colours such as reds and yellows in a traditional tartan with black, white, or grey.[901]

Dress tartans are usually special tartans for formal-dress occasions[902] (e.g. dress Stewart[903] is distinct from both the main royal Stewart tartan and the hunting Stewart,[904] among several other tartans attributed to Stewart/Stuart). In a few cases, a dress tartan is simply the main tartan of the clan.[cw] Dress tartans that do differ from main clan tartans are sometimes entirely different (e.g. MacMillan[36] and MacMillan dress[909] are unrelated designs), while in most cases they are based on the main tartan but with colour differences (e.g. Stewart). Some dress tartans are very modern,[82][611] but some date back to the era of the Vestiarium Scoticum.[910]

Dance tartans, intended for Highland dance outfits, for either sex, are inspired (like most dress tartans before them) by the arisaid (earasaid tartans thought to have been worn by Highland women in the 17th and 18th centuries, which often featured white as a major colour, as do typical dance tartans today (most or all of which date to the 20th century or later). Some dance tartans are named "arisaid" rather than "dance", e.g. Fraser arisaid.[911][cx]

There has been some confusion between dress and dance tartans, especially since the idea of the latter developed from the former.[cy] Most dress tartans, including some of the oldest, also have white in them, and have been used for dance competition in lieu of a dance-specific tartan, so are easy to mistake for dance tartans, which almost invariably have white in them.[914][cz]

Family and individual

A large proportion of non-clan tartans in all of the modern tartan databases have always been family tartans, promulgated mostly from the late 20th century for family names that are not clans or listed as septs of clans. These are usually Scottish surnames, but the Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) database increasingly includes new family tartans for names that are not Scottish or even British. Most family tartans have no copyright claim, since they are intended for use by anyone with the surname or an extended-family connection. The SRT classifies them together with clan tartans in a "clan/family" category if they have history that pre-dates SRT or if they are newer and are approved by a legally recognized clan chief or family head, but in a "name" category if they are newer and lack such imprimatur.

A tartan that is predominantly two-tone grey with thin black and red stripes
The British royal family's own Balmoral tartan (designed c. 1852). It is incidentally one of the few long-established tartans with multiple hues of the same colour (two greys, in this case).

A few non-clan family tartans have an older pedigree. The best known is Balmoral tartan, reserved for the British royal family and personal pipers thereof, since its creation by Prince Albert c. 1852.[da] (See also further discussion under § Etiquette, below.) Some clans recognise tartans for specific family branches and septs that are not themselves generally regarded as clans. For example, Clan Robertson/Donnachaidh/Duncan acknowledges separate, established tartans (some of them quite old) for Inches, MacGlashan, MacInroy, MacLagan, MacPhee, MacWilliam, Reid, and Robinson,[916] and they are all registered in the SRT.

Since the late 1960s, various weavers have marketed (primarily to Irish Americans) some tartans with Irish family names, without any involvement by family members.[204] There had also been a legend that the rare Clans Originaux (1880) contained Irish family tartans, but this was finally disproven in 2003.[19][db] There is one case of a formal Irish clan/family tartan, however: The Clan Cian Society commissioned a tartan for Cian of Ely, and registered it with the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1983.[19][204] (Even this has an Irish-American connection, as the chief resided in California, and the society is US-headquartered.)[918] Similarly, a commercial operation in Cardiff named Wales Tartan Centre (supplied by Cambrian Woollen Mill) has since the early 2000s promoted a long series of tartans named for common or prominent Welsh family names; they are unusual in often having odd-numbered thread counts, and having a different warp and weft (producing rectangular rather than square patterns), probably to distinguish them from the Scottish style.[879][919]

For the much narrower sense of family, the SRT registers also as "name" tartans those that are created by individuals for only themselves and their immediate-family members, often for weddings; these usually have a copyright claim. One of the earliest tartans named for a specific person[dc] is the "Janet Wilson sett", entered into the late 1770s records of Wilsons of Bannockburn and believed to refer to the company founder's wife or daughter-in-law, though made as one of their publicly available patterns.[305][dd]

Corporate and commercial

Numerous Scottish brands use tartan, and some have unique tartans. Various not-for-profit organisations also have corporate tartans. Probably the earliest case was that of the Ancient Caledonian Society of London (founded in 1786 and defunct since 1837), which used what is believed to have been a consistent tartan[922] for its members' frock coats (which, unusually, featured brocade woven into the tartan, of Jacobite white roses – it may be what 1767 advertisements called "flowered tartan"); only one known example of the coat survives.[343][923]

Scottish airline Loganair in its tartan livery

As an example of a modern commercial tartan, Irn-Bru (introduced in 1901), the best-selling soft drink in Scotland,[924] has its own tartan.[925] Scottish regional airline Loganair uses tartan livery, including on the tails of its planes, and has two registered corporate tartans.[926] "Racing Stewart"[927] is a pattern created in 1995 for the Jackie Stewart Formula One car-racing team.[928]

A fairly complex divided-check tartan primarily of azure, maroon, and green with white and black over-checks
"DunBroch", a tartan devised by Disney/Pixar for fictional characters in the animated film Brave

The "corporate" category is one of the fastest-growing in the official Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) database, with a large number of Scottish (and American and other) companies and societies registering organisational tartans. These are generally protected by copyright and sometimes trademark law. These tartans vary in purpose from general corporate livery, to special event tartans, to tartans for fictional characters.

Two examples of the latter are Sanrio's 2004 creation of a predominantly pink tartan for Hello Kitty;[91] and the 2011 creation by Disney/Pixar of the DunBroch tartan for the family of the main character, Mérida, of the animated Highland fantasy/adventure film Brave.[929]

Fashion

A purse in the tan, black, and white Burberry check pattern, with rearing-horseman logos superimposed
Handbag in Burberry check

An early example of a tartan created by and for the fashion industry, and surely the most famous, is "Burberry check". It was introduced in the 1920s for the lining of trench coats made by Burberry of London, but has been used for all manner of clothing and accessories since 1967[930] (with another major marketing push in 2001) and is emblematic of the company and its upscale product line.[931] (For additional information, including a legal dispute, see § Legal protection, below.)

A fast-growing category in the SRT is that of "fashion" tartans, created by companies and individual designers simply for aesthetic reasons, without any association with a particular clan, family, region, etc. Like organisational tartans, most of these have a copyright claim attached to them.

A prominent example: In 2017, Scottish fashion designer Charles Jeffrey designed a signature tartan for his Loverboy label, registering it in the SRT.[125]

Regulation

Manufacture and use of tartan (at least in the Scottish context) is regulated, formally and informally, in three ways: registration (recording of a tartan and its association, if any, with a particular family, organisation, person, event, etc.); legal protection of a tartan as intellectual property (trademark, copyright); and etiquette (socio-cultural norms regarding the use of tartan and Highland dress).

Registration

A heraldict design featuring book above a curve-horned ram holding a weaving shuttle in its mouth.
Coat of arms of the Scottish Register of Tartans

The naming and registration of "official" clan tartans began in 1815, when the Highland Society of London solicited clan tartans from clan chiefs.

Following recognition by a clan chief of a tartan as a clan tartan, the chief was formerly able to petition the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the Scottish heraldic authority, to register it as a formal clan tartan.[de] Once approved by the Lord Lyon, after recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Tartan, the clan tartan was then recorded in the Lyon Court Books.[293] However, leading up to the launch of the Scottish Register of Tartans in 2009 (see below for details), the office of the Lord Lyon stopped providing this tartan-recording process (though its statutory authority was not changed by the Tartans Bill).

Modern-day tartans can be created and registered by anyone, with the Scottish Register of Tartans. Modern registered tartans include ones for Scottish and other districts, cities, and towns; for Irish counties (devised since the 1990s)[105] and families (for example, the surname Fitzpatrick has two registered tartans[932]); for organisations and companies; and even for specific events or individuals. Tartans are also being created in record numbers among the Scottish diaspora in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc., especially for places, military divisions, pipe bands, and individuals and their immediate families.

Until the late 20th century, instead of a central official tartan registry, independent organisations located in Scotland, Canada, and the United States documented and recorded tartans.[933] In 1963, an organisation called the Scottish Tartans Society (now defunct, and originally named Scottish Tartans Information Centre)[590] was created to record and preserve every known tartan design.[934] The society's Register of All Publicly Known Tartans (RAPKT) contained about 2,700 different designs of tartan.[935] Registration of new designs was not free of charge. The society, however, ran into financial troubles in 2000, and folded.[936][387]

Former members of that society formed two new Scotland-based entities – the Scottish Tartans Authority (STA, 1996 – before STS closed) and the Scottish Tartans World Register (STWR, 2000 – the trade name of a private company, Tartan Registration Ltd).[387] Both of these organisations initially based their databases on the RAPKT. STA's database, the International Tartan Index (ITI) consisted of about 3,500 different tartans (with over 7,000, counting variants) as of 2004.[935] The online ITI was later rebranded The Tartan Ferret. STWR's self-titled Scottish Tartans World Register database was made up of about 3,000 different designs as of 2004.[935] Both organisations were registered as Scottish charities and recorded new tartans (free in the case of STA and for a fee in the case of STWR) on request.[937][938]

In the interim, a jointly Scotland- and US-based organisation, International Association of Tartan Studies and Tartan Educational & Cultural Association (IATS/TECA) emerged in 1984[387] and published its own TartanArt database in the early 1990s as Microsoft Windows software which was much used in the North American kilt-making trade. IATS/TECA was absorbed by STA by 2005.[387]

The Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) is Scotland's official tartan register, and was established in 2009.[939] SRT is maintained and administered by the National Archives of Scotland (NAS), a statutory body based in Edinburgh.[940] The aim of the register is to provide a definitive and accessible resource to promote and preserve tartans. It is also intended to be the definitive source for the registration of new tartans (if they pass criteria for inclusion and a registration fee is paid). The database itself – also named simply Scottish Register of Tartans, and sometimes called TartanRegister from its domain name – is made up of the pre-existing registers of STA and STWR as they were at the time of SRT's launch (preserving the STA's and STWR's registration numbers, dates, and other details in the SRT data), plus new registrations from 5 February 2009 onward. On the register's website, users can register new tartans, search for existing tartans and request their thread counts, and receive notifications of newly registered tartans.[939][941]

STWR became defunct some time after 2008. STA later closed the ITI/Tartan Ferret to new registrations, and in late 2022 removed the search feature from the STA website (pending a site redesign), deferring to the Scottish Register of Tartans, which now appears to be the only operating tartan registry. STA continues offline work on the ITI database, correcting errors, importing new SRT additions, and recording historical patterns newly discovered in museum holdings, etc.

Legal protection

Some modern tartans are protected by trademark law, and the trademark proprietor can, in certain circumstances, prevent others from selling that tartan.[127] An example is the "Burberry check" of the English fashion house, an instantly recognisable tartan that is very well known around the world.[942][df]

Unlike trademark registration and copyright registration, the Scottish Register of Tartans (SRT) and its authorising Tartans Bill do not create any new or enhanced intellectual property rights through the act of registration (nor provide any enforcement mechanism other than removal of infringing entries from the registry).[946]

SRT, however, permits registrants optionally to assert and record copyright and/or trademark claims over their new tartans, for designs that are eligible for such protection under other established law[947] (such as the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; and the Scotland Act 1998, which took over copyright and trademark registration and enforcement in Scotland)[948] and lists such tartans as restricted. An SRT registration "provides evidence of the existence and date of [the] design",[949] which helps establish the copyright date under the Berne Copyright Convention. Such legal protections apply only to comparatively recently created tartans; old clan, regimental, and district tartans are outside the protection periods of such intellectual property laws.[43]

SRT also permits the listing of intended use and manufacture restriction preferences, but has no enforcement capability,[950] and also includes a statement that "No other rights can be conferred."[949] British tartan weavers, such as Lochcarron and D. C. Dalgliesh, generally will not produce material in an SRT "restricted" tartan without written evidence of permission from the copyright/trademark claimant. In additional furtherance of intellectual property concerns, the SRT also refuses to register a new tartan that is confusingly similar to any existing one (as determined by an SRT review process).[951]

The application of copyright law to tartans is not well tested. The leading British legal case on textile copyright, concerned with designs printed on fabric, is Designer Guild Ltd v Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd (2000), finding for fairly broad copyright protection in textile works that involve creative originality.[952] In 2008, two tartan pattern copyright holders, Rosemary Nicolson Samios and weaver Lochcarron of Scotland, took legal action for infringement of an Isle of Skye district sett (designed 1993) and the Princess Diana Memorial sett (designed 1997), respectively, against the Gold Brothers firm of Surinder, Galab, Malap, and Dildar Singh, who operate dozens of stores in Scotland and online that sell primarily Chinese-made tartan objects or "tartan-tat", including cheap Highland-dress outfits, for the tourist market.[864] The Isle of Skye tartan was considerably profitable for Samios, after the pattern was popularised by Queen Elizabeth II wearing it in 1999. The Princess Diana sett was designed by Alistair Buchan of Lochcanrron and of the Scottish Tartans Authority as a charity fundraiser. A British court on 2 July 2008 issued an interim interdict (preliminary injunction) against Gold Brothers' sale of Isle of Skye goods, after a police search found hundreds of metres of the pattern in Chinese-made cloth in the company's warehouse.[864][953][954][955] Both cases may have been settled out-of-court because published news regarding them ceases in 2008. A more recent case, Abraham Moon & Sons Ltd v. Thornber & Others (2012), actually involved tartan. It held that the textual ticket stamp (a detailed set of weaving instructions, i.e. a thread count with additional information on precise colours, etc.) used to produce a tartan designed in-house by the claimant had been infringed, was protected as a literary work, and also constituted a "recording" of the graphical work of the tartan and thus was independently protected as a work of artistic craftsmanship.[43][956] As of 2020, the decision was being appealed, as it conflicted with previous caselaw, e.g. Hensher v Restawile (1976), holding such instructions to be uncopyrightable.[957][43]

While tartan arguably could be classified as a form of intangible cultural heritage,[958] and its value to identifying Scottish products both in Scotland and internationally has been recognised and exploited for a long time,[928] tartan is not protected by either geographical indication (protected designation of origin) law, nor sui generis legislation specific to that kind of product.[959] Harris tweed, another textile associated more narrowly with Scotland, does have such protection. In 1998, Keith Lumsden, research officer of the Scottish Tartans Society, proposed that the word tartan be prohibited for use to market a textile, unless the design was accepted in an official governmental tartan registry (which did not then exist).[928] When the Scottish Parliament finally authorised the Scottish Register of Tartans in 2008, it did not include anything like this sort of trade protection. According to Michael B. Paterson (2001): "No mechanism exists to protect [traditional Scottish] tartan from 'misuse' by interests having nothing to do with Scotland or Scotland's interests", though the tartan registries "play an important, if weak, role in asserting Scotland's cultural rights in relation to tartan."[960]

Etiquette

Scottish actor Sean Connery at a Tartan Day celebration in Washington DC. When knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000, he wore this green-and-black hunting-tartan kilt of his mother's Clan Maclean.

