Дональд Джон Трамп (родился 14 июня 1946 года) — американский политик, медийная личность и бизнесмен, занимавший пост 45-го президента США с 2017 по 2021 год.
Трамп получил степень бакалавра наук по экономике в Университете Пенсильвании в 1968 году. Его отец сделал его президентом семейного бизнеса в сфере недвижимости в 1971 году. Трамп переименовал его в Trump Organization и переориентировал компанию на строительство и реконструкцию небоскребов, отелей, казино и полей для гольфа. После серии неудач в бизнесе в конце 1990-х годов он запустил побочные предприятия, в основном лицензируя имя Трампа. С 2004 по 2015 год он был сопродюсером и ведущим реалити-шоу The Apprentice . Он и его предприятия были истцами или ответчиками в более чем 4000 судебных исков, включая шесть банкротств предприятий.
Трамп — единственный президент США, которому дважды объявляли импичмент : в 2019 году за злоупотребление властью и воспрепятствование работе Конгресса после того, как он оказал давление на Украину, чтобы она расследовала дело Джо Байдена , и в 2021 году за подстрекательство к мятежу. Сенат оправдал его в обоих случаях. Трамп проиграл президентские выборы 2020 года Байдену, но отказался признать поражение. Он ложно заявил о широкомасштабном мошенничестве на выборах и попытался отменить результаты . 6 января 2021 года он призвал своих сторонников пройти маршем к Капитолию США , на который многие из них напали . Ученые и историки считают Трампа одним из худших президентов в истории Америки.
Во время учебы в колледже Трамп получил четыре студенческие отсрочки от призыва во время войны во Вьетнаме . [11] В 1966 году он был признан годным к военной службе на основании медицинского обследования, а в июле 1968 года местная призывная комиссия классифицировала его как годного к службе. [12] [13] [14] В октябре 1968 года ему была присвоена категория 1-Y , условная медицинская отсрочка из-за костных шпор , [12] а в 1972 году его переклассифицировали в категорию 4-F , негодный к военной службе, что навсегда лишило его права на военную службу. [14]
Семья
В 1977 году Трамп женился на чешской модели Иване Зельничковой . [15] У них было трое детей: Дональд-младший (родился в 1977 году), Иванка (1981 год) и Эрик (1984 год). Пара развелась в 1990 году после романа Трампа с актрисой Марлой Мейплз . [16] Трамп и Мейплз поженились в 1993 году и развелись в 1999 году. У них есть одна дочь, Тиффани (родилась в 1993 году), которую Мейплз вырастила в Калифорнии. [17] В 2005 году Трамп женился на словенской модели Мелании Кнаусс . [18] У них есть один сын, Бэррон (родился в 2006 году). [19]
Трамп говорит, что никогда не употреблял алкоголь, не курил сигареты и не употреблял наркотики. [23] [24] Он спит около четырех или пяти часов в сутки. [25] [26] Он назвал гольф своей «основной формой упражнений», но обычно не ходит по полю. [27] Он считает упражнения пустой тратой энергии, поскольку считает, что тело «как батарея с конечным количеством энергии», которая истощается при занятиях спортом. [28] [29] В 2015 году кампания Трампа опубликовала письмо его давнего личного врача Гарольда Борнштейна , в котором говорилось, что Трамп «станет самым здоровым человеком, когда-либо избранным на пост президента». [30] В 2018 году Борнштейн сказал, что Трамп продиктовал содержание письма и что трое агентов Трампа изъяли его медицинские записи во время рейда на кабинет врача в феврале 2017 года. [30] [31]
В 1982 году Трамп попал в первоначальный список Forbes состоятельных людей, поскольку владел долей в оценочном чистом капитале своей семьи в 200 миллионов долларов (что эквивалентно 631 миллиону долларов в 2023 году). [32] Его потери в 1980-х годах исключили его из списка в период с 1990 по 1995 год. [33] После подачи обязательного отчета о раскрытии финансовой информации в Федеральную избирательную комиссию в июле 2015 года он объявил о чистом капитале в размере около 10 миллиардов долларов. Отчеты, опубликованные Федеральной избирательной комиссией, показали не менее 1,4 миллиарда долларов в активах и 265 миллионов долларов в обязательствах. [34] Forbes оценил его чистый капитал в 1,4 миллиарда долларов в период с 2015 по 2018 год. [35] В их рейтинге миллиардеров 2024 года чистый капитал Трампа оценивался в 2,3 миллиарда долларов (1438-е место в мире). [36]
Журналист Джонатан Гринберг сообщил, что Трамп позвонил ему в 1984 году, выдавая себя за вымышленного чиновника Trump Organization по имени « Джон Баррон ». Гринберг сказал, что Трамп, просто чтобы получить более высокий рейтинг в списке Forbes 400 богатейших американцев, назвал себя «Барроном», а затем ложно утверждал, что Дональд Трамп владеет более 90 процентами бизнеса своего отца. Гринберг также написал, что Forbes значительно переоценил богатство Трампа и ошибочно включил его в рейтинги 1982, 1983 и 1984 годов. [37]
Трамп часто говорил, что начал свою карьеру с «небольшого займа в миллион долларов» от своего отца и что ему пришлось вернуть его с процентами. [38] К восьми годам он стал миллионером, занял у отца не менее 60 миллионов долларов, в основном не смог вернуть эти займы и получил еще 413 миллионов долларов (в долларах 2018 года с учетом инфляции) от компании своего отца. [39] [40] В 2018 году сообщалось, что он и его семья совершили налоговое мошенничество, и Департамент налогообложения и финансов штата Нью-Йорк начал расследование. [40] Его инвестиции оказались хуже, чем на фондовом рынке и рынке недвижимости Нью-Йорка. [41] [42] В октябре 2018 года Forbes подсчитал, что его чистый капитал сократился с 4,5 миллиардов долларов в 2015 году до 3,1 миллиарда долларов в 2017 году, а его доход от лицензирования продукции — с 23 миллионов до 3 миллионов долларов. [43]
Вопреки его заявлениям о финансовом благополучии и деловой хватке, налоговые декларации Трампа с 1985 по 1994 год показывают чистые убытки в размере 1,17 млрд долларов. Убытки были выше, чем у почти любого другого американского налогоплательщика. Убытки в 1990 и 1991 годах, более 250 млн долларов в год, были более чем вдвое выше, чем у ближайших налогоплательщиков. В 1995 году его заявленные убытки составили 915,7 млн долларов (что эквивалентно 1,83 млрд долларов в 2023 году). [44] [45] [32]
В 2020 году The New York Times получила налоговую информацию Трампа за период более двух десятилетий. Ее репортеры обнаружили, что Трамп сообщил об убытках в сотни миллионов долларов и с 2010 года откладывал декларирование 287 миллионов долларов прощенного долга в качестве налогооблагаемого дохода. Его доход в основном поступал от его доли в The Apprentice и предприятиях, в которых он был миноритарным партнером, а его убытки в основном от предприятий с контрольным пакетом акций. Большая часть дохода была в виде налоговых льгот на его убытки, что позволяло ему избегать ежегодных платежей по подоходному налогу или снижать их до 750 долларов. В 2010-х годах Трамп уравновешивал убытки своего бизнеса, продавая и занимая активы, включая ипотеку на 100 миллионов долларов на Trump Tower (срок погашения в 2022 году) и ликвидацию более 200 миллионов долларов в акциях и облигациях. Он лично гарантировал 421 миллион долларов долга, большая часть которого должна быть выплачена к 2024 году. [46]
По состоянию на октябрь 2021 года [update]у Трампа было более 1,3 млрд долларов долгов, большая часть которых обеспечена его активами. [47] В 2020 году он был должен 640 млн долларов банкам и трастовым организациям, включая Bank of China , Deutsche Bank и UBS , и около 450 млн долларов неизвестным кредиторам. Стоимость его активов превышает его долг. [48]
Карьера в бизнесе
Недвижимость
Трамп в 1985 году с моделью одного из своих отмененных проектов развития Манхэттена [49]
Начиная с 1968 года, Трамп работал в компании своего отца по недвижимости Trump Management, которая владела расово сегрегированным арендным жильем для среднего класса во внешних районах Нью-Йорка. [50] [51] В 1971 году его отец назначил его президентом компании, и он начал использовать Trump Organization в качестве зонтичного бренда . [52] В период с 1991 по 2009 год он подал заявление о защите от банкротства в соответствии с главой 11 для шести своих предприятий: отеля Plaza на Манхэттене, казино в Атлантик-Сити, штат Нью-Джерси , и компании Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts . [53]
Развитие Манхэттена и Чикаго
Трамп привлек внимание общественности в 1978 году, когда запустил первое предприятие своей семьи на Манхэттене — реконструкцию заброшенного отеля Commodore Hotel , примыкающего к Центральному вокзалу. [54] Финансирование было обеспечено льготой по налогу на имущество в размере 400 миллионов долларов, предоставленной Трампу его отцом, который также совместно с Hyatt гарантировал банковский строительный кредит в размере 70 миллионов долларов. [51] [55] Отель вновь открылся в 1980 году как Grand Hyatt Hotel , [56] и в том же году Трамп получил права на строительство Trump Tower , многофункционального небоскреба в Мидтауне на Манхэттене. [57] В здании размещаются штаб-квартира Trump Corporation и Комитет политических действий Трампа , и оно было основной резиденцией Трампа до 2019 года. [58] [59]
В 1988 году Трамп приобрел Plaza Hotel с помощью кредита от консорциума из шестнадцати банков. [60] Отель подал заявление о банкротстве в 1992 году, и месяц спустя был одобрен план реорганизации, в соответствии с которым банки взяли под контроль имущество. [61] В 1995 году Трамп не выполнил обязательства по банковским кредитам на сумму более 3 миллиардов долларов, и кредиторы конфисковали Plaza Hotel вместе с большей частью его другой недвижимости в ходе «масштабной и унизительной реструктуризации», которая позволила Трампу избежать личного банкротства. [62] [63] Адвокат ведущего банка сказал о решении банков, что они «все согласились, что ему лучше быть живым, чем мертвым». [62]
