Термин «United States» и аббревиатура «US», используемые в качестве существительных или прилагательных в английском языке, являются общепринятыми сокращенными названиями страны. Аббревиатура «USA», существительное, также распространена. [28] «United States» и «US» являются устоявшимися терминами во всем федеральном правительстве США с предписанными правилами. [o] В английском языке термин «America» редко относится к темам, не связанным с Соединенными Штатами, несмотря на использование « the Americas » как совокупности Северной и Южной Америки. [30] «The States» является устоявшимся разговорным сокращением названия, используемым, в частности, за рубежом. [31]
Колониальные владения Великобритании (розового и фиолетового цветов), Франции (синего цвета) и Испании (оранжевого цвета) в 1750 году на территории современных Канады и США .
В течение столетия американские колонисты предоставляли собственные войска и материалы в конфликтах с коренными народами и колониальными соперниками Британии, особенно Францией, и американцы начали развивать чувство самообороны и самостоятельности отдельно от Британии. Франко-индейская война (1754–1763) приобрела новое значение для всех североамериканских колонистов после того, как парламент под руководством Уильяма Питта Старшего пришел к выводу, что необходимо направить основные военные ресурсы в Северную Америку, чтобы выиграть войну против Франции. Впервые континент стал одним из главных театров того, что можно было бы назвать « мировой войной ». Положение британских колоний как неотъемлемой части Британской империи стало более очевидным во время войны, а британские военные и гражданские чиновники стали играть более значимую роль в американской жизни.
Война также усилила чувство американской идентичности. Мужчины, которые в противном случае никогда не покидали свою колонию, теперь путешествовали по континенту, чтобы сражаться бок о бок с мужчинами из совершенно иного происхождения, но которые не были менее «американцами». Британские офицеры обучали американских офицеров для боя, в первую очередь Джорджа Вашингтона ; эти офицеры поделились своими навыками и опытом с делом колонистов во время будущей войны за независимость США. Кроме того, колониальные законодательные органы и должностные лица сочли необходимым интенсивно сотрудничать в целях достижения скоординированных военных усилий на всем континенте. [64] Наконец, ухудшающиеся отношения между британским военным истеблишментом и колонистами, отношения, которые и так были не совсем позитивными, подготовили почву для дальнейшего недоверия и неприязни к британским войскам.
Американская революция и ранняя республика (1765–1800)
Статьи Конфедерации были ратифицированы в 1781 году и установили децентрализованное правительство, которое действовало до 1789 года. [65] После капитуляции Британии при осаде Йорктауна в 1781 году американский суверенитет был признан на международном уровне Парижским договором (1783), по которому США получили территорию, простирающуюся на запад до реки Миссисипи, на север до современной Канады и на юг до испанской Флориды . [70] Северо -западный ордонанс (1787) создал прецедент, по которому территория страны будет расширяться за счет приема новых штатов , а не расширения существующих штатов. [71] Конституция США была разработана на Конституционном конвенте 1787 года для преодоления ограничений Статей. Она вступила в силу в 1789 году, создав федеративную республику, управляемую тремя отдельными ветвями власти , которые вместе обеспечивали систему сдержек и противовесов . [72] Джордж Вашингтон был избран первым президентом страны в соответствии с Конституцией, а Билль о правах был принят в 1791 году, чтобы развеять опасения скептиков относительно власти более централизованного правительства. [73] [74] Его отставка с поста главнокомандующего после Войны за независимость и его последующий отказ баллотироваться на третий срок в качестве первого президента страны создали прецедент верховенства гражданской власти в Соединенных Штатах и мирной передачи власти соответственно. [75] [76]
Экспансия на Запад и гражданская война (1800–1865)