Since the Victorian era, authorities on tartan have claimed that there is an etiquette to wearing tartan, specifically tartan attributed to clans or families. In the same line of opinion, some tartans attributed to the British royal family have been claimed to be "off limits" to non-royalty.[961][962] Even so, there are no laws or universally accepted rules on who can or cannot wear a particular tartan. The concept of the entitlement to certain tartans has led to the term universal tartan, or free tartan, which describes tartan which can be worn by anyone. Traditional examples of such are the Black Watch, Caledonia, hunting Stewart, and Jacobite tartans, shepherds' check, and district tartans.[963][787][964] The published marketing of tartans for simple fashion purposes without any association to a place or body dates back to at least 1745,[484] and much of Wilsons' output through the 19th century consisted of "fancy" patterns for the general public.[965] Some recently created designs intended for everyone (though some are exclusive to particular weavers or Highland dress outfitters) have names including Braveheart, Clansman, European Union, Highlander, Independence, Pride of Scotland, Rainbow, Scotland 2000, Scotland the Brave, Scottish National, Scottish Parliament, Spirit of Scotland, Stone of Destiny, and Twenty First Century.[966]

Books on Scottish clans list such rules and guidelines.[127] One such opinion is that people not bearing a clan surname, or surname claimed as a sept of a clan, should not wear the tartan of their mother's clan.[967] This opinion is reinforced by the fact that in the Scottish clan system, the Lord Lyon states that membership to a clan technically passes through the surname. This means that children who bear their father's surname belong to the father's clan (if any), and that children who bear their mother's surname (her maiden name) belong to their mother's clan (if any).[968] Also, the Lord Lyon states that a clan tartan should only be worn by those who profess allegiance to that clan's chief.[969]

Some clan societies even claim that certain tartans are the personal property of a chief or chieftain, and in some cases they allow or deny their clansfolk "permission" to wear that tartan.[dg] According to the Scottish Tartans Authority – which is an establishment of the Scottish tartan industry – the Balmoral tartan should not be worn by anyone who is not part of the British royal family. Even so, some weavers outside of the United Kingdom ignore the "longstanding convention" of the British royal family's "right" to this tartan. The society also claims that non-royals who wear this tartan are treated with "great disdain" by the Scottish tartan industry.[971][dh]

Generally, a more liberal attitude had been taken by those in the business of selling tartan, holding that anyone may wear any tartan they like. Under the liberal view, claimed "rules" are mere conventions (some of which are recent creations), with different levels of importance depending on the symbolic meaning of the tartan on some particular occasion.

The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs has also taken a fairly flexible position (organisationally; some specific individual chiefs may have a narrower or looser take, and not all chiefs are members). Aside from opposing the creation of a new tartan using a clan's name without the chief's permission, their website states:[974]

There are no strict rules on who has the right to wear a particular tartan. People normally wear only the tartan (if any) of their surname, or a "district tartan" connected with where they live or where their family come from. Wearing a particular clan tartan indicates that the wearer bears an allegiance to the chief of that clan.

Some Highland dress historians have taken a dim view of regulatory intents and proclamations with regard to tartans; Scottish National Portrait Gallery curator A. E. Haswell Miller wrote that "to claim special entitlement to a tartan in the same manner as heraldic arms is certainly absurd", because evidence suggests that the idea was just invented by writers of the late 18th to mid-19th centuries.[975] Sir Thomas Dick Lauder expressed similar views as far back as 1829, right in the middle of the "clan tartanry" rush, dismissing both the then-new adoption of "official" clan tartans and attempts by clans to claim regimental ones.[549]

In other cultures

While tartan has been most closely associated with Scotland, and dating back to the Roman period was perhaps associated with Northwestern Europe in general, it is likely that the idea of using patterns of rectangles and lines has independently occurred many times, in any cultures with weaving.[976] Basic tartan "is almost as primitive a weave as it is possible to make ... probably the earliest form of patterened fabric anywhere."[3] Surviving pre-modern historical examples seem sparse, however.

Modern tartan-style cloth in a wide variety of materials and patterns from simple to complex is available and used today around the world, often simply as a style of cloth and without any association with Scotland.

Africa

Maasai shúkà

Black-and-white photo of three Maasai men in shúkà, two plain and probably red, one tartan.
Maasai men c. 1906–1918, one wearing a tartan shúkà; photo by Walther Dobbertin

Among the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, the shúkà is a cotton blanket-like garment (what Scots would call a plaid) worn as a wrap, and very commonly in a tartan pattern, though sometimes linearly striped or of one colour.[977] Shúkà are predominantly red, though sometimes seen in blue and other colours.

12 Maasai men in shúkà, mostly red, and mostly tartan
Maasai men in shúkà; Narok County, Kenya, 2018

Shúkà were originally of painted (typically red) leather, but Maasai have had access to plain-weave cotton fabric for some time, imported to the region by Americans since the 1860s.[977] Joseph Thomas Last, a British missionary, in 1883 described the Maasai as particularly fond of red and white cloth, to be worn by higher-status men (though he did not mention tartan in particular);[978] a 1903 report also had them typically wearing red blanket-like garments, after a time of favouring blue.[977] The Maasai were loosely allied with the British, 1895–1904,[979] and the latter made heavy use of Scottish regiments in African conflicts, bringing tartan with them. However, "Guinea cloth" (mostly produced in India), sometimes red and blue checked, was a common commodity in 18th-century western Africa, pre-dating British West Africa; whether it relates at all to shúkà is unknown.[980] Shúkà patterns usually lack the thin black lines common in Scottish tartans.

A nomadic cattle-pastoralist culture, without their own weaving tradition, the Maasai have been described as unusually culturally conservative and resistant to modernisation.[981] Nevertheless, they have always engaged in trade to get goods they do not make themselves,[978] and have made local traditional use of modern materials.[982] The Maasai approach has been to resist yet assimilate colonial and post-colonial influences.[983]

Although there is evidence of tartan usage among the Maasai to at least the period 1906–1918, when Walther Dobbertin photographed a tartan shúkà in what was then German East Africa, the current bright tartan and striped style of shúkà appears to have been adopted primarily in the 1960s[980][984] (partly in response to national-level clothing modernisation pressure), supplanting leather but keeping the same form-factor.[983] The shift in outward form without affecting function led one writer to quip that Maasai dress "has undergone dramatic changes while not changing at all".[985] Tartan-patterned cloth is not typically used for other Maasai garments besides shúkà.

The shúkà has become so emblematic of the Maasai that there is some discussion (driven by the Maasai themselves) at the national and regional level about protecting it as a form of cultural property.[986] While it has been claimed that shúkà patterns, at least at one time, conveyed particular meanings,[di] and there historically have long been weaving operations in various African areas,[987] most shúkà today that are not mass-manufactured in Dar es Salaam actually come from China, not Africa.[980]

East and South Asia

Tartan is woven in China, both as a traditional fabric and in large commercial quantities for export.[804]

Bhutanese mathra

Four men outdoors in ruddy tartan gho robes, featuring four different patterns from very narrow to quite broad
Four Bhutanese men, 2012, in gho robes, with four different mathra patterns, from vary narrow to quite broad

In Bhutan, traditional men's robes (gho)[988] and knee-stockings (omso, similar to argyle socks),[989] and women's dresses (kira)[990] are traditional national costume styles that are largely mandatory for public dress since 1963.[991][dj] Tartan (generally called mathra or, after the district of its primary production, Bumthang mathra,[993][dk] among other names for specific patterns) is among the many common textile styles for these garments, some much more elaborate (generally called yathra)[995] than tartan. The tartan cloths are woven traditionally in yak and sheep wool, but today also in cotton and raw silk.[996]

Lap of woman in red and white kira dress with a pattern that features X-shaped details where the white stripes meet; prayer beads are also featured in the photo
Gira dress featuring "X" patterns where the white stripes meet, produced by supplementary weaving

Mathra is woven primarily with a red ground. Some specific tartan/plaid styles of Bhutan are: broad-checked thra bom; narrow-checked thra charuru; sethra ('golden pattern'), an orange or rust ground with yellow and sometimes black checks (with black, it is more specifically called sethra dokhana, and without, dalapgi sethra); red, blue, and black patterns on a white ground, in at least four varieties called pangtsi (specifically red and black on white),[997] Decheling kamtham, and other names;[998] and another style is named burai mathra.[999] Some of these fabrics feature supplementary weft decorative patterns (flowers, etc.) added to the tartan, with an embroidered or brocaded appearance, generally called pesar ('new pattern'); one such style is more specifically called sethra metho chen, the yellow-orange pattern with flowers added. There are also patterns of simple linear stripes that do not cross each other (generally called adha[ng] mathra or aikapur), with various names for specific styles.[1000]

Indian madras

A rough-stitched patchwork of tartan madras samples in a variety of faded colours
Samples of tartan madras cloth, showing its muted look

Madras is a patterened, light-weight, breatheable, cotton cloth named for the Madras (now Chennai) area of India.[1001] Traditional madras is hand-woven from lumpy, carded-cotton thread, and coloured with natural dyes which may bleed together upon washing to create a more muted pattern than typical tartan, as well as a rougher texture.[1002] Madras also has a "softer" look because it typically lacks the black lines found in most Scottish tartans. Madras cloth dates to at least the 16th century, produced in a variety of patterns, including religious designs and floral prints.[1002] It is unclear if tartan patterns were among the original designs, though they became very popular later. Weaving, primarily for export, in Madras/Chennai became a large-scale commercial enterprise after the British East India Company came to control the area in the mid-17th century.[1003] Major production of this style of cloth also took place in Cambay State (present-day Gujarat).[1004]

Madras, ideal for warm-weather wear, became popular in the Philippines (where it is known as cambaya)[1004] and the Caribbean;[1002] mainly in undyed form, it was also exported to Europe.[1002] Tartan madras reached America by 1718, and appeared in the 1897 Sears catalogue.[1002] It was popular in the United States in the 1930s and again in the 1960s, often associated with preppy style.[1002] Substantial export of the cloth to South Africa began in 1958.[1002]

Modern madras cloth is commonly in tartan patterns, but also simply striped (seersucker). Unlike Scottish-style tartan, madras is not woven in 2/2 twill pattern, but is a muslin of plain weave;[1002] it thus, when viewed up close, features a "pepper and salt" colour mixture where colours cross[7] (a dot matrix, technically), not staggered diagonal lines (see detail image). It also usually lacks black lines.

Japanese kōshi

Japanese figure in a brown and yellow tartan-pattern kosode (early kimono)
Woodcut image of Japanese kabuki actor Iwai Hanshiro IV dressed in kōshi, 1780s

In Japan, tartan patterns called kōshi 格子 (also koushi or goushi, literally 'lattice') or kōshijima 格子縞 date back to at least the 18th century,[397] possibly the 17th[1005] in the Edo period (1603–1867), and were popular for kabuki theatrical costuming, which inspired general public use by both sexes, for the kosode (precursor of the kimono), the obi, and other garments.[1006] The name is a reference to the details of shoji room dividers, the grid pattern said to stand for strength, with larger stripes representing more power.[1006]Kōshi range from simple checked patterns to complex multi-colour weaves. Ikat thread-dyeing techniques were sometimes employed before the weaving, such that a colour in the pattern was mottled,[1006] and parts of the design may sometimes have been embroidered, supplementary-woven, or dyed-over for additional highlight or contrast.[1006] Some styles have particular names, such as misuji-kōshi ('three-striped lattice')[1006] and futasuji-kōshi ('forked lattice').[1007] A pattern with larger squares is more generally called ogoshi or with smaller squares kogoshi.[1008]

It is unclear whether there was a Scottish tartan influence on the development of kōshi. The Edo period pre-dates the Perry Expedition of 1853–1854 and its opening of Japan to general Western trade, but mostly post-dates early European contact from 1543 to the closure of Japan to outsiders in 1639 under the sakoku isolationist policy.

Nothing suggests that particular patterns have been associated with specific families or Japanese clans.

Today, kōshijima is the general Japanese word for 'tartan/plaid, checked pattern'.[1009] Tartan is popular in present-day Japan, both for high fashion and for streetwear,[307] as well as school uniforms.[673] Since the 1960s, the Japanese department store chain Isetan has used an emblematic tartan as a marketing tool (e.g. on all its shopping bags); the pattern is based on some MacMillan tartans.[1010] Japan hosted a major museum exhibit about tartan in 2018.[1011]

Eastern Europe to Western Asia

Tartan-style patterns are common throughout Southeastern Europe.

In northern Eurasia, tartan fabrics are also common to Finnic peoples of Russia and nearby Latvia, Estonia, and Sápmi (Lappland, a cultural region that crosses northern Russia, Finland, Sweden, and Norway); John Francis Campbell (1862) described native weaving of the Sámi (Lapps) of his era as being hand-loom tartan.[976]

Considerably to the southeast, the Tatars[dl] and Chuvash, Turkic peoples of Tatarstan and Chuvashia, respectively, in the Russian Federation, have worn tartan, striped, and other patterns since at least the 19th century.

Russian shotlandka

Robert Jamieson, writing in 1818 as editor of Edmund Burt's 1727–37 Letters of a Gentleman in the North of Scotland, said that in his era, married women of the north-western provinces of Russia wore tartan plaids "of massy silk, richly varied, with broad cross-bars of gold and silver tissue".[94] This seems quite distinct from Scottish-style construction.