В 1996 году Трамп приобрел и отремонтировал в основном пустующий 71-этажный небоскреб на Уолл-стрит, 40 , позже переименованный в Trump Building. [64] В начале 1990-х годов Трамп выиграл право на застройку участка площадью 70 акров (28 га) в районе Линкольн-сквер недалеко от реки Гудзон. Борясь с долгами от других предприятий в 1994 году, Трамп продал большую часть своей доли в проекте азиатским инвесторам, которые профинансировали завершение проекта, Riverside South . [65]
Последним крупным строительным проектом Трампа стал 92-этажный многофункциональный отель и башня Trump International Hotel and Tower (Чикаго), открытый в 2008 году. В 2024 году New York Times и ProPublica сообщили , что Налоговая служба США расследует, дважды ли Трамп списал убытки, понесенные из-за перерасхода средств на строительство и задержки продаж жилых помещений в здании, которое Трамп объявил бесполезным в своей налоговой декларации за 2008 год. [66] [67]
В 1984 году Трамп открыл Harrah's at Trump Plaza , отель и казино, при финансовой и управленческой помощи от Holiday Corporation . [68] Он был убыточным, и Трамп заплатил Holiday 70 миллионов долларов в мае 1986 года, чтобы получить единоличный контроль. [69] В 1985 году Трамп купил неоткрытый Atlantic City Hilton Hotel и переименовал его в Trump Castle . [70] Оба казино подали заявление о защите от банкротства в соответствии с Главой 11 в 1992 году. [71]
Трамп купил третью площадку в Атлантик-Сити в 1988 году, Trump Taj Mahal . Он был профинансирован за счет 675 миллионов долларов в виде мусорных облигаций и завершен за 1,1 миллиарда долларов, открытие состоялось в апреле 1990 года. [72] [73] Трамп подал заявление о защите от банкротства в соответствии с Главой 11 в 1991 году. Согласно положениям соглашения о реструктуризации, Трамп отказался от половины своей первоначальной доли и лично гарантировал будущие результаты. [74] Чтобы сократить свой личный долг в размере 900 миллионов долларов, он продал авиакомпанию Trump Shuttle ; свою мегаяхту Trump Princess , которая была сдана в аренду его казино и держалась пришвартованной; и другие предприятия. [75]
В 1995 году Трамп основал Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), которая стала владельцем Trump Plaza. [76] THCR приобрела Тадж-Махал и Trump Castle в 1996 году и обанкротилась в 2004 и 2009 годах, оставив Трампу 10 процентов собственности. [68] Он оставался председателем до 2009 года. [77]
Клубы
В 1985 году Трамп приобрел поместье Мар-а-Лаго в Палм-Бич, Флорида. [78] В 1995 году он превратил поместье в частный клуб со вступительным взносом и ежегодными взносами. Он продолжал использовать крыло дома в качестве частной резиденции. [79] Трамп объявил клуб своей основной резиденцией в 2019 году. [59] Trump Organization начала строить и покупать поля для гольфа в 1999 году. [80] Она владеет четырнадцатью и управляет еще тремя полями под брендом Трампа по всему миру. [80] [81]
Лицензирование бренда Trump
Имя Трампа было лицензировано для потребительских товаров и услуг, включая продукты питания, одежду, учебные курсы и предметы домашнего обихода. [82] [83] По данным The Washington Post , существует более 50 лицензионных или управленческих сделок с участием имени Трампа, и они принесли его компаниям не менее 59 миллионов долларов дохода. [84] К 2018 году только две компании по производству потребительских товаров продолжали лицензировать его имя. [82]
Побочные предприятия
Трамп и квотербек New Jersey Generals Даг Флюти на пресс-конференции 1985 года в Trump Tower
В сентябре 1983 года Трамп купил команду New Jersey Generals , входившую в Футбольную лигу США . После сезона 1985 года лига распалась, в основном из-за попытки Трампа перейти на осенний график (когда она конкурировала бы с НФЛ за аудиторию) и попытки добиться слияния с НФЛ, подав антимонопольный иск. [85] [86]
Трамп и его отель Plaza провели несколько боксерских поединков в конференц-зале Атлантик-Сити . [68] [87] В 1989 и 1990 годах Трамп дал свое имя многодневной велогонке Тур де Трамп , предприняв попытку создать американский аналог европейских гонок, таких как Тур де Франс или Джиро д'Италия . [88]
С 1986 по 1988 год Трамп приобрел значительные пакеты акций в различных публичных компаниях, предполагая, что он намеревался захватить компанию, а затем продал свои акции с целью получения прибыли, [44] что заставило некоторых наблюдателей думать, что он занимался гринмейлом . [89] The New York Times обнаружила, что Трамп изначально заработал миллионы долларов на таких сделках с акциями, но «потерял большую часть, если не всю, эту прибыль после того, как инвесторы перестали воспринимать его разговоры о поглощении всерьез». [44]
В 1988 году Трамп приобрел Eastern Air Lines Shuttle , профинансировав покупку за $380 млн (эквивалент $979 млн в 2023 году) [32] в виде кредитов от синдиката из 22 банков. Он переименовал авиакомпанию в Trump Shuttle и управлял ею до 1992 года. [90] Трамп не выполнил свои обязательства по кредитам в 1991 году, и право собственности перешло к банкам. [91]
Звезда Трампа на Голливудской Аллее славы
В 1992 году Трамп, его братья и сестры Мэриэнн , Элизабет и Роберт , а также его двоюродный брат Джон В. Уолтер, каждый с 20-процентной долей, основали All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. У компании не было офисов, и, как утверждается, она была подставной компанией для оплаты услуг и поставок для арендных квартир Трампа, а затем выставляла счета за эти услуги и поставки Trump Management с наценкой в 20–50 процентов и более. Владельцы делили доходы, полученные от наценок. [40] [92] Возросшие расходы были использованы для получения одобрения штата на повышение арендной платы за квартиры Трампа со стабилизированной арендной платой. [40]
С 1996 по 2015 год Трамп владел всеми или частью конкурсов Мисс Вселенная , включая Мисс США и Мисс Юная США . [93] [94] Из-за разногласий с CBS по поводу расписания он перенес оба конкурса на NBC в 2002 году. [95] [96] В 2007 году Трамп получил звезду на Голливудской Аллее славы за свою работу в качестве продюсера Мисс Вселенная. [97] NBC и Univision прекратили проведение конкурсов в июне 2015 года. [98]
Университет Трампа
В 2004 году Трамп стал соучредителем Trump University , компании, которая продавала семинары по недвижимости по цене до 35 000 долларов. [99] После того, как власти штата Нью-Йорк уведомили компанию о том, что использование ею слова «университет» нарушает закон штата (поскольку это не было академическим учреждением), в 2010 году ее название было изменено на Trump Entrepreneur Initiative. [100]
В 2013 году штат Нью-Йорк подал гражданский иск на 40 миллионов долларов против Trump University, утверждая, что компания делала ложные заявления и обманывала потребителей. [101] Кроме того, в федеральный суд были поданы два коллективных иска против Трампа и его компаний. Внутренние документы показали, что сотрудникам было поручено использовать подход жесткой продажи, а бывшие сотрудники дали показания о том, что Trump University обманывал или лгал своим студентам. [102] [103] [104] Вскоре после того, как он выиграл президентские выборы 2016 года, Трамп согласился выплатить в общей сложности 25 миллионов долларов для урегулирования трех дел. [105]
Фундамент
Фонд Дональда Дж. Трампа был частным фондом, основанным в 1988 году. [106] [107] С 1987 по 2006 год Трамп пожертвовал своему фонду 5,4 миллиона долларов, которые были потрачены к концу 2006 года. После пожертвования в общей сложности 65 000 долларов в 2007–2008 годах он прекратил жертвовать какие-либо личные средства благотворительной организации, [108] которая получила миллионы от других доноров, включая 5 миллионов долларов от Винса Макмэна . [109] Фонд жертвовал средства благотворительным организациям, связанным со здоровьем и спортом, консервативным группам, [110] и благотворительным организациям, которые проводили мероприятия в резиденциях Трампа. [108]
В 2016 году The Washington Post сообщила, что благотворительная организация совершила несколько потенциальных юридических и этических нарушений, включая предполагаемые злоупотребления служебным положением и возможное уклонение от уплаты налогов . [111] Также в 2016 году генеральный прокурор Нью-Йорка постановил, что фонд нарушает закон штата, собирая пожертвования без прохождения обязательных ежегодных внешних аудитов, и приказал ему немедленно прекратить свою деятельность по сбору средств в Нью-Йорке. [112] В декабре 2016 года команда Трампа объявила, что фонд будет распущен. [113]
В июне 2018 года генеральная прокуратура Нью-Йорка подала гражданский иск против фонда, Трампа и его взрослых детей, требуя 2,8 миллиона долларов в качестве возмещения и дополнительных штрафов. [114] В декабре 2018 года фонд прекратил свою деятельность и передал свои активы другим благотворительным организациям. [115] В ноябре 2019 года судья штата Нью-Йорк обязал Трампа выплатить 2 миллиона долларов группе благотворительных организаций за нецелевое использование средств фонда, в том числе для финансирования его президентской кампании. [116] [117]
Юридические вопросы и банкротства
Рой Кон был помощником , адвокатом и наставником Трампа в течение 13 лет в 1970-х и 1980-х годах. [118] По словам Трампа, Кон иногда отказывался от гонораров из-за их дружбы. [118] В 1973 году Кон помог Трампу подать встречный иск против правительства США на 100 миллионов долларов (что эквивалентно 686 миллионам долларов в 2023 году) [32] по обвинениям в том, что в собственности Трампа были практики расовой дискриминации. Встречные иски Трампа были отклонены, и дело правительства было продолжено, что в конечном итоге привело к урегулированию. [119] В 1975 году было достигнуто соглашение, требующее, чтобы объекты недвижимости Трампа предоставляли Нью-Йоркской городской лиге список всех свободных квартир, каждую неделю в течение двух лет, среди прочего. [120] Кон представил Трампу политического консультанта Роджера Стоуна , который заручился услугами Стоуна для работы с федеральным правительством. [121]