Pushkin at age 28 with mutton-chop beard, a high-necked coat, and a red and green tartan shoulder plaid
Alexander Pushkin wearing a tartan cape; by Orest Kiprensky, 1827

The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837), who was influenced by the romantic-Highlands writings of Walter Scott,[1012][1013] posed for one of the most famous paintings in Russia, the 1827 portrait by Orest Kiprensky. Pushkin wears what looks at first like a Scottish-style tartan shoulder plaid, but is more probably a sleeveless "Almaviva" cape/cloak, a style in fashion at the time and known to have been worn by Pushkin.[751]

Tartan was commented on in the Moscow Telegraph in 1826 as being in broad fashion in the city for all sorts of garments (often as a decorative accent).[751] Scottish-style plaids apparently did come into some fashion in Russia as women's wear for a space during the mid-to-late 19th century, a style picked up from stage productions; some 19th century Russian paintings illustrate use of plaids as shawls.[751] Tartan (and plain-striped) shawls were also common among the Volga Germans and Bessarabia Germans in Russia; a mixture of hand-woven (originally as bedclothes and other household goods) and mass-produced in Russia, the shawls became emblematic of the German-from-Russia diaspora in North and South America from the nineteenth century to the mid-20th.[1014][1015]

Around the end of the 19th century, the Russian equivalent of Regency and Victorian British tartanware objects, such as decorative Fedoskino boxes with tartan accents in a style called Shotlandka Шотландка (literally 'Scotlandish'), were produced by companies like the Lukutin Manufactory on the outskirts of Moscow.[1016]

Today, shotlandka or shotlandki шотландки are simply Russian words for 'tartan/plaid' generally.[1017]

Oceania

Adoption by the Māori

Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, the first Māori king, adopted a particular house tartan with design elements symbolizing his ancestry, such as inner stripes representing migration canoes that first arrived in Aotearoa New Zealand; this tartan was presented by his descendant Tūheitia Paki to Charles III in the former's visit to Buckingham Palace in May 2023.[1018] His following tribes concentrated around Northland have also adopted green tartans.[1019]

See also

Patterns

Notes

  1. ^ The use of plaid to mean 'tartan' has not been exclusively North American; in 1808, the London publication La Belle Assemblée referred to "plaid scarfs".[14] Also, it has sometimes been claimed that plaid refers to all such patterns generally, and tartan only to patterns of Scottish clans,[15] but there is no support for this idea in works of tartan scholarship.
  2. ^ MacBain (1911), p. 277. Cognate words in other languages are the Luwian pldtmn and later Latin paludamentum for 'cloak'. The paludamentum was a cloak put on by Roman officers in time of war.[17][18]
  3. ^ Solid-colour, non-tartan kilts were often thought to be an Irish invention of the late 19th century, but an example of a belted plaid or "great kilt" from Scotland was found in a 1635 portrait of Sir Duncan Campbell of Loch Awe,[19] among other Scottish examples.
  4. ^ The two Scarlett sources provide two exact formulas which seem at first to be contradictory, but one is for number of blends and the other for number of colours total.
  5. ^ The term mirroring can be ambiguous, because the longer phrase mirror pattern may refer to "one in which ... two alternating ground motifs are the same size and arrangement but in different colours."[32]
  6. ^ The term repeating[27] has also been used, as distinct from mirroring, but is so ambiguous that sometimes the same patterns are referred to as non-repeating.[33] Neither term will be used further in this article.
  7. ^ A well-known example is the main Buchanan tartan.[34]
  8. ^ a b An example is the most popular MacMillan tartan, in which the warp and weft are different, though similar; the largest blocks of colour are green rectangles instead of squares.[36]
  9. ^ Early collectors of tartan, like Logan in 1831, recorded setts by measuring the width of each stripe in eighths of an inch.[37][38] A persistent legend that tartans were originally recorded on little "pattern sticks" has been dispelled as a "telephone game"-style progressive, willful misunderstanding of an early description of the warp as wrapped on a warp beam/roller for the loom. It was poorly described by Martin Martin in 1703 as "an exact Pattern of the Plad on a piece of Wood", which Logan (1831) misunderstood as a small stick used as a perpetual "record" of the tartan pattern on it, after which the "Sobieski Stuarts" in 1842 blatantly falsified a supposed 16th-century description of "pattern sticks", and Archibald Campbell (1890) repeated the story again as factual. No such artefact has ever been found by modern researchers, and the idea has been described as impractical because the threads would not stay put indefinitely, and it would make much more sense to simply write or draw the pattern on paper, or keep a strip of the woven material.[39][40] Mackay (1924) claimed he had seen some examples and appeared to describe warp beams, but then claimed they were used as a long-term record of "clan tartans" of the area.[41] Eslea MacDonald (2015) points out that Mackay had a tendency toward "manipulating the evidence" when advancing his ideas about very old clan tartans, and that he made up a fake-Gaelic name for the alleged pattern sticks.[40]
  10. ^ For example, Stewart, D. C. (1974), Scarlett (1990), and Scottish Register of Tartans (2009–) all use full-count-at-pivots "bare" thread counts, without slash or bold notation, while Eslea MacDonald (2012) uses them to represent half-count-at-pivots, but states this explicitly.
  11. ^ Ground in this sense dates to at least 1895. Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 112–113, quoting 1895 letter: "... dress Stuart tartan on a white instead of on a red ground .... the 'Stuart hunting-tartan' on a green ground". However, ground has a different meaning at the thread-dyeing stage, where it refers to a first layer of colour which is then over-dyed with another, either to deepen the hue or make a new ones, e.g. purple from blue over red.[49]
  12. ^ Wilsons, the near-exclusive producer of Georgian through Victorian regimental tartan, produced different grades of cloth for officers, sergeants, and enlisted.[56]
  13. ^ Scarlett (1990) provided a reconstruction of what 17th- to early 18th-century arisaid tartans probably basically looked like, based on the appearance of later wider-banded "bar blanket" tartans which evolved from the arisaid setts. His sample is modernised in being simplified, symmetrical, mirroring, and not having a decorative selvedge.[77]
  14. ^ The French term écru has also been applied,[87] but is ambiguous, as it technically refers to the colour of undyed linen not wool, and has been taken to indicate a richer, sandy range of hues in English usage than in French.[88]
  15. ^ The Lord Lyon's colour-coding system actually had three reds: "gules/scarlet", "red" (a dull red), and "crimson".[45] But it is not entirely clear what the difference between them is.
  16. ^ Multiple hues of pink appear in Wilsons' colour lists around the early 19th century, which included colours for wool and other weaving, but orange does not.[87]
  17. ^ For lists of such natural dye materials and their preparation, see: Kok, Annette (1979) [1962]. "Appendix: Early Scottish Highland Dyes"". In Dunbar, John Telfer (ed.). History of Highland Dress. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. pp. 222–240. Some additional such information is available in: Mackay (1924), pp. 59–64; and Eslea MacDonald (2012), pp. 76–77. See also: Campbell, J. F. (1862), pp. 367–368.
  18. ^ A romantic legend about such a thing goes back quite a way, however. According to Innes of Learney (1971): "The late J. G. Mackay, like Lord Archibald Campbell, claimed that clan tartans were not only deliberately arranged, but formed an elaborate system of identification by dress, as technical as armorial bearings .... [T]artans were never intended to, and did not, have the precise distinctions and ready recognisability of armorial bearings. Mr Mackay gives much interesting information ...; he does not, however, succeed in adducing evidence that there was a scientific system of arrangement, and circumstances are against the existence of a science."[128] In summary, Mackay believed that lines of various colours formed a heraldic system of cadency (differencing) between related family branches.[129] The argument depends on the Victorian-era clan tartans having been used in the 17th–18th centuries, but all modern tartan scholarship shows this idea to be broadly false.
  19. ^ For a photograph of the Falkirk cloth fragment, see: "Record: Cloth (Fragment) – found at Falkirk Stirlingshire". NMS.Scran.ac.uk. National Museums Scotland. 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  20. ^ For a photograph of the Caracalla statue fragment, see (about 1/3 down the page): Lamley, Hamish (21 February 2022). "Pictish Fashion". PictaviaLeather.co.uk. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  21. ^ Nor any relation to the modern Tatar people (see § Russian shotlandka).
  22. ^ This historic Glen Affric tartan is not to be confused with various competing modern district tartans named "Glen Affic" available from some vendors such as Clan/Scotweb, Stevens & Graham, and Spoonflower.
  23. ^ There are possible mentions earlier, to the 14th century, in both Early Scots and Middle English using the French-borrowed terms tiretain and tartarin in various spellings, but they do not clearly refer to tartan, either the cloth or the pattern, but rather seem to refer to valued cloth in general.[5]
  24. ^ There is a legend that during some period there was a "caste" system by which chiefs were entitled to up to seven colours in a tartan, fewer colours were allowed for clansmen according to position in the social hierarchy, and just single-coloured cloth for servants. Barnes & Allen (1956)[93] attributed the idea to Frank Adam (1908). He did indeed write that "it is said" there was such a system, but cited no evidence.[133] The fancy is from Logan (1831), who cites nothing but an ancient "Achy Edgathach" of Ireland.[167] That was a legendary ancient Irish king in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, said to have passed a sumptuary law limiting clothing colours by social status, during his very short reign of only four years (some time between 1537 and 1155 BC).[168] It is old Irish folklore and nothing to do with history of Scottish tartan. Scarlett (1990): "it is difficult to allow such a tale any credibility".[135] No modern Highland-dress scholars repeat it seriously (the last one to do so seems to have been Mackay (1924) who said it applied to "Druidical times"),[169] and the idea is contradicted by existence of old regional tartans of complexity, and by chiefs adopting tartans of marked simplicity. Practically, the extra dye and weaving-labour expenses of complicated tartans meant that they cost more and so were more often worn by monied persons,[135] as clearly reported by John Lesley (1578)[170] and Robert Heron (1799).[171]
  25. ^ Buchanan (1582): "They delight in marbled cloths, especially that have stripes of sundrie colours; they love chiefly purple and blue; their predecessors used short mantles or plaids of divers colours, sundrie ways divided, and among some the same custom is observed to this day, but for the most part they are brown, most near to the colour of the hadder [heather], to the effect, when they lie among the hadders, the bright colour of their plaids shall not bewray them."[180] (Buchanan's wording was recycled in 1603, in the anonymous Certayn Mattere Concerning Scotland.)[181]
  26. ^ a b The attempt to depict tartan is fairly crude, done as divided stripes, instead of a staggered pattern of blending rectangles, though it is possible it represents a weave with differing warp and weft, which could produce more of a striped pattern. The exact details shown in the image are open to other question, because the artist illustrated an imaginative sword that is a combination of a Scottish claymore hilt with the blade and quillions of a German Landsknecht sword of a type more familiar to the German (Silesian) artist. Also, Telfer Dunbar (1979) called the colours yellow, blue, and red (not green, blue, and red), so the palette accuracy of the photo could be in doubt.[183] The original art is in Huntington Library MSS: HM 25863, f. 28r.
  27. ^ There is a recurrent legend running through Victorian works on tartan that the tartan cloth for each Highland man was usually made at home singly by his wife or mother,[186] but this proves to be an impractical idea,[187] for which there is no evidence, and considerable evidence against, including rich folk tradition of (mostly women's) group labour.
  28. ^ Innes of Learney (1938/1971) believed that Highlanders wore multiple tartans because some were personal (perhaps inherited), some geographical, and some clan-specific,[192] but presented no real evidence for this hypothesis. The idea can be traced to Lord Archibald Campbell (1890), who asserted (with no evidence at all) that a Highlander wearing multiple tartans at once could be explained by him donning the pattern of his commander, his own paternal clan, and maternal clan.[186]
  29. ^ Even this, however, is ambiguous, and could mean that the Highlanders wore striped mantles, and worse their mantles in the same fashion that the Irish wore their own mantles, striped or not. And "striped" does not necessarily mean tartan. The Camden material is also contemporaneous with the Plantation of Ulster.
  30. ^ Taylor: " ... all and every man in generall in one habit .... For once in the yeere, ... many of the nobility and gentry of the kingdome (for their pleasure) doe come into these Highland countries to hunt, where they doe conforme themselves to the habite of the Highlandmen, who for the most part speake nothing but Irish [i.e. Gaelic] .... Their habite is shooes, with but one sole apiece; stockings (which they call short hose) made of a warm stuff of divers colours, which they call tartane; as for breeches, many of them, nor their forefathers, never wore any, but a jerkin of the same stuff that their hose is of; their garters being bands, or wreathes of hay or straw; with a plaed about their shoulders, which is a mantle of divers colours, much finer and lighter stuffe than their hose; with blue flat caps on their heads ...."[217]
  31. ^ Adam (1908/1970) makes the surprising claim that in Taylor's time, "any one who assumed the tartan of the clan was considered as being under the special protection of that clan" and implies that Taylor said this.[178] Adam invented it, as nothing like this is in Taylor's original material. Taylor simply said that visitors wearing Highland dress would be "conquered with kindnesse, and the sport will be plentifull".
  32. ^ E.g. in the revised 1707 edition of Rev. James Brome's Travels over England, Scotland and Wales, is material partly adapted from Buchanan (1582): "They go habited in Mantles striped, or streaked with divers colours about the Shoulders, which they call Plodden, with a Coat girt close to their Bodies, and commonly are naked up their Legs, but wear Sandals upon the Soles of their Feet, and their Women go clad much after the same Fashion."[227] This suggests a span of at least 1582–1707 of Highland fashion being rather consistent and unisex.
  33. ^ The same artist earlier painted a three-in-one portrait of actor-playwright John Lacy, in 1675, which featured trews and belted plaid,[238] but the tartan there is very casually represented as simple red and blue lines on white.
  34. ^ Martin Martin (1703) wrote: "each Isle differs from the other in their fancy of making Plaids, as to the Stripes in Breadth and Colours. This Humour is as different thro the main Land of the Highlands, in-so-far that they who have seen these Places are able, at the first view of a Man's Plaid to guess the Place of his Residence ...."[243] Scarlett (1990) says some earlier writers used this to just assume "a fully organised system of District tartans at that time" though Martin said nothing of the sort.[244] Scarlett considered Martin's account to have "a rather sweeping style that suggests some exaggeration", but generally plausible on other evidence of particular patterns, with minor variations, being common across wide areas.[244]
  35. ^ These tartan jackets are not to be confused with the later short regimental Highland doublet styles, borrowed directly from the military Highland regiments starting in the late 18th century; these are also of plain colour, not tartan.
  36. ^ Sources conflict sharply on the date. Telfer Dunbar (1979), relying on Mackay Scobie, says 1717-1739;[259] while Eslea MacDonald (2016), relying on R. W. Munro's Highland Clans & Tartans (1977), says 1754.[165]
  37. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) give an implausible 1724 date for the founding of Wilsons,[264] but this does not agree with other scholarship, and they cite no source for the assertion.
  38. ^ Scarlett (2008): "Red, blue and green have been recorded as the first colours to appear in all primitive art, so there may be some deep physiological or psychological reason for the predominance of these colours."[7]
  39. ^ Britain has many native plants that can produce at least a thin yellow, but they seem not to have been favoured, except as a ground-colour for over-dyeing with blue to create green.[266]
  40. ^ A small piece of tartan believed to be from a plaid of Bonnie Prince Charlie, given in 1746 to Lady Anne Mackintosh of Clan Farquharson, survives in the National Records of Scotland.[158] The prince apparently had a habit of giving out plaids as thanks for hospitality, and several recorded (but quite different) tartans are said to have come from these plaids, e.g. SRT 4220,[276] 4421,[277] 4422,[278] and 4423.[279] According to Telfer Dunbar (1979), various museums and other collections hold at least 40 pieces of tartan claimed to have been worn by "the Young Pretender", eight at the Battle of Culloden, and they cannot all be genuine.[280] One sample in particular is more likely than the others to be legitimate.[64]
  41. ^ There are several other tartans called "Jacobite". One dates to c. 1850,[67] or might be a bit older and is probably a Wilsons design,[32] and the others are more recent commercial inventions of c. 1930[288] and the late 20th century.[289]
  42. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979) says the correct year is 1725 and that 1729 was an error introduced by Stewart of Garth (1822) and copied by later authors.[212]
  43. ^ Specifically, as defined in an earlier act of Parliament, north of the "Highland line" running from Perth in the east to Dumbarton in the west.[298]
  44. ^ The Dress Act per se did not enumerate exceptions for the nobility, but the enclosing Act of Proscription did.
  45. ^ Lt.-Col. Sir John MacGregor Murray, newly chief of Clan Gregor and later vice-president of the Highland Society of London, wrote of the difficulty of raising a new regiment, in 1803: "It will require much to rekindle the martial spirit of our ancestors, which has, unfortunately, been systematically broken down – we were so long degraded by the privation of our arms and dress, and so much unmanned by being converted into manufacturers".[311]
  46. ^ Not to be confused with the second Seaforth's Highlanders, also raised as the 78th, in 1793. The original Seaforth's Highlanders were amalgamated with other units under the Childers Reforms to become the 1881 Seaforth Highlanders.
  47. ^ Not to be confused with the earlier 74th Regiment of (Highland) Foot, raised 1777.
  48. ^ The commercial tartan weaver D. C. Dalgliesh provides a list of those that they supply, and it includes a mix of obscure tartans from defunct regiments, ones still used today for surviving regiments, tartans of overseas units that were "Highland" only in name, some that are now only associated with clans, and a number that are/were reserved for military pipe-band use and were not used in regular dress or undress uniforms.[392]
  49. ^ As one example, in The Lockhart Papers, first published in 1714, is a passage describing how opposing battatlions of MacDonalds from different places could only tell each other apart by colour of bonnet cockade. D. W. Stewart (1893) leapt to the conclusion they must have worn the same tartan, despite the material saying nothing of the sort[406] (they could have been wearing whatever tartans they happened to have, not uniforms, making tartan meaningless for distinguishing units of men).[131]
  50. ^ D. W. Stewart (1893) sometimes leaned toward the uniform interpretation: "It appears from the regulations issued to the retainers of the Clan Grant anent the wearing of a uniform tartan that distinctive patterns were in use, at least for military purpose, or on occasion of great gatherings".[249] The Grant case is covered in detail later.
  51. ^ D. W. Stewart (1893) again came down on the "uniform" side, despite otherwise being a booster of the idea of early clan tartans;[241] so did Scarlett (1990).[242]
  52. ^ Adam (1908/1970) confirmed that there were two different grades of tartan worn,[178] as did Logan (1831), but both are sources of dubious quality. Scarlett (1990, 2008) also observes that there were once at least two kinds of tartan weave, a coarse, dense sort in which the weft threads were thicker than the warp,[7] and a finer equal-twill weave, seen often in portraits, that is more like the kilt cloth produced today.[260] (But he does not describe one as being specially intended for war.) Such a fineness split seems to have continued for a long time; Wilsons of Bannockburn manufactured regimental tartan in both coarse ("hard tartan") and fine qualities as late as 1819,[408] perhaps as an undress and dress distinction, or enlisted and officer.
  53. ^ Innes of Learney's motte-and-bailey tactic when it comes to what "clan tartan" means is exemplified by his supposition that similar tartans used in lands of Murray, Murray of Athol, and Sutherland must mean they went back to a common tribal tartan "from the twelfth century" (which is not attested), and that: "It was no doubt 'the Murrays' tartan' without being 'The Murray tartan'".[152]
  54. ^ E.g., the district tartan of Huntly[303] was sometimes called Brodie, sometimes associated instead with Forbes or Gordon, while Forbes did not have a distinct clan tartan until the key date of 1822, nor Brodie until the beginning of the 19th century.[417] The several tartans named Gordon all date to 1798 or later (and that earliest one was adopted from a 1793 regimental tartan).[418]