Согласно обзору государственных и федеральных судебных документов, проведенному USA Today в 2018 году, Трамп и его предприятия были вовлечены в более чем 4000 государственных и федеральных судебных исков. [122] Хотя Трамп не подал заявление о личном банкротстве , его чрезмерно закредитованные гостиничные и казино-бизнесы в Атлантик-Сити и Нью-Йорке подавали заявление о защите от банкротства в соответствии с главой 11 шесть раз в период с 1991 по 2009 год. [123] Они продолжали работать, в то время как банки реструктурировали долг и сокращали доли Трампа в объектах недвижимости. [123]
В 1980-х годах более 70 банков предоставили Трампу кредит в размере 4 миллиардов долларов. [124] После его корпоративных банкротств в начале 1990-х годов большинство крупных банков, за исключением Deutsche Bank, отказались предоставлять ему кредиты. [125] После атаки на Капитолий 6 января банк решил не вести бизнес с Трампом или его компанией в будущем. [126]
Трамп появлялся в эпизодических ролях во многих фильмах и телешоу с 1985 по 2001 год. [129]
Начиная с 1990-х годов Трамп был гостем около 24 раз на общенациональном шоу Говарда Стерна . [130] У него также была своя собственная короткая ток-программа на радио под названием Trumped! (одна-две минуты по будням) с 2004 по 2008 год. [131] [132] С 2011 по 2015 год он был еженедельным неоплачиваемым приглашенным комментатором на Fox & Friends . [133] [134]
С 2004 по 2015 год Трамп был сопродюсером и ведущим реалити-шоу The Apprentice и The Celebrity Apprentice . Трамп играл лестную, сильно вымышленную версию себя как сверхбогатого и успешного генерального директора, который устранял участников крылатой фразой «Вы уволены». Шоу изменили его образ для миллионов зрителей по всей стране. [135] [136] С соответствующими лицензионными соглашениями они принесли ему более 400 миллионов долларов, которые он инвестировал в в основном убыточные предприятия. [137]
В феврале 2021 года Трамп, который был членом SAG-AFTRA с 1989 года, подал в отставку, чтобы избежать дисциплинарного слушания по поводу нападения 6 января. [138] Два дня спустя профсоюз навсегда запретил ему повторное членство. [139]
Трамп зарегистрировался как республиканец в 1987 году; [140] член Партии независимости , филиала Партии реформ в штате Нью-Йорк , в 1999 году; [141] демократ в 2001 году; республиканец в 2009 году; беспартийный в 2011 году; и республиканец в 2012 году. [140]
В 1987 году Трамп разместил полностраничные объявления в трех крупных газетах, [142] выражая свои взгляды на внешнюю политику и на то, как устранить дефицит федерального бюджета. [143] В 1988 году он обратился к Ли Этуотеру с просьбой рассмотреть его кандидатуру на пост вице-президента от республиканской партии Джорджа Буша- старшего. Буш нашел эту просьбу «странной и невероятной». [144]
В 2011 году Трамп размышлял о том, чтобы баллотироваться против президента Барака Обамы на выборах 2012 года , впервые выступив на Конференции консервативных политических действий (CPAC) в феврале 2011 года и выступив с речами в первых штатах на первичных выборах. [148] [149] В мае 2011 года он объявил, что не будет баллотироваться. [148] В то время президентские амбиции Трампа в целом не воспринимались всерьез. [150]
президентская кампания 2016 года
Слава Трампа и его провокационные заявления принесли ему беспрецедентное количество свободного освещения в СМИ , что повысило его позиции на республиканских праймериз. [151] Он использовал фразу «правдивая гипербола», придуманную его автором Тони Шварцем, для описания своего стиля публичных выступлений. [128] [152] Его предвыборные заявления часто были непрозрачными и двусмысленными, [153] а рекордное количество было ложными. [154] [155] [156] Трамп сказал, что презирает политическую корректность и часто заявлял о предвзятости СМИ . [157] [158]
Предвыборная кампания Трампа в Аризоне, март 2016 г.
Трамп объявил о своей кандидатуре в июне 2015 года. [159] [160] Его кампания изначально не была воспринята всерьез политическими аналитиками, но он быстро поднялся на вершину опросов общественного мнения. [161] Он стал фаворитом в марте 2016 года [162] и был объявлен предполагаемым кандидатом от Республиканской партии в мае. [163]
Политические позиции и риторика Трампа были правопопулистскими . [169] [170] [171] Politico описал их как «эклектичные, импровизационные и часто противоречивые», цитируя эксперта по политике здравоохранения в Американском институте предпринимательства , который сказал, что его политические позиции были «случайным набором того, что играет публично». [172] NBC News насчитал «141 отчетливый сдвиг по 23 основным вопросам» во время его кампании. [173]
Трамп охарактеризовал НАТО как «устаревший» [174] [175] и придерживался взглядов, которые были описаны как невмешательство и протекционизм. [176] Его предвыборная платформа подчеркивала необходимость пересмотра отношений между США и Китаем и соглашений о свободной торговле, таких как НАФТА , строгого соблюдения иммиграционных законов и строительства новой стены вдоль границы США и Мексики . Другие предвыборные позиции включали стремление к энергетической независимости при одновременном противодействии правилам изменения климата, модернизацию услуг для ветеранов , отмену и замену Закона о доступном медицинском обслуживании , отмену стандартов образования Common Core , инвестиции в инфраструктуру , упрощение налогового кодекса при одновременном снижении налогов и введение пошлин на импорт компаниями, которые выводят рабочие места за пределы страны. Он выступал за увеличение военных расходов и экстремальную проверку или запрет на иммигрантов из стран с мусульманским большинством. [177]
Трамп помог вывести крайне правые идеи и организации в мейнстрим. [178] В августе 2016 года Трамп нанял Стива Бэннона , исполнительного председателя Breitbart News , который Бэннон описал как «платформу для альтернативных правых», в качестве генерального директора своей кампании. [179] Движение альтернативных правых объединилось вокруг кандидатуры Трампа и поддержало ее, отчасти из-за его оппозиции мультикультурализму и иммиграции . [180] [181] [182]
Раскрытие финансовой информации
В отчетах Трампа, требуемых Федеральной избирательной комиссией, указаны активы свыше 1,4 млрд долларов и непогашенные долги в размере не менее 315 млн долларов. [34] [183]
Трамп не опубликовал свои налоговые декларации , вопреки практике каждого крупного кандидата с 1976 года и его обещаниям в 2014 и 2015 годах сделать это, если он будет баллотироваться на пост. [184] [185] Он сказал, что его налоговые декларации проверяются , и что его адвокаты советовали ему не публиковать их. [186] После продолжительной судебной тяжбы за блокирование публикации его налоговых деклараций и других записей окружному прокурору Манхэттена для уголовного расследования, включая две апелляции Трампа в Верховный суд США , в феврале 2021 года Верховный суд разрешил предоставить записи прокурору для рассмотрения большим жюри. [187] [188]
В октябре 2016 года репортеру The New York Times попали части государственных документов Трампа за 1995 год . Они показывают, что в том году Трамп объявил об убытках в размере 916 миллионов долларов, что могло позволить ему избегать уплаты налогов в течение 18 лет. [189]
Трамп победил в 30 штатах, включая Мичиган , Пенсильванию и Висконсин , штаты, которые считались синей стеной демократических оплотов с 1990-х годов. Клинтон победила в 20 штатах и округе Колумбия . Победа Трампа ознаменовала возвращение неразделенного республиканского правительства — республиканского Белого дома в сочетании с республиканским контролем над обеими палатами Конгресса . [195]
Победа Трампа на выборах вызвала протесты в крупных городах США. [196] [197] На следующий день после инаугурации Трампа около 2,6 миллиона человек по всему миру, включая около полумиллиона в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, протестовали против Трампа на Женских маршах . [198]
Инаугурация Трампа состоялась 20 января 2017 года. В течение первой недели пребывания в должности он подписал шесть указов , которые санкционировали: временные процедуры в ожидании отмены Закона о доступном медицинском обслуживании («Obamacare»), выход из переговоров по Транстихоокеанскому партнерству, восстановление политики Мехико , продвижение проектов строительства трубопроводов Keystone XL и Dakota Access , укрепление безопасности границ и процесс планирования и проектирования для строительства стены вдоль границы США с Мексикой. [199]
Перед инаугурацией Трамп перевел свой бизнес в отзывной траст , [202] [203] а не в слепой траст или эквивалентную договоренность, чтобы «полностью отделить себя от своих деловых интересов». [204] Трамп продолжал получать прибыль от своего бизнеса и знать, как политика его администрации влияет на его бизнес. [203] [205] Хотя он и сказал, что будет избегать «новых иностранных сделок», Trump Organization продолжала расширять свою деятельность в Дубае, Шотландии и Доминиканской Республике. [203] [205]
Трампу предъявили иск за нарушение статей Конституции США о внутренних и иностранных вознаграждениях , что стало первым случаем, когда эти статьи были предметно оспорены. [206] Одно дело было отклонено в суде низшей инстанции. [207] Два дела были отклонены Верховным судом США как не имеющие смысла после окончания срока полномочий Трампа. [208]