  55. ^ However, not only is it not certain that a single cloth of mixed colours was intended, rather than three cloths of distinct colours, Stewart contradicted himself: When the lands in question were restored to the MacLeans in 1630, the grey did not revert to green but remained gras, i.e. grey. Nevertheless, Stewart asserted: "The explanation is simple enough. White and black and green are the only colours in the oldest authenticated Mac Lean tartan."[422] But that design dates only to the fraudulent 1842 Vestiarium Scoticum and is not "authenticated" by anything;[423] several other (red-based) MacLean tartans date to at least 1819 (STR reference nos. 2603, 2605, and 2606).
  56. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society seemed to think it was something very similar to Black Watch, with the red-and-white-striped Murray of Pulrossie version somehow, despite its 1618 prohibition, eventually becoming the primary Sutherland tartan.[424] Innes of Learney also supported the interpretation that it was a dark Black Watch-style tartan, related to others used in the region.[393] On the other hand, House of Gordon USA, a clan society, proclaims: "It was a Red Gordon!",[425] referring to a primarily red and teal tartan, also known as old Huntly, recorded in 1819,[426] and appearing in a "stripey" variant, with differing warp and weft, in the 1766 painting of William Gordon. The society does not publish any basis for their assertion.
  57. ^ The piper's name was William Cumming. Telfer Dunbar (1979) describes this tartan, and that of a companion portrait of Alastair Grant Mòr "the Champion", as also showing thin yellow over-checks which are not really visible in this photo. He also describes the green as "grey".[428]
  58. ^ This problem of no consistent tartans in old family portraits recurs in other clans, such as Murray and MacDonald, going back to the 18th century.[395] Trevor-Roper (1983) also notes this inconsistency among Highland portraits,[174] as does Haswell Miller (1956).[397]
  59. ^ Willie Scobie, in 2012, railed against "an influential and determined body of opinion set against the idea of clan tartans having existed prior to the late 18th century", analysed the Tartana lines in light of known clan tartans, found no correspondences aside from the Royal Company of Archers (supposedly using a Stuart tartan, which in reality they did not,[245] and not being a clan anyway) having green edging on their jackets, and nevertheless decided: "we have in this piece of literature strong (one is almost tempted to say irrefutable) evidence of the existence of clan tartans in the year 1718."[438]
  60. ^ Thompson (1992)[131] said none of them survive; but the coat of the older boy is in what is now known as "MacDonald, Lord of the Isles", though the sett was reconstructed from the painting.[457]
  61. ^ A legend started by Lord Archibald Campbell (1890), who was working from a copy of the painting not the original, is that in his words: "No more conclusive proof of distinctive clan colours has been exhibited and it silences all dispute on the question at once and for all time."[464] Modern researchers do not take this seriously. E.g., J. Telfer Dunbar's evaluation: "This is an extraordinary claim as the tartans are clearly and accurately shown and not one of them agree with any clan tartans as known when Lord Archibald was writing or even to-day."[186] Scarlett (1990) pointed out that Campbell himself claimed, later in 1899, that the models for the painting were Jacobite prisoners.[465] If that were the case, they could be wearing whatever they were told to put on, even material supplied by the painter; i.e. the tartans depicted would be accurate representations of the cloth of the period but could not signify anything, even if they did match. The Jacobite Relics and Rare Scottish Antiquities Exhibition of 1946 agreed that the models were prisoners.[466]
  62. ^ James Ray, who served in the government forces at the Battle of Culloden, wrote in 1752: "In their flight I came up with a pretty young Highlander, who called out to me, Hold your Hand, I'm a Cambell. On which I asked him, Where's your Bonnet? He reply'd, Somebody have snatched it off my Head. I only mention this to shew how we distinguished our loyal Clans from the Rebels; they being dress'd and equip'd all in one Way, except the Bonnet; ours having a red or yellow Cross of Cloath or Ribbon; theirs a white Cockade".[467] Telfer Dunbar (1979): "If it had been possible to distinguish a Campbell by a 'Clan Campbell' tartan, either Ray would have done so or else remarked on the fact that the man was not wearing an identifiable tartan."[468]
  63. ^ A Journal of the Expedition of Prince Charles Edward in 1745, by a Highland Officer provides this account: "We M'Donalds were much preplex'd, in the event of ane ingagement, how to distinguish ourselves from our bretheren and nighbours the M'Donalds of Sky, seeing we were both Highlanders and both wore heather in our bonnets, only our white cockades made some distinction".[406] Telfer Dunbar (1979): "If all the MacDonalds wore the same tartan, surely the writer would have mentioned this rather than the heather which they wore in their bonnets. A common tartan would have been much more confusing than a sprig of heather."[469] Also, this particular case does not demonstrate that all the clans had different emblematic plants. Clan plants, like clan tartans, were solicited from chiefs in the early 19th century by the Highland Society of London, and there is no evidence of widespread assignment before then – only this single-clan mention in one period source.
  64. ^ And because the belted plaid in particular, as very practical for outdoor wear but not as work clothing, was believed to be conducive to a life of idle shirking and outright banditry.[472]
  65. ^ Even the Sutherland/Pulrossie letter of 1618 referred specifically to "the plaides of his men",[393] which is suggestive of his militia, not his entire clan.
  66. ^ Sometimes said to be Jean "Jenny" Cameron, without conclusive evidence; there are five other identity candidates.[482]
  67. ^ Another legend, started by James Grant (1886), has it that the tartan goes back to "Charles, first Earl of Dunmore, second son of the first Marquis of Tullibardine", but this was just a bad mis-reading of the Smith brothers (1850), from whom Grant plagiarised, referring to the then-current Earl of Dunmore.[315][8]
  68. ^ E.g., Telfer Dunbar (1979) provides this example: Wilsons' popular "Gordon" was green, purple, and black with over-checks of seven colours, and "unlike the present clan pattern".[430]
  69. ^ One example is today's Macpherson, adopted in 1817, which was originally "Caledonia" then "No. 43", "No. 155", or "Kidd" in Wilsons' pattern books.[387][491] (There is no "Clan Kidd"; the Kidd in question was a bulk orderer who used the tartan to clothe slaves in the West Indies.[492] Confusion seems to have arisen when Wilson also assigned the pattern the name "Macpherson" after another West Indies customer by that name.[493] Another is Campbell of Cawdor, originally "No. 230" or "Argyll", after the county.[494][495] A complex example is the case of Abercrombie or Abercromby.[496] Logan (1831) first published the tartan usually used for this name, but he modified it[497] from an 1805 Wilsons tartan record for "No. 64" or "Abercrombie", named for Sir Ralph Abercrombie not an entire family.[498] The design first popular for "Abercrombie" in the early 18th century changed names somehow[497] to Graham then later became today's Graham of Montrose tartan.[499] Wilsons' "Abercromby with yellow"[497] is today's Campbell of Breadalbane[500] after also being used by a fencible regiment.[501] The main Buchanan tartan, famous for being asymmetric, originated as a Wilsons fashion tartan around 1800 and was not adopted as a clan tartan until the 1830s.[34] "Logan" was invented by Wilsons, named after a merchant, and changed several times until it sold well.[502] "Drummond" was originally Wilsons' "Perth".[502] Wilson's 1819 pattern "Regent" turned into the MacLaren clan tartan by 1830, with a shift from purple to blue.[96] Scarlett (1990) and the Scottish Register of Tartans provide numerous other examples of modern "clan" tartans actually just being renamed generic/fashion/fancy, regimental, and famous-individual tartans from Wilsons, when they were not taken from the later forgery Vestiarium Scoticum.
  70. ^ A prime example is the Black Watch tartan, which Cockburn collected four times and assigned the names "Campbell Argyll", "Grant", "Munro" and "Sutherland".[507][505]
  71. ^ According to a documentary, Clan Gregor, the Gordons, and a MacDonald branch might also have had early informal clan tartans around this period.[172] However, the chief of the MacDonalds indicated not knowing of a clan tartan in 1815, and the tartan that was the subject of the 1618 Gordon/Murray/Sutherland letter is uncertain.
  72. ^ Stewart of Garth may have had financial motivations for promoting an aristocratic "tartanry" or "Highlandism" and attaching his name to it prominently – like many other Scottish lairds, he was in dire fiscal shape.[521]
  73. ^ At least six at once claimed the Black Watch regimental tartan,[505][522] and "Several chiefs were asked to resubmit a different tartan in order to be seen to be different and thus support the idea of historical clan tartans."[505] In some cases, minor alterations were made, e.g. Forbes was devised in 1822 by adding a white over-check to Black Watch.[528]
  74. ^ There are numerous examples, but a prominent case is that two of the Lord of the Isles tartan variants were taken from portraits dating to the third quarter of the 18th century.[529] This practice, incidentally, has contributed to confusion about the age of clan tartans; a tartan adopted officially by a clan in 1850 from a painting dating to 1750 might misleadingly be said to be "a clan tartan dating to 1750".
  75. ^ The authenticated samples bore seals of clan chiefs, while submissions received without such authentications were sealed by society secretary George Wedderburn.[56] The society collected tartans in general as well, and amassed 586 by 1987.[522]
  76. ^ Some faulty (according to Wilsons) clan patterns included in Logan (1831) were those for Abercrombie, Douglas, and Graham, but there were more.[552]
  77. ^ In fairness, only most of the tartans in Vestiarium were made up; almost a dozen had previously appeared in collections like those of Cockburn and Wilson.[561] Telfer Dunbar (1979) also considered that the Sobieski Stuarts' more general material on the history and then-present of Highland dress was of considerable value, at least when its sources could be traced.[562] Of the tartans material, Walter Scott fairly charitably wrote that the brothers had "an exaggerating imagination, which possibly deceives even themselves".[563]
  78. ^ R. Martin (1988): "I would like to excuse the prevarications of the Sobieski-Stuart brothers with a nod to Baudrillard; they lied and they cheated, but they did something quite extraordinary in ascribing a meaning to textile design that has more or less stuck: false as it is, the Sobieski-Stuarts fostered a myth of textile identification and implication that has served a continuing and compelling social need for well over a hundred years. They may have been factually wrong, but culturally very right."[569]
  79. ^ E.g., the usual tartan of Clan Home dates to Clans Originaux.[578] Another is Brodie hunting;[579] it was also later included in Old & Rare Scottish Tartans. A third is MacBean.[114]
  80. ^ See Scarlett (1990), chapter "The Setts of the Tartans", for numerous examples of names with 5 or even 10 "clan tartans", most of them traceable to Wilsons, Logan, or the Sobieski Stewarts.[591] For a quick visual example of conflicting claimed clan tartans, many of them dating to the Victorian to Edwardian periods, see the "MacDougal" search results in the Scottish Register of Tartans;[83] the list for that name is not much polluted by recent individual and "fashion" entries.
  81. ^ Revised in 1974, D. C. Stewart's The Setts of the Scottish Tartans has been further updated and expanded by James D. Scarlett in 1990 as Tartan: The Highland Textile,[595] perhaps the most definitive work on tartan published so far (though by no means the largest in terms of number of tartans illustrated; it is a book of research not of pictures).
  82. ^ E.g. the red variant of the 1975 MacGregor dance tartan dates to 2005.[597]
  83. ^ Electric Scotland published an annotated list of clans and their tartans' Lord Lyon registration status. The list is much shorter than some other clan lists, because it omits clans that have not applied to the Lord Lyon for tartan registry at all; it lists only those with Lyon-recorded tartans or those then in process of such registration.[599]
  84. ^ Example: The Clan Watson tartan dates to c. 1932 and appears to have been created by one of two ministers (sources disagree), based on the MacRae hunting and Gordon tartans.[600]
  85. ^ The Highland MacLennans use the same tartan as the Lowland Logans. Clan Logan is without a chief.
  86. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2022) defines this "Highland Revival" period as the 1782 end of the Dress Act to the beginning of Victoria's reign in 1837.[32] The utility and accuracy of this term when constratined to Victoria's accession is questionable, because revivalism of Highland cultural trappings did not abate during her reign but actually intensified markedly. Also, the term tartan revival has been used, with essentially the same meaning, though without closely prescribed dates.[623]
  87. ^ In this era, soldiering, especially as an officer, was the "aristocratic profession par excellence",[625] and this had a strong effect on fashion. In Highland dress of the period, sometimes civilian and military styles were commingled.[626]
  88. ^ Not to universal approval. The chief of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry wrote of a Celtic Society of Edinburgh gathering: "I never saw so much tartan before in my life, with so little Highland material ... they have no right to burlesque the national character or dress of the Highlands."[527]
  89. ^ David Wilkie's portrait of George IV depicts the king as being much slimmer than he actually was. Wilkie covered up the fact the king's kilt was too short – sitting well above the knees – and also left out the pink tights the king wore to hide his bare legs.[641]
  90. ^ A detailed summary of the 19th-century tartan books can be found in D. W. Stewart (1893), pp. 57–61.
  91. ^ Queen Victoria wrote of her time in Scotland: "... I feel a sort of reverence in going over these scenes in this most beautiful country, which I am proud to call my own, where there was such devoted loyalty to the family of my ancestors – for Stuart blood is in my veins, and I am now their representative, and the people are as devoted and loyal to me as they were to that unhappy race".[694]
  92. ^ There were "tartanitis"-infused travel books of the era to go along with the tourism, e.g. A Tour in Tartan-land by Rev. Edward "Cuthbert Bede" Bradley (1863).[701]
  93. ^ As examples, modern tartans have been created for Chinese, Jewish,[857] Muslim,[858] and Sikh[859] communities, as well as Italian Scots.[860]
  94. ^ Wilsons of Bannockburn created several of the comparatively old ones – Aberdeen, Crieff, Dundee, Glasgow, and Perth – simply by naming patterns after the places in which they were the most popular.[430]
  95. ^ Cornish "national" examples:[869][870][871][872][873][874]
  96. ^ Welsh national examples:[868][875][876][877][878]
  97. ^ Manx national examples:[880][881][882][883][884][885][886][887][888][889][890] The last of these is inexplicably assigned a date of 1863 in SRT, but with a note that seems to indicate it was designed by D. G. Teall of STS in 1981.
  98. ^ Breton "national" examples:[769][891][892]
  99. ^ Galician "national" examples:,[893][894][895]
  100. ^ For example, Bruce County has an official tartan.[897] An example of a Canadian municipality with an official tartan is Beauport, Quebec City.[898]
  101. ^ E.g., Matheson dress[905] is also known simply as Matheson, and is distinguished from a Matheson hunting tartan.[906] As with many Scottish names, there are an accumulation of other fashion and individual tartan designs named "Matheson",[907] but the only two recognised by the Clan Matheson Society are Matheson [dress] and Matheson hunting.[908] Similarly, Shaw of Tordarroch dress[605] is the main tartan, and is distinguished from a hunting variant,[606] with the old, erroneous "Shaw" tartan being retained only as a memorial tartan for a particular family figure.[604]
  102. ^ A photo in Adam (1908/1970) confirms that tartans with white stripes were used for Highland dance outfits at least as far back as the Edwardian period, though the style of female dance-competition dress has notably changed toward kilt-length instead of mid-calf skirts since then.[912]
  103. ^ Some writers have confused them as late as the 1980s (which suggests that dance tartans as a conventional category unto themselves may date to the 1990s and later, though some specific dance tartans date to at least the mid-1970s).[913] E.g., J. C. Thompson (1989) conflates dance and dress tartans and treats all dress tartans as if they were white-bearing,[101] despite the clear fact that some dress tartans of considerable age do not have white in them, e.g. Matheson dress from c. 1850.[905]
  104. ^ The white-heavy MacGregor dance tartan (in three colour variants dating to 1975–2005) is confusingly listed in the Scottish Register of Tartans as both dance and dress,[913] but the chief of Clan Gregor insists it is for dancers only,[601] so it is demonstrably not a general dress-wear tartan. Several other dance tartans are listed also as dress tartans in the SRT, but most appear to be "fashion" inventions by individuals or by woollen mills and are not associated with clans or districts.[914]
  105. ^ Possibly as early as 1850, and based on the Hay Stewart tartan or on royal Stewart, both probably by the Sobieski Stuarts.[688] It is often misdated to 1853.[915]
  106. ^ An example of a writer uncritically perpetuating the story can be found in M. B. Paterson (2001).[917]
  107. ^ As noted above, an early regimental tartan of 1787 was for a while called "Mackenzie–MacLeod" after two commanders, but this was a troop uniform tartan, not one for the named individuals.
  108. ^ The sett actually survives in two variants in the SRT, created for an 1880 wedding; they are now sometimes used as Wilson family tartans.[920][921]
  109. ^ The Lord Lyon would only accept formal clan tartan registrations from clan chiefs; this excluded chiefless armigerous clans from tartan registration with the Lord Lyon, whether or not they had latter-day clan associations/societies. However, many now-armigerous clans were able to register tartans with the Lord Lyon before they became chiefless, and these registrations remain in the Lyon Court Books. The Lord Lyon seemed to consider a clan that has had a chief to remain a clan and not just a family/surname (the Lord Lyon did not do any registration of family tartans, i.e. those for non-clan surnames), though a statement by the Lord Lyon on this matter in 2002 is not as clearly worded as it could have been.[599]
  110. ^ In 2003, Burberry demanded members of the tartan industry to stop trading a certain Thomson Camel tartan.[943] Burberry claimed this tartan was confusingly similar to their Burberry check and that it thus infringed their registered trademark.[944] Burberry took legal action again in 2013 to protect its tartan trademark in China.[945]
  111. ^ For example, the Clan Cameron Association website states that the Cameron of Lochiel tartan "is the personal tartan of the Chief and his immediate family; as a rule it should not be worn by clansfolk".[970]
  112. ^ Since 1937, the only non-royals permitted by the British royal family to wear the Balmoral tartan are the monarch's own personal piper and pipers at the royal Balmoral estate. Even royal family members only wear it with the permission of the monarch.[688] The official website of the monarchy of the United Kingdom claims the tartan is not available for purchase.[972][973]
  113. ^ Oyange-Ngando (2018): "the intentional and specific arrangement of colour where each bears a certain meaning, for example a colour arrangement could represent age, clan or marital status of an individual". Oyange-Ngando's paper cites many sources, but cites none at all for this claim. Modern photos of Maasai show members of the same tribe/clan wearing a wide variety of shúkà patterns, seemingly to taste.
  114. ^ They are prescribed dress in at least in the more populous places. Remote areas, inhabited largely by ethnic minorities, still exhibit local traditional dress norms that differ from area to area.[992]
  115. ^ Just Bumthang by itself is a term for a type of woolen cloth, regardless of pattern.[994]
  116. ^ Not to be confused with the Mongols, who were called "Ta[r]tars" by medieval Europeans, and supplied patterned cloth among other trade goods (see § Medieval, above).

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Newsome, Matthew Allan C. (1994). "Introduction to Tartan". Franklin, North Carolina: Scottish Tartans Museum. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  2. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. "tartan (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 57.
  4. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 3.
  5. ^ a b c "Tartan(e), Tertan(e), n. Also: (tartain)". A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (up to 1700). Dictionaries of the Scots Language SCIO / University of Glasgow. 2001. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  6. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 11
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Scarlett, James D. (2008). "Submission from James D. Scarlett" (PDF). Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eslea MacDonald, Peter (November 2010). "The Murray of Tullibardine Tartan – A Re-appraisal" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  9. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 2, citing: Scarlett, James D. (1997). "Tartan: The Highland cloth and Highland art form". In Butt, John; Ponting, Kenneth (eds.). Scottish Textile History. Aberdeen University Press. p. 71.
  10. ^ Cheape (2012), pp. 15–16.
  11. ^ Griest, Terry L. (1986). Scottish Tartans and Family Names. Harp & Lion Press. p. 2. The words tartan and plaid have come to be used synonymously, particularly in North America. This usage is incorrect when referring to Scottish tartan
  12. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions". ScottishTartans.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2000. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  13. ^ Cheape (2012), p. 15.
  14. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 10.
  15. ^ a b Black (1959), p. 3.
  16. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 2.
  17. ^ Ramsay, William (1875). "Paludamentum". In Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. pp. 853–854. Retrieved 28 May 2023 – via University of Chicago.
  18. ^ "plaid". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster. 2003. p. 947. ISBN 0877798095.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Newsome, Matthew; Wilkinson, Todd (2010). "Hibernean Dress, Caledonian Custom: A brief history of Irish kilts and tartan". ScottishTartans.org. Scottish Tartans Museum. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  20. ^ a b See, e.g., Mackay (1924), p. 94, quoting: Burt (1726).
  21. ^ a b c d Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 40, quoting: Tucker, Thomas (1824) [1655]. Murray, John Archibald (ed.). Report upon the Settlement of the Revenues of Excise and Customs in Scotland. Bannatyne Club Press. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2017. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  23. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 55.
  24. ^ a b c Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 61.
  25. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 46.
  26. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 23.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Threadcount". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2020. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  28. ^ a b c d e Scarlett (1990), p. 62
  29. ^ "Berwick-upon-Tweed (symmetric)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Lochnell Dress)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  31. ^ "Tartan Details - Unnamed C18th - Cf 4445". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Eslea MacDonald, Peter (April 2022). "The Jacobite Tartan" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  33. ^ a b c Eslea MacDonald, Peter (October 2018). "Tartan from Isabella Fraser's Wedding Dress 1785" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  34. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Buchanan – 1800". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  35. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 53.
  36. ^ a b "Tartan Details - MacMillan Anc (Clans Originaux)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  37. ^ a b c d e "What's a Threadcount". TartansAuthority.com. Scottish Tartans Authority. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
  38. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 17.
  39. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 6–7.
  40. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald, Peter (2015). "Pattern Sticks – Fact or Fiction?" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  41. ^ Mackay (1924), p. 46.
  42. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 51.
  43. ^ a b c d Blakely (2015), p. 13.
  44. ^ Urquhart, Blair; Cruickshank, Kris (2006). Textile32 (Windows software) (v3.2 ed.). Comrie, Perthshire: Tartan Software / Scottish Tartans Authority International Tartan Index. "Ticket" menu.
  45. ^ a b c d Scarlett (1990), p. 63.
  46. ^ See "complaint" about this in: Scarlett (1990), pp. 55–56.
  47. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 88.
  48. ^ See usage at, e.g.: "Tartan Details - Edmonton Scottish Society". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  49. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 227.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Scarlett (1990), p. 47.
  51. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 65.
  52. ^ Usage example: Scarlett (1990), p. 33, footnote 6.
  53. ^ a b See usage at, e.g.: "Tartan Details - Rankin (Dalgleish) #2". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  54. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 52.
  55. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 145, 151.
  56. ^ a b c d e Eslea MacDonald, Peter (January 2012). "The Original Cameron of Erracht Cloth?" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  57. ^ a b c d e Eslea MacDonald, Peter (February 2019). "Traditional selvedge decoration on tartan cloth" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  58. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 52–53.
  59. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald, Peter (April 2020). "The Use of a Selvedge Mark on Early Military Tartan" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  60. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 18.
  61. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (September 2018). "An 18th Century Plaid belonging to the Maclaines of Lochbuie" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  62. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (2004). "Two Tartan Plaids from Antigonish County, Nova Scotia" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  63. ^ a b c d Eslea MacDonald, Peter (January 2016). "A portion of joined plaiding at Glamis Castle – Prince Charles Edward tartan" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  64. ^ a b c Eslea MacDonald, Peter (November 2014). "An Unnamed 18th Century Jacobite Era Plaid – Carlisle Museum" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  65. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 17.
  66. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 42.
  67. ^ a b See usage at, e.g.: "Tartan Details - Jacobite, Old". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  68. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 49–50.
  69. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 49–53, 181–183.
  70. ^ Tilson Davis, Linda (2018). Weaving Tartans: A Guide for Contemporary Handweavers. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN 9781723818028.
  71. ^ Black (1959).
  72. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 146–147.
  73. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), pp. 16–17.
  74. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 46–48.
  75. ^ Mackay (1924), p. 49.
  76. ^ a b c Scarlett (1990), p. 40.
  77. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 40, plate 5(b).
  78. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 185.
  79. ^ For example: "Tartan Details - Dundee Wallace". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  80. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 45.
  81. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 7.
  82. ^ a b c "Tartan Details - Mar Dress". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  83. ^ a b "Search Results [MacDougal]". TartanRegister.gov.uk. 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  84. ^ "Tartan Details - Innes of Learney Hunting (Personal)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  85. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. viii.
  86. ^ "Women's Dress". TartansAuthority.com. Scottish Tartans Authority. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Quoting: Logan, James; McIan, Robert Ronald (1845–1847). Clans of the Scottish Highlands. London: Ackermann & Co.
  87. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 10.
  88. ^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, Morris Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 149. LCCN 30016563. OCLC 1150631 – via Internet Archive. There is a newer 1950 2nd edition, but both versions are collector's items that are difficult to find except via inter-library loan.
  89. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 67–68.
  90. ^ "Tartan Details - Prince of Orange". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  91. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Hello Kitty". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  92. ^ "Tartan Register colours" (PDF). TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  93. ^ a b c d e f Barnes & Allen (1956): p. 266.
  94. ^ a b c Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 33.
  95. ^ a b c d e Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 222–224.
  96. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 9.
  97. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 225.
  98. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 227–229.
  99. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 226, 228, 231, 239–240.
  100. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter. "The Use of Colour in Tartan". TartansAuthority.com. Scottish Tartans Authority. Archived from the original on 4 June 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  101. ^ a b c d e f g Thompson, J. Charles (1989). "Color Schemes". So You're Going to Wear the Kilt (3rd revised ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Heraldic Art. pp. 34–37. ISBN 0862280176.
  102. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 145.
  103. ^ Actually, this term has been used in this specific context: Urquhart, Blair; Cruickshank, Kris (2006). Textile32 (Windows software) (v3.2 ed.). Comrie, Perthshire: Tartan Software / Scottish Tartans Authority International Tartan Index. "Select Colours for Pattern" menu. Select a colourway...
  104. ^ a b c d Eslea MacDonald, Peter (2014). "The Use of Colour in Tartan". ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  105. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Newsome, Matthew Allan C. (2006). "Tartan Colors — A Photo Essay". Albanach. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  106. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 238.
  107. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 50.
  108. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 43. Scarlett says "toward the end of the Great War" (WWI), while Newsome (2006) says "some time after World War II".
  109. ^ The Story of Reproduction Tartans (brochure). Selkirk, Scotland: D. C. Dalgliesh Ltd. c. 1990s. [self-published source]
  110. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 8.
  111. ^ a b c "Tartan Details - Stewart, Prince Charles Edward". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2023. SRT's entry on this tartan attempts to illustrate it in the original regimental version with azure and olive green, but mis-renders it in tones that are nearly grey and do not agree with SRT's own colour codes.
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  166. ^ See gallery at Douglas Archives, which also does not repeat the 1575 tartan story: "Margaret, Countess of Lennox". The Douglas Archives: A collection of historical and genealogical research. Clan Douglas Society. 30 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
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  176. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 27–33, 35; quotes numerous period sources.
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  178. ^ a b c Adam (1908/1970), p. 387.
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  183. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 53, and plate 8.
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  189. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), pp. 65–66.
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  220. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 37.
  221. ^ Campbell, J. F. (1862), pp. 404–405.
  222. ^ a b c d Scarlett (1990), p. 12.
  223. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 63.
  224. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 35.
  225. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 53 and title page. Dunbar incorrectly dates the map to 1643, though it is clearly marked 1653 in Roman numerals.
  226. ^ a b c Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 38–39.
  227. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 39–40.
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  230. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 41, quoting: Ray, John (1846) [1662]. Memorials of John Ray. London: Ray Society.
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  234. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 43–44.
  235. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 97.
  236. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 55–56, and plate 9. When Dunbar was writing, the portrait was thought to date to c. 1660 and to depict either an unknown Highland chieftain or the actor-playwright John Lacy.
  237. ^ Wright, John Michael. "Lord Mungo Murray [Am Morair Mungo Moireach], 1668–1700. Son of 1st Marquess of Atholl". NationalGalleries.org. National Galleries of Scotland. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
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  242. ^ a b c d e f g Scarlett (1990), p. 13.
  243. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 12. Also quoted in: Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 25; and: Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 45.
  244. ^ a b c d Scarlett (1990), p. 34.
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  247. ^ a b c Mackay (1924), p. 50, at footnote.
  248. ^ See sources cited in the § Clan tartans section.
  249. ^ a b c d Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 29.
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  251. ^ Campbell, J. F. (1862), p. 380.
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  253. ^ MacBain (1911), p. 151. Also quoted in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 92–93.
  254. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 25–26.
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  258. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 100.
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  264. ^ a b c d Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 100.
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  267. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 39, 49.
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  269. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 75.
  270. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 35.
  271. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) pp. 17, 24.
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  280. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 87–89.
  281. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 82–86, 90.
  282. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 76, plates 25, 27.
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  290. ^ Innes of Learney (1971), pp. 10–11: "No doubt the 'Jacobite' (political) tartan and a number of older Lowland tartans were invented at this time [1840s]".
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  294. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 158.
  295. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 196.
  296. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 5.
  297. ^ a b c Hinderks (2014), pp. 5–7, citing (among others): Cheape, Hugh (2012) [2010]. "Gheibhte breacain charnaid". In Brown, Ian (ed.). From Tartan to Tartanry: Scottish Culture, History and Myth. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748664641.
  298. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 3.
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  310. ^ Hinderks (2014), pp. 6–7, citing: Faiers, Jonathan (2008). Tartan. Oxford: Berg / Victoria & Albert Museum. pp. 107–108.
  311. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 34, 36–37.
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  313. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 24.
  314. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 24.
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  316. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 9, citing: Tuckett, Sally J. S. (2009). "National Dress, Gender and Scotland: 1745–1822". Textile History. 40 (2: Researching the Garment Industry): 22. doi:10.1179/004049609x12504376351308. S2CID 161283151.
  317. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 9, citing: Coltman, Viccy (2010). "Party-coloured Plaid? Portraits of Eighteenth-century Scots in Tartan". Textile History. 41 (2: Researching the Garment Industry): 189. doi:10.1179/174329510X12798919710635. S2CID 154382977.
  318. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 85; quoting: Cheape, Hugh (2005). The Changing Image of the Highlands After 1745. Benjamin West in Focus. National Gallieries of Scotland.
  319. ^ Brown (2012), p. 3.
  320. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (May 2014). "Murray of Ochtertyre" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  321. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 22, citing Collins Encyclopaedia.
  322. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 87.
  323. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), pp. 40, 42.
  324. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 24–25.
  325. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 9, quoting: Nicholson (2005), p. 158.
  326. ^ a b Martin, R. (1988), p. 53.
  327. ^ a b c Scarlett (1990), p. 14.
  328. ^ a b c d Tuckett (2016), p. 19.
  329. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 4–5, 7.
  330. ^ a b c Hinderks (2014), p. 10, citing: Dziennik (2012), pp. 127–129.
  331. ^ Campbell, J. F. (1862), pp. 187–188.
  332. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 149–150.
  333. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 6–7, 12–13.
  334. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 145–146.
  335. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 5, 19, 24.
  336. ^ a b Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 25.
  337. ^ a b c d e Scarlett (1990), p. 35.
  338. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 85.
  339. ^ a b c Tuckett (2016), pp. 10–11.
  340. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 8–10.
  341. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 18–19.
  342. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 10, 14, 17, 55–56.
  343. ^ a b c Eslea MacDonald, Peter (October 2020). "An 18th century Tartan Dress Coat of the Ancient Caledonian Society" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  344. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 32; credits the term "Tory Highlandism" to: Cookson, J. E. (1999). "The Napoleonic Wars, military Scotland and Tory Highlandism in the early nineteenth century". Scottish Historical Review. 78 (1): 60–75. doi:10.3366/shr.1999.78.1.60.
  345. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 14, 18, 44, 55–56, 196–197.
  346. ^ Brown (2012), p. 5; citing: Pittock, Murray (2009). "To see ourselves as other see us". European Journal of English Studies. 13 (3): 298..
  347. ^ a b c Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 102.
  348. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 10.
  349. ^ Simpson, Peter (1996). The Independent Highland Companies, 1603–1760. Edinburgh: J. Donald. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780859764322.
  350. ^ "Empire: 1815–1915". TheBlackWatch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  351. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 180–181, citing: Sumner, Percy (1948). "[title unspecified by source]". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. XXVI (106). Citing in turn the regiment's own order books, originally reproduced in The Red Hackle in October 1935.
  352. ^ Campbell, J. F. (1862), p. 376.
  353. ^ a b c d Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 178, relying on Mackay Scobie.
  354. ^ a b Groves (1893): p. 3.
  355. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 29–30.
  356. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 26–28.
  357. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (October 2015). "42nd Regiment Band or Musicians' Tartan" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  358. ^ "Tartan Details - 42nd Regiment (Musicians)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  359. ^ "Tartan Details - 42nd Regt - Drummers' Plaid". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  360. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 112.
  361. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 20.
  362. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 9–10.
  363. ^ a b Hinderks (2014), p. 8, citing: Dziennik, Matthew P. (2012). "Whig Tartan: Material Culture and Its Use in the Scottish Highlands, 1746–1815". Past & Present (217): 125, 136. doi:10.1093/pastj/gts025.
  364. ^ "Tartan Details - Loudoun's Highlanders". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  365. ^ Described and illustrated in: Scarlett (1990), pp. 27, 29, plate 2(a).
  366. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 159, 184. Telfer Dunbar refers to them by their amalgamated, post-Childers Reforms names, but they are the same original regiments, 71st MacLeod's and 72nd Seaforth's.
  367. ^ a b c Barnes & Allen (1956): pp. 84–86.
  368. ^ "Tartan Details - 78th Highlanders Regiment". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  369. ^ "Tartan Details - MacLeod, Green". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  370. ^ "Tartan Details - 74th Regiment of Foot". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  371. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 20.
  372. ^ Barnes & Allen (1956): pp. 86–87.
  373. ^ "Tartan Details - 92nd Regiment (Gordon)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  374. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 159–160.
  375. ^ "Tartan Details - Gordon Clan". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  376. ^ "Tartans". HouseOfGordonUSA.org. House of Gordon USA. 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  377. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 185–186.