За время пребывания Трампа у власти он посещал объект Trump Organization в течение 428 дней, по одному посещению за каждые 3,4 дня его президентства. [209]
Внутренняя политика
Экономика
Трамп вступил в должность в разгар самого продолжительного экономического роста в истории Америки, [210] который начался в 2009 году и продолжался до февраля 2020 года, когда началась рецессия, вызванная COVID-19 . [211]
В декабре 2017 года Трамп подписал Закон о сокращении налогов и создании рабочих мест 2017 года, принятый Конгрессом без голосов демократов. [ актуально? ] Он снизил налоговые ставки для предприятий и физических лиц, при этом сокращение налогов для предприятий стало постоянным, а сокращение индивидуальных налогов истекло после 2025 года, [ важность? ] и установил штраф, связанный с индивидуальным мандатом Закона о доступном медицинском обслуживании, в размере 0 долларов США. [212] [213] Администрация Трампа заявила, что закон не приведет к сокращению доходов правительства, но доходы в 2018 году оказались на 7,6 процента ниже прогнозируемых. [214]
Несмотря на предвыборное обещание ликвидировать государственный долг за восемь лет, Трамп одобрил значительное увеличение государственных расходов и снижение налогов в 2017 году. В результате дефицит федерального бюджета увеличился почти на 50 процентов, почти до 1 триллиона долларов в 2019 году. [215] При Трампе государственный долг США увеличился на 39 процентов, достигнув 27,75 триллиона долларов к концу его срока, а соотношение долга США к ВВП достигло максимума после Второй мировой войны. [216] Трамп также не смог реализовать план расходов на инфраструктуру в размере 1 триллиона долларов, за который он выступал в ходе своей кампании. [217]
Трамп — единственный современный президент США, который покинул свой пост, имея на 3 миллиона человек меньше рабочей силы, чем при его вступлении в должность. [210] [218]
Изменение климата, окружающая среда и энергетика
Трамп отвергает научный консенсус по изменению климата . [219] [220] [221] [222] Он сократил бюджет на исследования в области возобновляемых источников энергии на 40 процентов и отменил политику эпохи Обамы, направленную на сдерживание изменения климата. [223] Он вышел из Парижского соглашения , сделав США единственной страной, которая его не ратифицировала. [224]
Трамп стремился увеличить производство и экспорт ископаемого топлива . [225] [226] При Трампе добыча природного газа увеличилась, но добыча угля продолжала снижаться. [227] [228] Трамп отменил более 100 федеральных экологических норм, включая те, которые ограничивали выбросы парниковых газов , загрязнение воздуха и воды, а также использование токсичных веществ. Он ослабил защиту животных и экологические стандарты для федеральных инфраструктурных проектов, а также расширил разрешенные зоны для бурения и добычи ресурсов, например, разрешив бурение в Арктическом заповеднике . [229]
Дерегулирование
В 2017 году Трамп подписал указ 13771 , в котором предписывалось, что для каждого нового постановления федеральные агентства «определяют» два существующих постановления для отмены, хотя это не требовало отмены. [230] Он отменил многие федеральные постановления в области здравоохранения, [231] [232] труда, [233] [232] и окружающей среды, [234] [232] среди прочего, включая законопроект, который упростил покупку оружия для лиц с тяжелыми психическими заболеваниями. [235] В течение первых шести недель своего пребывания в должности он отложил, приостановил или отменил девяносто федеральных постановлений, [236] часто «после запросов регулируемых отраслей». [237] Институт добросовестности политики обнаружил, что 78 процентов предложений Трампа были заблокированы судами или не преобладали в ходе судебных разбирательств. [238]
Здравоохранение
Во время своей кампании Трамп пообещал отменить и заменить Закон о доступном медицинском обслуживании . [239] Находясь у власти, он сократил реализацию Закона посредством указов. [240] [241] Трамп выразил желание «позволить Obamacare потерпеть неудачу»; его администрация вдвое сократила период регистрации и резко сократила финансирование поощрения зачисления. [242] [243] В июне 2018 года администрация Трампа присоединилась к 18 штатам, возглавляемым республиканцами, в заявлении в Верховном суде о том, что отмена финансовых штрафов, связанных с индивидуальным мандатом, сделала Закон неконституционным. [244] [245] Их ходатайство привело бы к отмене медицинского страхования для 23 миллионов американцев, но не увенчалось успехом. [244] Во время кампании 2016 года Трамп обещал сохранить финансирование Medicare и других программ социальной защиты, но в январе 2020 года он выразил готовность рассмотреть возможность их сокращения. [246]
В ответ на эпидемию опиоидов Трамп подписал в 2018 году законопроект об увеличении финансирования лечения наркозависимости, но подвергся широкой критике за отсутствие конкретной стратегии. Смертность от передозировки опиоидами в США немного снизилась в 2018 году, но резко возросла до рекордных 50 052 в 2019 году. [247]
Социальные проблемы
Трамп запретил организациям, которые предоставляют аборты или направления на аборт, получать федеральное финансирование. [248] Он сказал, что поддерживает «традиционный брак», но считает общенациональную законность однополых браков «урегулированной». [249] Его администрация отменила ключевые компоненты защиты администрации Обамы от дискриминации ЛГБТ на рабочих местах . [250] Попытка Трампа отменить антидискриминационную защиту для трансгендерных пациентов в августе 2020 года была остановлена федеральным судьей после того, как постановление Верховного суда распространило защиту гражданских прав сотрудников на гендерную идентичность и сексуальную ориентацию. [251]
Трамп заявил, что он против контроля над оружием , хотя его взгляды со временем изменились. [252] После нескольких массовых расстрелов во время его срока он заявил, что предложит законопроект, связанный с оружием, но отказался от этой идеи в ноябре 2019 года. [253] Его администрация заняла антимарихуановую позицию , отменив политику эпохи Обамы , которая обеспечивала защиту для штатов, легализовавших марихуану. [254]
Трамп — давний сторонник смертной казни. [255] [256] При его администрации федеральное правительство казнило 13 заключенных, больше, чем за предыдущие 56 лет вместе взятые, и после 17-летнего моратория. [257] В 2016 году Трамп заявил, что поддерживает использование методов пыток при допросах, таких как пытка водой [258] [259], но позже, по-видимому, отказался от этого из-за противодействия министра обороны Джеймса Мэттиса . [260]
Трамп и группа чиновников и советников по пути из Белого дома в церковь Святого Иоанна
В июне 2020 года во время протестов Джорджа Флойда сотрудники федеральных правоохранительных органов спорно применили нелетальное оружие, чтобы вытеснить в основном мирную толпу законных протестующих с площади Лафайет , возле Белого дома . [261] [262] Затем Трамп позировал с Библией для фотосессии в близлежащей епископальной церкви Святого Иоанна , [261] [263] [264] при этом религиозные лидеры осудили как обращение с протестующими, так и саму возможность сфотографироваться. [265] Многие отставные военные лидеры и должностные лица министерства обороны осудили предложение Трампа использовать армию США против протестующих против жестокости полиции. [266]
Помилования и смягчения наказания
Трамп удовлетворил 237 прошений о помиловании, меньше, чем у всех президентов с 1900 года, за исключением Джорджа Буша-старшего и Джорджа Буша-младшего . [267] Только 25 из них были проверены Управлением помилования Министерства юстиции ; остальные были удовлетворены людьми, имеющими личные или политические связи с ним, его семьей и его союзниками, или рекомендованными знаменитостями. [268] [269] В свой последний полный день на посту Трамп удовлетворил 73 прошения о помиловании и смягчил 70 приговоров. [270] Несколько союзников Трампа не имели права на помилование в соответствии с правилами Министерства юстиции, а в других случаях министерство выступало против помилования. [268] Помилование трех военнослужащих, осужденных или обвиняемых в совершении насильственных преступлений, было встречено в штыки военными лидерами. [271]
Иммиграция
Предложенная Трампом иммиграционная политика стала предметом ожесточенных дебатов во время предвыборной кампании. Он пообещал построить стену на границе Мексики и США, чтобы ограничить нелегальное перемещение, и поклялся, что Мексика за это заплатит. [272] Он пообещал депортировать миллионы нелегальных иммигрантов, проживающих в США , [273] и критиковал гражданство по праву рождения за стимулирование « якорных младенцев ». [274] Будучи президентом, он часто описывал нелегальную иммиграцию как «вторжение» и объединял иммигрантов с преступной бандой MS-13 . [275]
Трамп попытался радикально ужесточить иммиграционное правоприменение, в том числе внедрив более жесткую политику иммиграционного правоприменения в отношении просителей убежища из Центральной Америки, чем любой современный президент США. [276] [277]
Начиная с 2018 года Трамп разместил около 6000 военнослужащих на границе США и Мексики [278] , чтобы помешать большинству мигрантов из Центральной Америки искать убежища. В 2020 году его администрация расширила правило о государственном бремени , чтобы еще больше ограничить иммигрантов, которые могут воспользоваться государственными льготами при получении постоянного вида на жительство. [279] Трамп сократил количество принимаемых беженцев до рекордно низкого уровня. Когда Трамп вступил в должность, годовой лимит составлял 110 000 человек; Трамп установил лимит в 18 000 человек в 2020 финансовом году и 15 000 человек в 2021 финансовом году. [280] [281] Дополнительные ограничения, введенные администрацией Трампа, вызвали значительные затруднения в обработке заявлений о предоставлении убежища, в результате чего было принято меньше беженцев, чем разрешено. [282]