  378. ^ "Tartan Details - Cameron of Erracht". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  379. ^ "Tartan Details - 79th Regiment". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2023. This version is a slightly different setting as to hues, going a bit darker, but is clearly the same tartan as Cameron of Earracht.
  380. ^ Barnes & Allen (1956): p. 86.
  381. ^ Browne, James (1854). History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans: With an Extensive Selection from the Hitherto Inedited Stuart Papers. Vol. 4. A. Fullarton & Co. p. 377 – via Google Books.
  382. ^ "Tartan Details - Inverness Fencibles". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2023. This source incorrectly lists this as the Inverness Fencibles tartan and conflates the two units; the Inverness-shire Fencibles, as they were properly named, was a completely different unit, raised the same year, and their tartan is unknown.
  383. ^ "Tartan Details - 42nd Regiment". Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  384. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 31, says that Robert Bain's The Clans and Tartans of Scotland (1953 ed.) confirms this lightened Black Watch for the 93rd.
  385. ^ "Tartan Details - Sutherland #2". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  386. ^ "Tartan Details - Sutherland 42nd". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  387. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Newsome, Matthew Allan C. (2005). "Sources of the Tartans". Albanach. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  388. ^ Moncreiffe of That Ilk, Iain (1962) [1954]. The Robertsons (Clan Donnachaidh of Atholl). Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston & G. W. Bacon Ltd. p. 9 (fig. opposite).
  389. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 87; citing: Stewart, D. C. (1974), p. 2.
  390. ^ Carman, W. Y. (1957). British Military Uniforms from Contemporary Pictures. London: Leonard Hill. pp. 146, 152.
  391. ^ "Militaria Dictionary and Beginner's Guide". KellyBadge.co.uk. Ellesmere, Shropshire: Ian G. Kelly (Militaria). 2000. "Tartan Numbering System" section. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  392. ^ "Regimental Tartans". DCDalgliesh.co.uk. D. C. Dalgliesh Ltd. 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  393. ^ a b c d Innes of Learney (1971), pp. 9–10.
  394. ^ a b Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 155.
  395. ^ a b c Ward, Philip; Edwards, Julia (2012) [1978]. The Book of Common Fallacies. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 422. ISBN 9781616083366. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  396. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 28–30.
  397. ^ a b c d e f Haswell Miller, A. E. (1956). Donaldson, Gordon (ed.). Common Errors in Scottish History. London: Historical Association / George Philip & Son. Quoted at length in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 17–18; also quoted in: McGann, Kass (2003). "The Question of Clan Tartans". ReconstructingHistory.com. "The Evolution of the Kilt" series. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  398. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 2.
  399. ^ a b Mackay Scobie, Iain Hamilton (June 1942). "Tartan and Clan Tartan". Chambers Journal. Quoted in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 14–15; and McGann (2003).
  400. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 15–16, quoting: Haldane, M. M. (1931). "The Great Clan Tartan Myth". The Scots Magazine. 16 (1): 44–51. (Haldane is also cited, as a debate opponent, in Innes of Learney (1971).)
  401. ^ Martin, R. (1988), p. 51; responding to claims in: Lurie, Alison (1981). The Language of Clothes. Random House. ISBN 9780394513027.
  402. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 57.
  403. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 28 ff.
  404. ^ a b Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 161, quoting: Campbell of Airds, Alastair (1998) [1994]. "Tartan and the Highland dress". In Way of Plean, George; Squire, Romily (eds.). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. HarperCollins / Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9780760711200 – via Internet Archive.
  405. ^ a b c d "Official Position on Clan Campbell Tartans". CCSNA.org. Clan Campbell Society (North America). 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2023. Quoting letter of Chief Ian Campbell in considerable detail.
  406. ^ a b Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 36, quoting: Lockhart, George (1817). "A Journal of the Expedition of Prince Charles Edward in 1745, by a Highland Officer". In Aufrère, Anthony (ed.). Lockhart Papers. Vol. II. p. 505.
  407. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 23, citing the following, source of both the Campbell of Islay and Haldane statements: Haldane (1931).
  408. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 27–28.
  409. ^ a b Thompson (1992), p. iii.
  410. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 9
  411. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 57, quoting: Stewart, Donald William (August 1892). "Tartans in Family Portraits". The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries. note 455.
  412. ^ Wagner, Paul; Reynolds, Wayne (2002). Pictish Warrior: AD 297–841. "Warrior" series. Vol. 50. Osprey. p. 28.
  413. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 23.
  414. ^ a b Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 162, quoting Hugh Cheape, from a 1999 interview.
  415. ^ Innes of Learney (1971), pp. 8, 10.
  416. ^ Innes of Learney (1971), p. 8, citing: Fraser of Reelig, Charles Ian (1930). Some Notes on Highland Tartans. Inverness: The Northern Chronicle Office.
  417. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), at "Brodie" and "Huntley".
  418. ^ "Search Results [Gordon]". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  419. ^ Innes of Learney (1971), p. 8.
  420. ^ a b Innes of Learney (1971), p. 9.
  421. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), pp. 12–13.
  422. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 13.
  423. ^ "Tartan Details - MacLean of Duart Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  424. ^ "Tartan Details - Sutherland". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  425. ^ "Tartans". HouseOfGordonUSA.org. House of Gordon USA. 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  426. ^ "Tartan Details - Gordon, Red (1819)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  427. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), plate 13.
  428. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 58–60.
  429. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 62.
  430. ^ a b c Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 146.
  431. ^ "Tartan Details - Grant (1819 #1)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  432. ^ "Tartan Details - Grant (1838)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  433. ^ Zaczek & Phillips (2013), p. 153.
  434. ^ "Tartan Details - Grant (Vestiarium Scoticum)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  435. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 58–62.
  436. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 191–192; quoting: Drummond-Norie, William (1898). Loyal Lochaber and Its Associations Historical, Genealogical, and Traditionary. Glasgow: Morison Bros.
  437. ^ See, e.g.: Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 173.
  438. ^ Scobie, Willie (2012). "A Case for Clan Tartans". TartansAuthority.com. Scottish Tartans Authority. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  439. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Armaddie". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  440. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Lochlane". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  441. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell, Red". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  442. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart of Ardshiel". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  443. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart of Atholl". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  444. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart, Hunting #1". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  445. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart, Old". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  446. ^ "Tartan Details -Stewart of Appin Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  447. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart, Hunting #1". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  448. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart, Hunting #3". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  449. ^ "Tartan Details - Stewart, Green". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  450. ^ "Tartan Details - Ramsay Blue Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  451. ^ Grant, James (1884). Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh. Vol. II. London: Cassell & Co. p. 235 – via Google Books.
  452. ^ Kay, John; Paton, Hugh (1842). "No. LXIV: The Rev. Joseph Robertson MacGregor, First Minister of the Edinburgh Gaelic Chapel". A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings. Vol. I, part I. Edinburgh: Hugh Paton. pp. 152–153. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via Google Books.
  453. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 130.
  454. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 44.
  455. ^ Stewart, D. W. (1893), pp. 28–29.
  456. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 17.
  457. ^ "Tartan Details - MacDonald, Lord of The Isles". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  458. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 61, 64, 71, 75, 88 plates 11–12, 35. "The tartan is of a typical pre-clan tartan style."
  459. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 57–60, 69, 71.
  460. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 13, 22.
  461. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 23, citing also: McClintock, H. F. (1943). Old Highland Dress and Tartans (2nd ed.). Dundalk: Dundalgan Press. And: Telfer Dunbar (1979).
  462. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 73–75.
  463. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 75.
  464. ^ Campbell, A. (1890), p. vi.
  465. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 23, quoting: Campbell, Archibald (1899). Highland Dress, Arms and Ornament. Westminster: Constable & Co. – via Internet Archive.
  466. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 73.
  467. ^ Ray, James (1752). Compleat History of the Rebellion, From Its First Rise, in 1745, to Its Total Suppression at the Glorious Battle of Culloden, in April 1746. p. 344 – via Google Books.
  468. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 19.
  469. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 20.
  470. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 19, 163–164, quoting two articles (untitled by Dunbar) by I. H. Mackay Scobie in the Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 1941 and 1946.
  471. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 90.
  472. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 4; Quotes the entire passage from Burt (1727–37, published 1754).
  473. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 19–20.
  474. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 4–6; quotes the entire letter from Forbes of Culloden to the Lord Lyon (1746).
  475. ^ a b Lawson, Cecil C. P. (1967) [1941]. A History of the Uniforms of the British Army. Vol. II. London: Norman Military Publications. p. 61. Quoted in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 15.
  476. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 15.
  477. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 47, 50: "fine specimens of pre-nineteenth-century tartans with their lovely colour combinations and interesting weaves are far removed from the 'clan' tartans of later times.  ... [A] number of old hard-spun splaid genuinely pre-1745 [are] unlike any modern 'clan' tartan patterns."
  478. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 16–17.
  479. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 25–26.
  480. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 159.
  481. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 8, citing: Bolton, Andrew (2003). Bravehearts: Men in Skirts. Victoria & Albert Museum. p. 99. ISBN 9780810965584.
  482. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (November 2010). "A Jacobite Lady Reveals Her True Colours" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  483. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Huntly". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2023. Citing previously unpublished research of James D. Scarlett (2005). The SRT record is confusingly named "Huntly" (which can refer to multiple tartans) rather than the more precise name "Marchioness of Huntly's", which SRT misapplied to a different tartan.
  484. ^ a b Stewart, D. W. (1893), p. 36. Also [mis-]quoted in: Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 23.
  485. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 16.
  486. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 14.
  487. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), pp. 3–4.
  488. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 9.
  489. ^ Mills, N. J.; Carswell, A. L. (1998). "Wilson of Bannockburn and the Clothing of the Highland Regiments". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 76 (307): 177. JSTOR 44230132.
  490. ^ a b c Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 104.
  491. ^ a b c d Tuckett (2016), p. 17.
  492. ^ a b c Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 30.
  493. ^ a b c d e Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 5.
  494. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 29, footnote 92.
  495. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Cawdor". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  496. ^ "Tartan Details - Abercrombie (Wilsons' No.2/64)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  497. ^ a b c d Scarlett (1990), p. 64.
  498. ^ "Tartan Details - Abercrombie". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  499. ^ "Tartan Details - Graham of Montrose #2". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  500. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Breadalbane #2". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  501. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Breadalbane". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  502. ^ a b c d Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 149.
  503. ^ "Tartan". Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Dictionaries of the Scots Language SCIO / University of Glasgow. 2005 [1974]. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  504. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), pp. 5–6.
  505. ^ a b c d e f g Eslea MacDonald, Peter (February 2023). "The Cockburn Collection" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  506. ^ Cockburn, William (c. 1820). A collection of old hard tartans made by William Cockburn of Cockburn, Bart. between the years 1810–1820.
  507. ^ "Tartan Details - Black Watch (Government)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  508. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 157, quoting Stewart of Garth letter to Andrew Robertson, from biography: Robert, James Ervine (1998). The First Highlander: Major-General David Stewart of Garth CB, 1768–1829. East Linton: Tuckwell. ISBN 1862320500.
  509. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 158, quoting from letters in J. I. Robertson's The First Highlander (1998) again.
  510. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 119.
  511. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 124.
  512. ^ This is reported as fact by the US-based House of Gordon society, which also makes other unsupportable assertions: "Tartans". HouseOfGordonUSA.org. House of Gordon USA. 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  513. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 35. For "confluence of district ... and ... regimental", see entire chapters running pp. 9–36; wherein the arguments are made in stages.
  514. ^ Haswell Miller, A. E. (November 1947). "[title not given in source]". Scotland's Magazine. Cited in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 17.
  515. ^ "Tartan Details - Campbell of Argyll". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  516. ^ a b c Tuckett (2016), p. 15.
  517. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 36, 283–284.
  518. ^ a b c "Major-General David Stewart of Garth". TheBlackWatch.org. Perth: Black Watch Museum / Scottish Tourist Board. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  519. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 28, footnote 88.
  520. ^ a b Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 28–29.
  521. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 107, 172.
  522. ^ a b c d e f g Paterson, M. B. (2001), pp. 158–159.
  523. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 21.
  524. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 26.
  525. ^ a b c Urquhart (1994), p. 18.
  526. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 19: "the Clan Chiefs of the time appear to have been singularly lacking in knowledge of the tartans that they and their forbears should have been wearing since the Celtic mists parted – at least in what was fast becoming the popular imagination", as late as the 1850s.
  527. ^ a b c Armstrong (2017), p. 37.
  528. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 160.
  529. ^ Eslea MacDonald, Peter (March 2020). "The Lord of the Isles Tartans" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  530. ^ a b Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 4.
  531. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 40.
  532. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 139.
  533. ^ Eslea MacDonald (2012), p. 7.
  534. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), pp. 30, 32.
  535. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 104; citing: Prebble (2000), p. 105.
  536. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 19–20, citing archived correspondence between Stewart of Garth and Robertson of Struan.
  537. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 19, quoting: Smibert, Thomas (1850). The Clans of the Highlands of Scotland. J. Hogg.
  538. ^ "Tartan Details - Murray of Atholl". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  539. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 15–17.
  540. ^ a b Thompson (1992), p. v.
  541. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 16–17.
  542. ^ a b c Moncreiffe of that Ilk 1967: p. 24.
  543. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 57.
  544. ^ a b c Scarlett (1990), p. 36.
  545. ^ a b c Martin, R. (1988), p. 54.
  546. ^ Martin, R. (1988), p. 55.
  547. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 148, citing quotation from: Webster, David (2011). The World History of Highland Games. Edinburgh: Luath. p. 65.
  548. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 33. Also quoted with different punctuation in: Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 116.
  549. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 116.
  550. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 118.
  551. ^ "Tartan Details - Scott". TartanRegister.gov.uk. The Scottish Register of Tartans. 16 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  552. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 153.
  553. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 64, 188–193.
  554. ^ a b c d Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) pp. 106–108. They actually get publication date of The Costume of the Clans off by one year; it was 1845 as confirmed in all other sources, like Telfer Dunbar (1979).
  555. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), pp. 60–61.
  556. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 107.
  557. ^ a b Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 151.
  558. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 142.
  559. ^ Stewart, Donald Calder; Thompson, J. Charles (1980). Scarlett, James (ed.). Scotland's Forged Tartans: An Analytical Study of the Vestiarium Scoticum. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing. ISBN 0904505677.[page needed]
  560. ^ a b c Armstrong (2017), p. 61.
  561. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 195, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  562. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 103, 107, 111.
  563. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 131.
  564. ^ a b c d Eslea MacDonald, Peter. "A Short History of Tartan". ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  565. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 108.
  566. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 11, 61–62.
  567. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 18.
  568. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 4, 11, 49, 57, 157, 236.
  569. ^ Martin, R. (1988), p. 56.
  570. ^ a b c Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 39.
  571. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 116–117.
  572. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 138–139.
  573. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 195–196, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  574. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 140–141.
  575. ^ a b c d e Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 26.
  576. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 196, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  577. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 129.
  578. ^ "Tartan Details - Home (Clans Originaux)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  579. ^ "Tartan Details - Brodie Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  580. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 103.
  581. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 197, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  582. ^ a b Duncan of Sketraw, John A. (4 April 2009). "The Romantic Myth of Scottish Clan Septs". ScotsHistoryOnline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  583. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 37–38.
  584. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 196–197, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  585. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), pp. 20, 197–198, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  586. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 19: "what was fast becoming the popular imagination" by about 1850.
  587. ^ a b c Scarlett (1990), p. 37.
  588. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. 198, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  589. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 198–199, quoting: Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  590. ^ a b Scarlett (1990), p. ix.