Запрет на путешествия
После атаки в Сан-Бернардино в 2015 году Трамп предложил запретить мусульманам -иностранцам въезд в США до тех пор, пока не будут внедрены более строгие системы проверки. [283] Позднее он переформулировал предлагаемый запрет, распространив его на страны с «доказанной историей терроризма». [284]
27 января 2017 года Трамп подписал указ 13769 , который приостановил прием беженцев на 120 дней и запретил въезд гражданам Ирака, Ирана, Ливии, Сомали, Судана, Сирии и Йемена на 90 дней, ссылаясь на проблемы безопасности. Приказ вступил в силу немедленно и без предупреждения, вызвав хаос в аэропортах. [285] [286] На следующий день в аэропортах начались протесты , [285] [286] а юридические проблемы привели к общенациональным предварительным запретам . [287] Пересмотренный указ от 6 марта , который исключил Ирак и предоставил другие исключения, снова был заблокирован федеральными судьями в трех штатах. [288] [289] В решении, вынесенном в июне 2017 года , Верховный суд постановил, что запрет может применяться к посетителям, у которых нет «достоверного заявления о добросовестных отношениях с лицом или организацией в Соединенных Штатах». [290]
Временный приказ был заменен Президентской прокламацией 9645 от 24 сентября 2017 года, которая ограничила поездки из изначально целевых стран, за исключением Ирака и Судана, и дополнительно запретила поездки для путешественников из Северной Кореи и Чада, а также для некоторых должностных лиц Венесуэлы. [291] После того, как суды низшей инстанции частично заблокировали новые ограничения, Верховный суд разрешил сентябрьской версии вступить в полную силу 4 декабря 2017 года [292] и в конечном итоге подтвердил запрет на поездки в постановлении в июне 2019 года [293]
Администрация Трампа разлучила более 5400 детей из семей мигрантов с их родителями на границе США и Мексики, что резко увеличило количество разлучений семей на границе с лета 2017 года. [294] [295] В апреле 2018 года администрация Трампа объявила о политике « нулевой терпимости », в соответствии с которой взрослые, подозреваемые в незаконном въезде , должны были быть задержаны и привлечены к уголовной ответственности, а их дети были увезены как несовершеннолетние иностранцы без сопровождения взрослых. [296] [297] Эта политика была беспрецедентной для предыдущих администраций и вызвала возмущение общественности. [298] [299] Трамп ложно утверждал, что его администрация просто соблюдает закон, обвиняя демократов, несмотря на то, что разлучения являются политикой его администрации. [300] [301] [302]
Хотя Трамп изначально утверждал, что разлучения не могут быть прекращены указом президента, он согласился с интенсивным общественным протестом и подписал указ в июне 2018 года, предписывающий, чтобы семьи мигрантов содержались вместе, если «не существует опасений» относительно риска для ребенка. [303] [304] 26 июня 2018 года судья Дана Саброу пришла к выводу, что у администрации Трампа «нет системы для отслеживания» разлученных детей, а также нет эффективных мер для семейного общения и воссоединения; [305] Саброу приказал воссоединить семьи и прекратить разлучения семей, за исключением ограниченных обстоятельств. [306] После указа администрация Трампа разлучила более тысячи детей-мигрантов с их семьями; Американский союз защиты гражданских свобод (ACLU) утверждал, что администрация Трампа злоупотребила своими полномочиями, и попросил Саброу более узко определить обстоятельства, требующие разлучения. [295]
Одним из главных предвыборных обещаний Трампа было построить стену на границе с Мексикой протяженностью 1000 миль (1600 км) и заставить Мексику заплатить за нее. [307] К концу его срока США построили «40 миль [64 км] новой основной стены и 33 мили [53 км] дополнительной стены» в местах, где не было никаких заграждений, и 365 миль (587 км) основного или дополнительного пограничного ограждения, заменяющего ветхие или устаревшие заграждения. [308]
В 2018 году Трамп отказался подписывать любой законопроект об ассигнованиях от Конгресса, если он не выделит 5,6 млрд долларов на пограничную стену, [309] что привело к частичной остановке федерального правительства на 35 дней с декабря 2018 года по январь 2019 года, что стало самой продолжительной остановкой работы правительства США в истории . [310] [311] Около 800 000 государственных служащих были отправлены в неоплачиваемый отпуск или работали без оплаты. [312] Трамп и Конгресс завершили остановку, одобрив временное финансирование, которое предусматривало отсрочку выплат государственным служащим, но не финансирование стены. [310] По данным Бюджетного управления Конгресса , остановка привела к предполагаемым постоянным потерям в размере 3 млрд долларов для экономики. [ 313] Около половины опрошенных обвинили Трампа в остановке, и рейтинги одобрения Трампа упали. [314]
Чтобы предотвратить еще одно неизбежное закрытие в феврале 2019 года, Конгресс принял, а Трамп подписал законопроект о финансировании, который включал 1,375 млрд долларов на 55 миль (89 км) ограждения границы столбами. [315] Трамп также объявил чрезвычайное положение на южной границе , намереваясь перенаправить 6,1 млрд долларов из средств, выделенных Конгрессом на другие цели. [315] Трамп наложил вето на совместную резолюцию об отмене декларации, и Сенат проголосовал против отмены вето . [316] Юридические оспаривания перенаправления 2,5 млрд долларов, изначально предназначенных для усилий Министерства обороны по борьбе с наркотиками [317] [318] , и 3,6 млрд долларов, изначально предназначенных для военного строительства [319] [320] , не увенчались успехом.
Внешняя политика
Трамп с другими лидерами G7 на 45-м саммите во Франции, 2019 г.
Трамп описал себя как «националиста» [321] , а свою внешнюю политику как « Америка прежде всего ». [322] Он восхвалял и поддерживал популистские , неонационалистические и авторитарные правительства. [323] Отличительными чертами международных отношений во время правления Трампа были непредсказуемость, неопределенность и непоследовательность. [322] [324] Напряженность между США и их европейскими союзниками при Трампе обострилась. [325] Он критиковал союзников по НАТО и в частном порядке неоднократно предлагал США выйти из НАТО . [326] [327]
Торговля
Трамп вывел США из переговоров по Транстихоокеанскому партнерству (ТТП), [328] ввел тарифы на импорт стали и алюминия, [329] и начал торговую войну с Китаем , резко увеличив тарифы на 818 категорий (стоимостью 50 миллиардов долларов) китайских товаров, импортируемых в США [330] Хотя Трамп заявил, что импортные тарифы платит Китай в казначейство США , их платят американские компании, которые импортируют товары из Китая. [331] Хотя во время кампании он обещал значительно сократить большой торговый дефицит США , торговый дефицит резко вырос при Трампе. [332] После пересмотра в 2017–2018 годах Соглашение между США, Мексикой и Канадой (USMCA) вступило в силу в июле 2020 года в качестве преемника НАФТА. [333]
Трамп неоднократно хвалил и редко критиковал президента России Владимира Путина [338] [339], но выступал против некоторых действий российского правительства. [340] [341] После встречи с Путиным на саммите в Хельсинки в 2018 году Трамп подвергся двухпартийной критике за то, что принял отрицание Путиным российского вмешательства в президентские выборы 2016 года , вместо того чтобы принять выводы американских спецслужб. [342] [343] [344] Трамп не обсуждал с Путиным предполагаемые российские вознаграждения, предложенные боевикам Талибана за нападение на американских солдат в Афганистане, заявив, что он сомневается в разведданных и что его не проинформировали об этом. [345]
Трамп неоднократно обвинял Китай в несправедливом использовании преимуществ перед США [346]. Он начал торговую войну против Китая , которую широко характеризовали как провал, [347] [348] [349] ввел санкции против Huawei за предполагаемые связи с Ираном, [350] значительно ужесточил визовые ограничения для китайских студентов и ученых [351] и классифицировал Китай как валютного манипулятора . [352] Трамп также сопоставил словесные нападки на Китай с похвалой лидеру Коммунистической партии Китая Си Цзиньпину [353] , что было приписано переговорам о торговой войне. [354] После первоначальной похвалы Китаю за то, как он справился с COVID-19 , [355] он начал кампанию критики, начавшуюся в марте 2020 года. [356]
В 2017 году, когда ядерное оружие Северной Кореи все больше рассматривалось как серьезная угроза, [359] Трамп усилил свою риторику, предупредив, что северокорейская агрессия будет встречена «огнем и яростью, которых мир никогда не видел». [360] [361] В 2017 году Трамп заявил, что он хочет «полной денуклеаризации» Северной Кореи, и занялся оскорблениями лидера Ким Чен Ына . [360] [362] После этого периода напряженности Трамп и Ким обменялись по меньшей мере 27 письмами, в которых двое мужчин описали теплую личную дружбу. [363] [364] В марте 2019 года Трамп снял некоторые санкции США против Северной Кореи вопреки совету своего Министерства финансов. [365]
Трамп, первый действующий президент США, встретившийся с северокорейским лидером, встречался с Кимом трижды: в Сингапуре в 2018 году, в Ханое в 2019 году и в Корейской демилитаризованной зоне в 2019 году. [366] Однако соглашение о денуклеаризации достигнуто не было, [367] а переговоры в октябре 2019 года прервались через один день. [368] Не проводя ядерных испытаний с 2017 года, Северная Корея продолжала наращивать свой арсенал ядерного оружия и баллистических ракет. [369] [370]
Афганистан
Встреча госсекретаря США Майка Помпео с делегацией Талибана в Катаре в сентябре 2020 г.