  591. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 64–180.
  592. ^ "Tartan Details - MacFarlane Dress". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  593. ^ "Tartan Details - MacFarlane Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  594. ^ Stewart, D. C. (1974).
  595. ^ Scarlett (1990).
  596. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 21.
  597. ^ "Tartan Details - MacGregor Dress Red (Dance)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  598. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 24.
  599. ^ a b McIntyre, Alastair, ed. (2023) [2002]. "Official Scottish Clans and Families". ElectricScotland.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023. This list appears to be regularly maintained, at least as of 2023.
  600. ^ "Tartan Details - Watson". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  601. ^ a b MacGregor of MacGregor, Malcolm (28 April 2012). "Our Tartan". ACGSUS.org. American Clan Gregor Society. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  602. ^ Way of Plean; Squire (2000), p. 214.
  603. ^ "Tartan Details - Davidson". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  604. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Shaw". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  605. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Shaw of Tordarroch Red (Dress)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  606. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Shaw of Tordarroch Green (Hunting)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  607. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 19.
  608. ^ "Tartan Details - Mar Tribe". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  609. ^ "Tartan Details - MacLeod Red". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  610. ^ "Tartan Details: Lumsden Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  611. ^ a b "Tartan Details - MacTavish Dress". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  612. ^ "Tartan Details - Lumsden". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  613. ^ "Tartan Details - Lumsden (Waistcoat)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  614. ^ "Tartan Details: Duncan of Sketraw". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  615. ^ "Tartan Details - MacDowall". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  616. ^ "Clan MacDowall Tartans". MacDowall.wixsite.com. Clan MacDowall Society. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  617. ^ "Tartan Details - Cochrane Hunting". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  618. ^ "Tartan Details: Carruthers". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  619. ^ a b c Milne, N. C. (2010). Scottish Culture and Traditions. Paragon Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 9781899820795. Retrieved 28 May 2023 – via Google Books.
  620. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 15–16.
  621. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 8.
  622. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 32.
  623. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 92.
  624. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 147.
  625. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 31, quoting: Burke, John Bernard (1914). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (106th ed.). London: Harrison. p. 1803.
  626. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 80.
  627. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 14, 20.
  628. ^ a b c McNeil, Kenneth (2007). "Britain's 'imperial man': Walter Scott, David Stewart, and Highland Masculinity". Scotland, Britain, Empire. Ohio State University Press. pp. 83–84. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  629. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 117, 155.
  630. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 87; citing: Stewart, D. C. (1974), p. 2.
  631. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 1, 3–5, ff.
  632. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 56.
  633. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 5, 14–16, 18–19, 24–26, 56.
  634. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 110–111, 150, 197.
  635. ^ Scarlett (1990), pp. 36–37.
  636. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 147.
  637. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 36–37.
  638. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 160.
  639. ^ Hinderks (2014), pp. 8–9, citing: Dziennik (2012), p. 136. And: Nicholson (2005), p. 160. And: Harvie, Christopher (1977). Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707 to the Present. London: Routledge. pp. 13–14.
  640. ^ a b c Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), pp. 99–100; quoting: Clyde, Robert (1995). From Rebel to Hero: The Changing Image of the Highlander, 1745–1830. Tuckwell Press. p. 129. ISBN 9781862320277.
  641. ^ "An incident during the visit of George IV to Edinburgh, 1822". National Galleries Scotland. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  642. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 12, 18.
  643. ^ a b c d Tuckett (2016), p. 18.
  644. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 3, 9.
  645. ^ a b c d Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of a Nation. Grove Press. pp. 653–654. ISBN 0802139329.
  646. ^ Duncan, Ian (2007). Scott's Shadow: The Novel in Romantic Edinburgh. Princeton University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780691043838.
  647. ^ a b c Brown, Angie (13 August 2022). "How the king's visit saw kilts become Scotland's national dress". BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  648. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 48–52.
  649. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 105.
  650. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 54, quoting: Prebble, John (1988). The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, August 1822, "One and Twenty Daft Days". London: Collins. p. 364.
  651. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 52–53, 57, 283.
  652. ^ Calder, Angus (1994). Revolving Culture: Notes from the Scottish Republic. London & New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 103. Quoted in: Porter (1998), p. 2.
  653. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 31.
  654. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 54.
  655. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 15.
  656. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 159, footnote 13.
  657. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 43–44. The term "synthetic Gaelicism" is attributed to: Morton, H. V. (1937) [1929]. In Search of Scotland. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 132.
  658. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 42.
  659. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 9, quoting: Cheape (1991), p. 49.
  660. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 9, quoting: Bolton (2003), p. 100.
  661. ^ Hinderks (2014), p. 10. Citing: Hobsbawm & Ranger (1983), p. 24. And: Thorburn, W. A. (1976). "Military Origins of Scottish National Dress". Costume. 10 (1): 29, 33. doi:10.1179/cos.1976.10.1.29.
  662. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), pp. 78, 160–161
  663. ^ Trevor-Roper (1983), p. 28.
  664. ^ Tuckett (2016), p. 11.
  665. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 126.
  666. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 11.
  667. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 175.
  668. ^ Tuckett (2016), pp. 17–18.
  669. ^ a b c Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 150.
  670. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 117.
  671. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), pp. 147–149.
  672. ^ a b Tuckett (2016), pp. 7–9.
  673. ^ a b c Tuckett (2016), p. 20.
  674. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) p. 109; citing: Zacek & Phillips (2013), p. 74.
  675. ^ See extensive treatment in: von Fürstenberg, Princess Ira; Nicolls, Andrew (1996). Tartanware: Souvenirs from Scotland. Trafalgar Square Press. ISBN 9781857935141.
  676. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007) pp. 21–22.
  677. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 84.
  678. ^ "19th-century Scottish kitch is today's collectible". CoastalAntiques.com. Collecting tartanware. Archived from the original on 16 September 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
  679. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 168, footnote 30.
  680. ^ a b Martin, R. (1988), p. 57.
  681. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 83–84.
  682. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 112–113.
  683. ^ Wilton, Brian. "History of Tartan". TartansAuthority.com. Crieff, Scotland: Scottish Tartans Authority. Archived from the original on 22 March 2004. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  684. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 127, quoting an 1847 review.
  685. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 67, 198.
  686. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 68–70, 88–89.
  687. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 74, 98, 102.
  688. ^ a b c d Eslea MacDonald, Peter (June 2019). "The Balmoral Tartan" (PDF). ScottishTartans.co.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  689. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 74–76, 85, 95.
  690. ^ "Tartan in Royal Dress". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  691. ^ Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), pp. 34, 108.
  692. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 83–84, 99.
  693. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 62.
  694. ^ Queen Victoria (1885). More leaves from the journal of a life in the Highlands, from 1862 to 1882 (New ed.). London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 173.
  695. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 207.
  696. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 101.
  697. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), pp. 108–109.
  698. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 93, 205.
  699. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 93–94, 104, 107, 148–150, 236.
  700. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 19, 59, 65, 87–88, 192.
  701. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 161.
  702. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 6, 57, 87.
  703. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 12, 272.
  704. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 93.
  705. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 87, quoting: Brown, Ivor J. C. (1955). Balmoral: The History of a Home. London: Collins. p. 15.
  706. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 84, quoting: Monod, Paul; Pittock, Murray G. H.; Szechi, Daniel, eds. (2010). Loyalty and Identity: Jacobites at Home and Abroad. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43.
  707. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 84, quoting: Thompson, Dorothy (1990). Queen Victoria: The Woman, the Monarch and the People. London: Virago. p. 54.
  708. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 88, citing: Devine, T. M. (2000). The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000. London: Allen Lane. p. 231.
  709. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 82, 87, 91.
  710. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), pp. 6, 16, 58, 72, 77–79, 81, 92, 150, 167, 204–206, 271–272. The term "Balmorality" is attributed to: Scott-Moncrieff, George (1932). "Balmorality". In Thomson, David Cleghorn (ed.). Scotland in Quest of Her Youth: A Scrutiny. London: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 69–86.
  711. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 58, 65, 85, 95, 99–100, 103, 109, 237, 262.
  712. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 6, 11, 59, 78, 204, 241.
  713. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 99–100, 119–121, 237, 262.
  714. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 95–96, 103, 167, 176, 212–213, 245.
  715. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 6, 59, 78, 103, 285.
  716. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 167, 254.
  717. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 259, quoting: Withers, C. W. J. (1992). "The historical creation of the Scottish Highlands". In Donnachie, Ian; Whatley, Christopher (eds.). The Manufacture of Scottish History. Edinburgh: Polygon. p. 155.
  718. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 254, 259.
  719. ^ Scarlett (1990), p. 16.
  720. ^ Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1848). "Chapter XIII". The History of England from the Accession of James II: . § 284–285.
  721. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 272.
  722. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 251–252, quoting: Scott-Moncrieff (1932), p. 75.
  723. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 81, quoting: Devine (2000), p. 231.
  724. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 108–109, 125, 275.
  725. ^ Telfer Dunbar (1979), p. 141.
  726. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 243.
  727. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 124–125, 237, 254, 262.
  728. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 178–184.
  729. ^ Martin, R. (1988), pp. 57–58.
  730. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 84, citing: Faiers (2008), p. 193.
  731. ^ a b c d Martin, R. (1988), p. 58.
  732. ^ Jacobson, Ralph E; Ray, Sidney F.; Attridge, Geoffrey G.; Axford, Norman R. (2000). The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging. Focal Press. p. 228. ISBN 0240515749.
  733. ^ Martin, R. (1988), pp. 56–57.
  734. ^ Brown (2012), pp. 6–7.
  735. ^ Armstrong (2017), passim; much of this work is an anaysis of the "symbiotic" Highlandism relationship between Victoria and the Atholls.
  736. ^ Dorrian, Mark (2006). "The King and the City: On the Iconology of George IV in Edinburgh" (PDF). Edinburgh Architecture Research. 30: 32. ISSN 0140-5039. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  737. ^ "King George IV". Undiscovered Scotland. 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  738. ^ Campbell, Jeannie (17 June 2022). "Royal visit to Edinburgh 1822 – The Background, Part One". Bagpipe News. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  739. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 63; see especially footnote 33.
  740. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 185.
  741. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 209–221. The "as they now are" quote is on p. 219.
  742. ^ "Wearing of Sashes by Ladies in Evening Dress" (PDF). Court of the Lord Lyon. 2009 – via Society of Scottish Armigers. SSA indicates this was originally published by the Lord Lyon, and the text seems to indicate this, but the LL website no longer provides such a document.
  743. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 198.
  744. ^ Falke, Jacob (1872). "National Domestic Industry" (PDF). The Workshop: A Monthly Journal Devoted to Progress of the Useful Arts. 5 (3): 33–36. doi:10.2307/25586655. JSTOR 25586655. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  745. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 239, 242, 279.
  746. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 190–191.
  747. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 125.
  748. ^ Martin, R. (1988), pp. 58, 60.
  749. ^ See detailed treatment in: Dwyer-McNulty, Sally (2014). Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469614106.
  750. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), pp. 174–175.
  751. ^ a b c d e Kirsanova, Raisa (September 2016). "Scottish tartans and Russian Romanticism". Clothing Cultures. 3 (3): 237–245. doi:10.1386/cc.3.3.237_1. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  752. ^ "All you need to know about Walkers Shortbread". The Scotsman. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  753. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), pp. 26–27.
  754. ^ Mackay (1924), p. 21.
  755. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), pp. 81–82, 130.
  756. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 236, 256.
  757. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 27, footnote 24.
  758. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 3, 277.
  759. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 256.
  760. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 283.
  761. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 264.
  762. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 190.
  763. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 260, 273.
  764. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 218.
  765. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), pp. 195, 218.
  766. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 253–254, 280.
  767. ^ "National Tartan Day". Channel 39 Southern Television. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  768. ^ Gilchrist, Jim (15 December 2008). "Stories of Homecoming: We're on the march with Argentina's Scots". The Scotsman. p. 18.
  769. ^ a b "Tartan Details - Brittany National". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  770. ^ "About Us". NYCTartanWeek.org. National Tartan Day New York Committee. 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  771. ^ Brown (2012), p. 7.
  772. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 256, quoting: Maitland Hume, Ian (2001). The contemporary role of the kilt and tartan in the construction and expression of Scottish American identity (PhD). University of Edinburgh.
  773. ^ "About Us". ScottishTartansMuseum.org. Franklin, North Carolina: Scottish Tartans Museum and Heritage Center. 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  774. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 180.
  775. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 131.
  776. ^ Wylie, James (2022). "The People's Tartan: Ba part of reinventing tartan". VAM.ac.uk. V&A Dundee. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  777. ^ "Exhibition: Tartan – on until Sunday 14 January 2024". VAM.ac.uk. V&A Dundee. 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  778. ^ Bamford, Abbey (3 April 2023). "Plaid weaves grid concept into V&A Dundee Tartan exhibition space". Design Week. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  779. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 154, quoting Teall of Teallach's foreword in Blair Urquhart's Identifying Tartans.
  780. ^ Brancaz (2016), paras. 9–10, 12, 14–15. Citing: Ray, Celeste (May 2010). Ancestral Clanscapes and Transatlantic Tartaneers. Symposium on Return Migration. Edinburgh: Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies. pp. 6–7. Republished as: Ray, Celeste (2012). "Ancestral clanscapes and transatlantic tartaneers". In Varricchio, Mario (ed.). Back to Caledonia: Scottish Homecomings from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Birlinn. pp. 168–188. ISBN 9781906566449. Also citing: McArthur, Colin (2003). Brigadoon, Braveheart and the Scots: Distortions of Scotland in Hollywood Cinema. "Cinema and Society" series. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781860649271.
  781. ^ Brancaz (2016), para. 15.
  782. ^ a b "What's New". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  783. ^ a b c Mather, Jim; MacKenzie, George (9 July 2007). "National Tartan Register to be set up". Gov.scot. Government of Scotland. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  784. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 2275.
  785. ^ Fisher, Alice (10 April 2010). "Why the world has gone mad for plaid". "Fashion" department. The Observer. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  786. ^ Pittock, M. G. H. (2013) [2008]. The Road to Independence? Scotland in the Balance (2nd ed.). London: Reaktion Books. p. 150.
  787. ^ a b c Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 172.
  788. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 274.
  789. ^ a b Cheape (2012), p. 14.
  790. ^ This is much of the theme of Paterson, M. B. (2001), "Chapter 5: Tartan (Case Study 1)", pp. 152–188.
  791. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 238, 268.
  792. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 268.
  793. ^ Watson, Nicola (8 March 2019). "Tartan Is the Next Big Thing: 5 Standout Fall/Winter 2019 Trends That You Need to Know of". Her World. SPH Magazines. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  794. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 12, 280–281.
  795. ^ Armstrong (2017), pp. 12, 269, 291.
  796. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 276.
  797. ^ Armstrong (2017), p. 278, quoting: Pittock, Murray G. H. (2002). "The Jacobite Cult". In Cowan, Edward J.; Finlay, Richard J. (eds.). Scottish History: The Power of the Past. Edinburgh University Press. p. 208.
  798. ^ Brancaz (2016), paras. 17–21.
  799. ^ a b Banks & de La Chapelle (2007), p. 33.
  800. ^ a b Armstrong (2017), p. 259.
  801. ^ "Our Brands". Clan.com. Scotweb Marketing Ltd. 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023. [self-published source]
  802. ^ Johnston, Kevin (dir.) (4 April 2021). "Clans and Tartans". Men in Kilts: A Roadtrip with Sam and Graham. Season 1. Episode 7. Starz.
  803. ^ "Tartan Weaving Mill & Exhibition". Gazetteer for Scotland. University of Edinburgh / Royal Scottish Geographical Society. 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  804. ^ a b c Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 175.
  805. ^ "Tartans". MacDougall.org. Clan MacDougall Society of North America. 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  806. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 153.
  807. ^ Paterson, M. B. (2001), p. 174. (PV was imprecisely referred to as "vinyl viscose" here.)
  808. ^ Example manufacturer specs: "Polyviscose Plaid Fabric Made to Order in 91 Tartans". ScotlandShop.com. 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  809. ^ Example manufacturer specs: "Poly Viscose Tartan Swatches". Kilts-n-Stuff.com. Celtic Croft. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  810. ^ a b Example marketing: Moloney, Eve (22 December 2021). "What Is Polyviscose Fabric?". TheScotlandKiltCompany.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  811. ^ a b Example marketing: Fiddes, Nick (2020). "Spotlight on Poly-viscose fabric – its uses, nature, benefits and drawbacks". Clan.com. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  812. ^ Example marketing: "Everything You Need to Know About Poly-Viscose Fabric". Kils-n-Stuff.com. Celtic Croft. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  813. ^ Example marketing: "11 – 12 oz. Poly Viscose Tartan Cloth". USAKilts.com. 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  814. ^ Example marketing: "Poly-Viscose". AtlantaKilts.com. 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
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    "Tartan Details - MacGregor Dress Green (Dance)". TartanRegister.gov.uk. Scottish Register of Tartans. 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
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