Численность американских войск в Афганистане увеличилась с 8500 в январе 2017 года до 14 000 год спустя, [371] изменив предвыборную позицию Трампа, критичесую по отношению к дальнейшему участию в Афганистане. [372] В феврале 2020 года администрация Трампа подписала мирное соглашение с Талибаном , в котором содержался призыв к выводу иностранных войск в течение 14 месяцев «при условии гарантии Талибана, что афганская земля не будет использоваться террористами с целью нападения на Соединенные Штаты или их союзников», а также к тому, что США будут добиваться освобождения 5000 талибов, заключенных в тюрьму афганским правительством. [373] [374] [375] К концу срока Трампа было освобождено 5000 талибов, и, несмотря на продолжающиеся нападения Талибана на афганские силы и интеграцию членов Аль-Каиды в свое руководство, численность американских войск была сокращена до 2500 человек. [375]
Трамп приказал нанести ракетные удары в апреле 2017 и апреле 2018 года по режиму Асада в Сирии в ответ на химические атаки в Хан-Шейхуне и Думе соответственно. [386] [387] В декабре 2018 года Трамп заявил, что «мы победили ИГИЛ», что противоречит оценкам Министерства обороны, и приказал вывести все войска из Сирии. [388] [389] На следующий день Мэттис подал в отставку в знак протеста, назвав решение Трампа отказом от курдских союзников США , которые сыграли ключевую роль в борьбе с ИГИЛ. [390] В октябре 2019 года, после того как Трамп поговорил с президентом Турции Реджепом Тайипом Эрдоганом , американские войска из северной Сирии были выведены из этого района, а Турция вторглась в северную Сирию , атаковав и вытеснив союзных Америке курдов . [391] Позже в том же месяце Палата представителей США в редком двухпартийном голосовании 354–60 осудила вывод Трампом американских войск из Сирии за «отказ от союзников США, подрыв борьбы с ИГИЛ и разжигание гуманитарной катастрофы». [392] [393]
Иран
В мае 2018 года Трамп вывел США из Совместного всеобъемлющего плана действий , соглашения 2015 года, которое сняло большинство экономических санкций против Ирана в обмен на ограничения ядерной программы Ирана . [394] [395] В августе 2020 года администрация Трампа безуспешно пыталась использовать часть ядерной сделки, чтобы заставить ООН вновь ввести санкции против Ирана. [396] Аналитики определили, что после выхода США Иран приблизился к разработке ядерного оружия. [397]
1 января 2020 года Трамп приказал нанести авиаудар США , в результате которого погиб иранский генерал Касем Сулеймани , который планировал почти все значимые иранские и поддерживаемые Ираном операции за предыдущие два десятилетия. [398] [399] Неделю спустя Иран ответил ударами баллистических ракет по двум американским авиабазам в Ираке. Десятки солдат получили черепно-мозговые травмы. Трамп преуменьшил их травмы, и им изначально было отказано в наградах «Пурпурные сердца» и льготах, предоставляемых их получателям. [400] [397]
Персонал
В администрации Трампа была высокая текучесть кадров, особенно среди сотрудников Белого дома. К концу первого года пребывания Трампа у власти 34 процента его первоначального персонала ушли в отставку, были уволены или переведены на другую работу. [401] По состоянию на начало июля 2018 года [update]61 процент старших помощников Трампа ушли [402] , а 141 сотрудник ушли в предыдущем году. [403] Оба показателя установили рекорд для последних президентов — больше изменений за первые 13 месяцев, чем его четыре непосредственных предшественника видели за свои первые два года. [404] Среди заметных ранних уходов были советник по национальной безопасности Майкл Флинн (всего через 25 дней) и пресс-секретарь Шон Спайсер . [404] Близкие личные помощники Трампа, включая Бэннона, Хоуп Хикс , Джона МакЭнти и Кита Шиллера , ушли или были вынуждены уйти. [405] Некоторые позже вернулись на другие должности. [406] Трамп публично уничижил нескольких своих бывших высокопоставленных чиновников, назвав их некомпетентными, глупыми или сумасшедшими. [407]
У Трампа было четыре начальника штаба Белого дома , несколько из которых были оттеснены на обочину или вытеснены. [408] Райнс Прибус был заменен через семь месяцев отставным генералом морской пехоты Джоном Ф. Келли . [409] Келли ушел в отставку в декабре 2018 года после бурного срока, в течение которого его влияние ослабевало, и Трамп впоследствии пренебрежительно отзывался о нем. [410] Келли сменил Мик Малвани на посту исполняющего обязанности начальника штаба; в марте 2020 года его заменил Марк Медоуз . [408]
9 мая 2017 года Трамп уволил директора ФБР Джеймса Коми . Первоначально приписывая это действие поведению Коми в расследовании электронных писем Хиллари Клинтон , Трамп через несколько дней заявил, что он обеспокоен ролью Коми в продолжающихся расследованиях Трампа и России и что он намеревался уволить Коми ранее. [411] В частной беседе в феврале Трамп сказал, что надеется, что Коми прекратит расследование в отношении Флинна. [412] В марте и апреле Трамп попросил Коми «рассеять тучу, мешающую его способности действовать», публично заявив, что ФБР не расследует его. [412] [413]
Трамп потерял троих из 15 первоначальных членов своего кабинета в течение первого года. [414] Министр здравоохранения и социальных служб Том Прайс был вынужден уйти в отставку в сентябре 2017 года из-за чрезмерного использования частных чартерных самолетов и военных самолетов. [414] [405] Администратор Агентства по охране окружающей среды Скотт Пруитт ушел в отставку в 2018 году, а министр внутренних дел Райан Зинке — в январе 2019 года на фоне многочисленных расследований их поведения. [415] [416]
Трамп не спешил назначать должностных лиц второго уровня в исполнительной власти, заявляя, что многие из должностей не нужны. В октябре 2017 года все еще оставались сотни должностей в подчинении кабинета министров без номинантов. [417] К 8 января 2019 года из 706 ключевых должностей 433 были заполнены (61 процент), а на 264 должности (37 процентов) у Трампа не было номинантов. [418]
Трамп назначил 226 судей по статье III , в том числе 54 в апелляционные суды и троих в Верховный суд : Нила Горсача , Бретта Кавано и Эми Кони Барретт . [419] Его кандидаты в Верховный суд были отмечены как политически сдвинувшие суд вправо. [420] [421] [422] В кампании 2016 года он пообещал, что дело Роу против Уэйда будет отменено «автоматически», если его изберут, и предоставил возможность назначить двух или трех судей, выступающих против абортов. Позже он взял на себя ответственность, когда дело Роу было отменено в деле Доббс против Организации женского здравоохранения Джексона ; все три его кандидата в Верховный суд проголосовали с большинством. [423] [424] [425]
Трамп пренебрежительно отзывался о судах и судьях, с которыми он не был согласен, часто в личных выражениях, и ставил под сомнение конституционный авторитет судебной системы. Его нападки на суды вызвали упреки со стороны наблюдателей, включая действующих федеральных судей, обеспокоенных влиянием его заявлений на независимость судебной системы и доверие общественности к судебной системе. [426] [427] [428]
COVID-19 пандемия
Первоначальный ответ
Первый подтвержденный случай COVID-19 в США был зарегистрирован 20 января 2020 года. [429] Вспышка была официально объявлена чрезвычайной ситуацией в области общественного здравоохранения министром здравоохранения и социальных служб (HHS) Алексом Азаром 31 января 2020 года. [430]
Трамп изначально игнорировал постоянные предупреждения общественного здравоохранения и призывы к действиям со стороны должностных лиц здравоохранения в его администрации и секретаря Азара. [431] [432] В течение января и февраля он сосредоточился на экономических и политических соображениях, связанных со вспышкой. [433] В феврале 2020 года Трамп публично заявил, что вспышка в США была менее смертоносной, чем грипп , была «в значительной степени под контролем» и скоро закончится. [434] 19 марта 2020 года Трамп в частном порядке сказал Бобу Вудворду , что он намеренно «преуменьшает ее, потому что не хочет создавать панику». [435] [436]
К середине марта большинство мировых финансовых рынков серьезно сократились в ответ на пандемию. [437] 6 марта Трамп подписал Закон о дополнительных ассигнованиях на обеспечение готовности к коронавирусу и реагирование на него , который предоставил федеральным агентствам экстренное финансирование в размере 8,3 млрд долларов. [438] 11 марта Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) признала COVID-19 пандемией , [ 439] и Трамп объявил о частичных ограничениях на поездки для большей части Европы, вступающих в силу 13 марта. [440] В тот же день он дал свою первую серьезную оценку вируса в общенациональном обращении в Овальном кабинете, назвав вспышку «ужасной», но «временным моментом» и заявив, что финансового кризиса нет. [441] 13 марта он объявил чрезвычайное положение в стране , высвободив федеральные ресурсы. [442] Трамп заявил, что «любой, кто хочет пройти тест, может пройти тест», несмотря на то, что доступность тестов сильно ограничена. [443]
22 апреля Трамп подписал указ, ограничивающий некоторые формы иммиграции. [444] В конце весны и начале лета, когда число случаев заражения и смертей продолжало расти, он принял стратегию обвинения штатов вместо того, чтобы признать, что его первоначальные оценки пандемии были чрезмерно оптимистичными или что он не смог обеспечить президентское руководство. [445]
Трамп создал целевую группу Белого дома по коронавирусу 29 января 2020 года. [446] Начиная с середины марта Трамп проводил ежедневные пресс-конференции целевой группы, к которым присоединились медицинские эксперты и другие должностные лица администрации, [447] иногда не соглашаясь с ними, продвигая недоказанные методы лечения. [448] Трамп был основным докладчиком на брифингах, где он хвалил свой собственный ответ на пандемию, часто критиковал своего соперника-кандидата в президенты Джо Байдена и осуждал прессу. [447] [449] 16 марта он впервые признал, что пандемия не находится под контролем и что могут произойти месяцы нарушения повседневной жизни и рецессии. [450] Его неоднократное использование «китайского вируса» и «китайского вируса» для описания COVID-19 вызвало критику со стороны экспертов в области здравоохранения. [451] [452] [453]
К началу апреля, когда пандемия ухудшилась, и на фоне критики реакции его администрации, Трамп отказался признавать какие-либо ошибки в своем обращении со вспышкой, вместо этого обвиняя СМИ, губернаторов-демократов, предыдущую администрацию, Китай и ВОЗ. [454] Ежедневные брифинги целевой группы по коронавирусу закончились в конце апреля после брифинга, на котором Трамп предложил опасную идею инъекции дезинфицирующего средства для лечения COVID-19; [455] комментарий был широко осужден медицинскими работниками. [456] [457]
В начале мая Трамп предложил поэтапно прекратить деятельность целевой группы по коронавирусу и заменить ее другой группой, сосредоточенной на восстановлении экономики. На фоне негативной реакции Трамп заявил, что целевая группа будет продолжать свою деятельность «бесконечно». [458] К концу мая встречи целевой группы по коронавирусу резко сократились. [459]
Всемирная организация здравоохранения
До пандемии Трамп критиковал ВОЗ и другие международные организации, которые, по его утверждению, использовали в своих интересах помощь США. [460] В предложенном его администрацией федеральном бюджете на 2021 год, опубликованном в феврале, предлагалось сократить финансирование ВОЗ более чем наполовину. [460] В мае и апреле Трамп обвинил ВОЗ в «серьезном неэффективном управлении» COVID-19, бездоказательно утверждая, что организация находится под контролем Китая и позволила китайскому правительству скрыть происхождение пандемии, [460] [461] [462] и объявил, что прекращает финансирование организации. [460] Это было расценено как попытки отвлечь внимание от его собственного неэффективного управления пандемией. [460] [463] [464] В июле 2020 года Трамп объявил об официальном выходе США из ВОЗ, который вступит в силу в июле 2021 года. [461] [462] Это решение было широко осуждено представителями здравоохранения и правительства как «недальновидное», «бессмысленное» и «опасное». [461] [462]
Давление с целью отказа от мер по смягчению последствий пандемии
В апреле 2020 года группы, связанные с республиканцами, организовали протесты против локдауна , направленные против мер, принимаемых правительствами штатов для борьбы с пандемией; [465] [466] Трамп поощрял протесты в Twitter, [467] несмотря на то, что целевые штаты не выполнили руководящие принципы администрации Трампа по возобновлению работы. [468] В апреле 2020 года он сначала поддержал, а затем раскритиковал план губернатора Джорджии Брайана Кемпа по возобновлению работы некоторых неосновных предприятий. [469] В течение всей весны он все больше настаивал на отмене ограничений, чтобы обратить вспять ущерб, нанесенный экономике страны. [470]
Трамп часто отказывался носить маску на публичных мероприятиях, вопреки рекомендациям его администрации от апреля 2020 года носить маски в общественных местах [471] и несмотря на почти единодушное медицинское мнение о том, что маски важны для предотвращения распространения вируса. [472] К июню Трамп сказал, что маски — это «палка о двух концах»; высмеял Байдена за ношение масок; Постоянно подчеркивал, что ношение маски необязательно; и предполагал, что ношение маски является политическим заявлением против него лично. [472] Противоречие Трампа медицинским рекомендациям ослабило национальные усилия по смягчению пандемии. [471] [472]
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad".[473][474] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[475][476] In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[477][478] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation.[478]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".[479][480] He began insisting that all states should resume in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[481]
Political pressure on health agencies
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[477] such as approving unproven treatments[482][483] or speeding up vaccine approvals.[483] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[484][485] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[486]
Outbreak at the White House
Trump boards Marine One for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020
On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19, part of a White House outbreak.[487] Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to fever and labored breathing. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still infectious and unwell.[488][489] During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.[488] In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case.[489]
Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue in the presidential election.[490] Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue.[491] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[490] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[492] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly said that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing cases and deaths.[493] A few days before the November 3 election, the U.S. reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[494]
Investigations
After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[495] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[496]
In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[497] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,[498] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.[499][500] Trump's attorneys appealed.[501] In September 2022, the committee and Trump agreed to a settlement about Mazars, and the accounting firm began turning over documents.[502]
Russian election interference
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[503][504] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress, "[T]he FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[505]
Many suspicious[506]links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies were discovered and the relationships between Russians and "team Trump", including Manafort, Flynn, and Stone, were widely reported by the press.[507][508][509][510] Members of Trump's campaign and his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the election.[511][512] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[513] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[514]
Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[515]
FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations
In July 2016, the FBI launched an investigation, codenamed Crossfire Hurricane, into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign.[516] After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[517] Crossfire Hurricane was transferred to the Mueller investigation,[518] but Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein ended the investigation into Trump's direct ties to Russia while giving the bureau the false impression that the Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation would pursue the matter.[519][520]
Mueller investigation
In May 2017, Rosenstein appointed former FBI director Mueller special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ), ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign". He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".[519] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[521] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[522] Trump sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[523]
In March 2019, Mueller gave his final report to Attorney General William Barr,[524] which Barr purported to summarize in a letter to Congress. A federal court, and Mueller himself, said Barr mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions and, in so doing, confused the public.[525][526][527] Trump repeatedly claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not.[528]
A redacted version of the report, publicly released in April 2019, found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump.[529] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the report found that the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[530][531] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[531] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing it would benefit them electorally.[532][533][534][535]
The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump but "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct".[536][537] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted,[538] and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[539] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[538] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[540][541]
Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases, including Manafort[542] and Flynn.[543][544] Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump.[545] In February 2020, Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".[546]
First impeachment
Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment(H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019
In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Biden and his son Hunter.[547] The whistleblower said that the White House had attempted to cover up the incident and that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[548]
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[549] Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[550][551] On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Barr.[547][552] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[553] In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[554] He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House.[555]
During the trial in January 2020, the House impeachment managers cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the impeachment process.[558]
Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[559] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[559]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents.[560] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[561]
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican majority. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one charge, the abuse of power.[562] Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[563]
2020 presidential campaign
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[564] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[565] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[566]
In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash.[567] By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Biden.[568] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending.[569]
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won.[570] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[571][572] and shifted to appeals to racism.[573]
2020 presidential election
Starting in the spring of 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[574][575] When, in August, the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[576] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.[577][578]
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[579][580] and 306 Electoral College votes to Trump's 232.[581]
False claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[582] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump stated that "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[583] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[584][585] Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials.[586] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[587] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general that asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[588]
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[589] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[590][591] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[592] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[593][594]
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[581] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[595] Republican state and federal legislators,[596] the Justice Department,[597] and Vice President Pence,[598] urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[596] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[599]
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration.[600]
Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action
In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on red alert, and ranking officers had discussed what to do if Trump declared martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role in the outcome of elections.[601]
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[602][603] Milley insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from Trump, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.[604][605]
January 6 Capitol attack
On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the U.S. Capitol, Trump held a noon rally at the Ellipse, Washington, D.C.. He called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "fight like hell".[606][607] Many supporters did, joining a crowd already there. The mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[608] During the violence, Trump posted messages on Twitter without asking the rioters to disperse. At 6p.m., Trump tweeted that the rioters should "go home with love & in peace", calling them "great patriots" and repeating that the election was stolen.[609] After the mob was removed, Congress reconvened and confirmed Biden's win in the early hours of the following morning.[610] According to the Department of Justice, more than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died.[611][612]
In March 2023, Trump collaborated with incarcerated rioters on a song to benefit the prisoners, and, in June, he said that, if elected, he would pardon many of them.[613]
Second impeachment
Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi signing the second impeachment of Trump
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[614] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached twice.[615] Ten Republicans voted for the impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[616]
On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate vote fell ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[617][618] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, although some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 that the trial was constitutional).[619]
Post-presidency (2021–present)
At the end of his term, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club and established an office as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[59][620][621] Trump is entitled to live there legally as a club employee.[622][623]
Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" in the press and by his critics. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself.[624][625] The Republican Party used Trump's false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor.[625][626] As late as July 2022, Trump was still pressuring state legislators to overturn the 2020 election.[627]
Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; he has been described as a modern party boss. He continued fundraising, raising more than twice as much as the Republican Party itself, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on how elections are run and on ousting election officials who had resisted his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results. In the 2022 midterm elections he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices, most of whom supported his false claim that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from him.[628][629][630]
Business activities
In February 2021, Trump registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.[631][632] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition companyDigital World Acquisition and became a public company.[633] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[634] As of March 2023[update], Trump Media, which had taken $8 million from Russia-connected entities, was being investigated by federal prosecutors for possible money laundering.[635][636]
Investigations, criminal indictments and convictions, civil lawsuits
Trump is the only U.S. president or former president to be convicted of a crime and the first major-party candidate to run for president after a felony conviction.[637] He faces numerous criminal charges and civil cases.[638][639]
FBI investigations
Classified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago
When Trump left the White House in January 2021, he took government materials with him to Mar-a-Lago. By May 2021, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) realized that important documents had not been turned over to them and asked his office to locate them. In January 2022, they retrieved 15 boxes of White House records from Mar-a-Lago. NARA later informed the Department of Justice that some of the retrieved documents were classified material.[640] The Justice Department began an investigation[641] and sent Trump a subpoena for additional material.[640] Justice Department officials visited Mar-a-Lago and received some classified documents from Trump's lawyers,[640] one of whom signed a statement affirming that all material marked as classified had been returned.[642]
On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago to recover government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act,[643][644] reportedly including some related to nuclear weapons.[645] The search warrant indicates an investigation of potential violations of the Espionage Act and obstruction of justice laws.[646] The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents, four of them tagged as "top secret" and one as "top secret/SCI", the highest level of classification.[643][644]
In December 2022, following a jury trial, the Trump Organization was convicted on 17 counts of criminal tax fraud, conspiracy, and falsifying business records in connection with a tax-fraud scheme stretching over 15 years. In January 2023, the organization was fined the maximum $1.6 million, and its chief financial officer Allen Weisselberg was sentenced to jail and probation after a plea deal. Trump was not personally charged in the case.[650][651]
In June 2023, following a special counsel investigation, a federal grand jury in Miami indicted Trump on 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information" under the Espionage Act, one count of making false statements, and one count each of conspiracy to obstruct justice, withholding government documents, corruptly concealing records, concealing a document in a federal investigation and scheming to conceal their efforts.[652] He pleaded not guilty.[653] A superseding indictment the following month added three charges.[654] The judge assigned to the case, Aileen Cannon, was appointed to the bench by Trump and had previously issued rulings favorable to him in a past civil case, some of which were overturned by an appellate court.[655] She moved slowly on the case, indefinitely postponed the trial in May 2024, and dismissed it on July 15, ruling that the special counsel's appointment was unconstitutional.[656] On August 26, Special Counsel Smith appealed the dismissal.[657]
On August 1, 2023, a Washington, D.C., federal grand jury indicted Trump for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election results. He was charged with conspiring to defraud the U.S., obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote, and deprive voters of the civil right to have their votes counted, and obstructing an official proceeding.[658] Trump pleaded not guilty.[659]
Later in August, a Fulton County, Georgia, grand jury indicted Trump on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the election outcome in Georgia; multiple Trump campaign officials were also indicted.[660][661] Trump surrendered, was processed at Fulton County Jail, and was released on bail pending trial.[662] He pleaded not guilty.[663] On March 13, 2024, the judge dismissed three of the 13 charges against Trump.[664]
Criminal conviction in the 2016 campaign fraud case
During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), publisher of the National Enquirer,[665] and a company set up by Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[666] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at Trump's direction to influence the presidential election.[667] Trump denied the affairs and said he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[668][669] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[670] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[671][672] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[673] but in 2021, the New York State Attorney General's Office and Manhattan District Attorney's Office opened a criminal investigations into Trump's business activities.[674] The Manhattan DA's Office subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[675] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[676]
In March 2023, a New York grand jury indicted Trump on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records to book the hush money payments to Daniels as business expenses, in an attempt to influence the 2016 election.[677][678][679] The trial began in April 2024, and in May a jury convicted Trump on all 34 counts.[680] Sentencing is set for November 26, 2024.[681]
Civil judgments against Trump
In September 2022, the attorney general of New York filed a civil fraud case against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization.[682] During the investigation leading up to the lawsuit, Trump was fined $110,000 for failing to turn over records subpoenaed by the attorney general.[683] In an August 2022 deposition, Trump invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination more than 400 times.[684] The presiding judge ruled in September 2023 that Trump, his adult sons and the Trump Organization repeatedly committed fraud and ordered their New York business certificates canceled and their business entities sent into receivership for dissolution.[685] In February 2024, the court found Trump liable, ordered him to pay a penalty of more than $350 million plus interest, for a total exceeding $450 million, and barred him from serving as an officer or director of any New York corporation or legal entity for three years. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. The judge also ordered the company to be overseen by the monitor appointed by the court in 2023 and an independent director of compliance, and that any "restructuring and potential dissolution" would be the decision of the monitor.[686]
In May 2023, a New York jury in a federal lawsuit brought by journalist E. Jean Carroll in 2022 ("Carroll II") found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered him to pay her $5 million.[687] Trump asked for a new trial or a reduction of the award, arguing that the jury had not found him liable for rape. He also separately countersued Carroll for defamation. The judge for the two lawsuits ruled against Trump,[688][689] writing that Carroll's accusation of "rape" is "substantially true".[690] Trump appealed both decisions.[688][691] In January 2024, the jury in the defamation case brought by Carroll in 2019 ("Carroll I") ordered Trump to pay Carroll $83.3 million in damages. In March, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond and appealed.[692]
2024 presidential campaign
Trump rally in New Hampshire, January 2024
On November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and set up a fundraising account.[693][694] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting 10 percent of the donations to Trump's leadership PAC. Trump's campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[695][696]
In December 2023, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled Trump disqualified for the Colorado Republican primary for his role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack on Congress. In March 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court restored his name to the ballot in a unanimous decision, ruling that Colorado lacks the authority to enforce Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, which bars insurrectionists from holding federal office.[697]
During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[698][699][700][701] He also said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents,[702][703] and used harsher, more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[704][705][706][707] He mentioned "rigged election" and "election interference" earlier and more frequently than in the 2016 and 2020 campaigns and refused to commit to accepting the 2024 election results;[708][709] analysts for The New York Times described this as an intensification of Trump's "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy.[709]
In the C-SPAN "Presidential Historians Survey 2021",[715] historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president. He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[716][717] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked Trump 43rd out of 45 presidents. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and he ranked last in several categories.[718] In 2018 and 2024, surveys of members of the American Political Science Association ranked Trump the worst president in American history.[719][720]
Trump was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll, which dates to 1938. His approval ratings showed a record-high partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[721] Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[722] Trump finished his term with an approval rating between 29 and 34 percent—the lowest of any president since modern polling began—and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency.[721][723]
In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for first in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[724][725] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[726]
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29 countries, most of them non-democracies;[727] approval of U.S. leadership plummeted among allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[728] By mid-2020, only 16 percent of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in Trump, lower than China's Xi Jinping and Russia's Vladimir Putin.[729]
False or misleading statements
Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,[730] the Toronto Star,[731] and CNN[732] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public remarks[733][154] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[733][734][735] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[734]
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[730] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about six false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 39 per day in his final year.[736]
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his repeated claim of the "biggest inaugural crowd ever".[737][738] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as his promotion of antimalarial drugs as an unproven treatment for COVID-19,[739][740] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[741][742] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served Trump's domestic political purposes.[743] Trump habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[744]
Until 2018, the media rarely referred to Trump's falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[745][746][747]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on mail-in voting and the COVID-19 pandemic.[748][749] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[750][751] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[432][748]
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[758] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.[759][760]
Incitement of violence
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[761][762] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[763][764] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021, storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[765][766] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[767]
Social media
Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He tweeted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack, in the final days of his term.[768] Trump often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press.[769] In June 2017, the White House press secretary said that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements.[770]
After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[771] In response, Trump tweeted that social media platforms "totally silence" conservatives and that he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".[772] In the days after the storming of the Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[773] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[774][775] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[776] Trump's early attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful.[777] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he only attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[778]Elon Musk, after acquiring Twitter, reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November 2022.[779][780]Meta Platforms' two-year ban lapsed in January 2023, allowing Trump to return to Facebook and Instagram,[781] although in 2024 Trump continued to call the company an "enemy of the people."[782]
Relationship with the press
Trump talking to the press, March 2017
Trump sought media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[783] In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[151]The New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV."[784]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[785][786] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".[787]
As president, Trump mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[788] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[789] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[789]
Trump also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[790] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[791][792] All the suits were dismissed.[793][794][795]
Racial views
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[796][797][798] In national polling, about half of respondents said that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[799][800] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[801][802] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[803]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[50] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[804]
In 2011, when he was reportedly considering a presidential run, he became the leading proponent of the racist "birther" conspiracy theory, alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the U.S.[805][806] In April, he claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later said this made him "very popular".[807][808] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.[809] In 2017, he reportedly expressed birther views privately.[810]
According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[811] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists".[812][813] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[814]
Answering questions about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville
Trump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[815][816][817][818]
In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[819] His remarks were condemned as racist.[820][821]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all from minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[822] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[823]White nationalist publications and social media praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[824] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[825]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[826][827] He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[827][828][829][830] At least 26 women publicly accused Trump of rape, kissing, and groping without consent; looking under women's skirts; and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants.[831][832][833] Trump has denied the allegations.[833]
In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy."[834] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[835] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[836]
Popular culture
Trump has been the subject of comedy and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. He was named in hundreds of hip hop songs from 1989 until 2015; most of these cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office.[837]
Notes
^Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all electors vote for the winner of their state's popular vote.
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