Покупка Луизианы у Франции в 1803 году почти удвоила территорию Соединенных Штатов. [77] [78] Оставались нерешенные проблемы с Великобританией , что привело к войне 1812 года , которая закончилась вничью. [79] [80] Испания уступила Флориду и ее территорию на побережье Мексиканского залива в 1819 году. [81] В конце 18 века американские поселенцы начали расширяться на запад , многие с чувством явного предначертания . [82] [83] Миссурийский компромисс пытался сбалансировать желание северных штатов предотвратить распространение рабства на новые территории с желанием южных штатов расширить его, признав Миссури рабовладельческим штатом , а Мэн — свободным штатом. За исключением Миссури, он также запрещал рабство на всех землях Луизианской покупки к северу от параллели 36°30′ . [84] По мере того, как американцы все дальше продвигались на земли, населенные коренными американцами, федеральное правительство часто применяло политику переселения или ассимиляции индейцев . [85] [86] Организованные перемещения спровоцировали длинную серию войн с индейцами к западу от Миссисипи. [87] [88] Республика Техас была аннексирована в 1845 году, [89] а Орегонский договор 1846 года привел к контролю США над современным американским Северо-Западом . [90] Победа в мексикано-американской войне привела к мексиканской уступке в 1848 году Калифорнии, Невады, Юты и большей части современного Колорадо и американского Юго-Запада . [82] [91] Политическая напряженность из-за возможного введения рабства на этих недавно приобретенных территориях была временно снижена Компромиссом 1850 года . [92] [93]
Соединенные Штаты являются третьей по величине страной в мире по общей площади после России и Канады. [d] [172] [173] 48 смежных штатов и округ Колумбия занимают общую площадь в 3 119 885 квадратных миль (8 080 470 км 2 ). [174] [175] [10] Прибрежная равнина Атлантического побережья сменяется внутренними лесами и холмами в районе плато Пьемонт . [176]
Скалистые горы , к западу от Великих равнин, простираются с севера на юг через всю страну, достигая пика на высоте более 14 000 футов (4300 м) в Колорадо . [178] Дальше на запад находятся скалистые пустыни Большой Бассейн и Чиуауа , Сонора и Мохаве . [179] В северо-западном углу Аризоны , вырезанный рекой Колорадо на протяжении миллионов лет, находится Гранд-Каньон — каньон с крутыми склонами и популярное туристическое направление, известное своими ошеломляющими визуальными размерами и сложным, красочным ландшафтом.
Штаты, граничащие с Мексиканским заливом , подвержены ураганам, и большинство торнадо в мире происходит в стране , в основном в Аллее торнадо . [187] В целом, Соединенные Штаты получают больше экстремальных погодных инцидентов с сильными последствиями, чем любая другая страна. [188] [189] Экстремальные погодные явления стали более частыми в США в 21 веке, с числом зарегистрированных волн тепла в три раза больше , чем в 1960-х годах. На американском Юго-Западе засухи стали более продолжительными и более суровыми. [190]
США являются одной из 17 стран с огромным биоразнообразием , содержащих большое количество эндемичных видов : около 17 000 видов сосудистых растений встречаются на смежных территориях США и Аляски, а более 1 800 видов цветковых растений встречаются на Гавайях, немногие из которых встречаются на материке. [192] В Соединенных Штатах обитают 428 видов млекопитающих , 784 вида птиц, 311 видов рептилий, 295 видов земноводных , [193] и около 91 000 видов насекомых. [194]
Здание Капитолия США , резиденция законодательного органа, является домом для обеих палат Конгресса США : Сената (в левом крыле здания) и Палаты представителей (в правом крыле).Белый дом , резиденция и рабочее место президента США, а также офисы президентского аппарата.Здание Верховного суда , в котором размещается высший суд страны
Согласно Индексу прав человека Института V-Dem за 2023 год , Соединенные Штаты занимают одно из первых мест в мире по уровню соблюдения прав человека . [213]
Национальное правительство
Состоящее из трех ветвей, все из которых находятся в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, федеральное правительство является национальным правительством Соединенных Штатов. Оно регулируется сильной системой сдержек и противовесов . [214]
Конгресс США , двухпалатный законодательный орган , состоящий из Сената и Палаты представителей , принимает федеральные законы , объявляет войну , утверждает договоры, имеет право казначейства [215] и имеет право импичмента . [216] В Сенате 100 членов (по 2 от каждого штата), избираемых на шестилетний срок. В Палате представителей 435 членов, каждый из которых избирается на двухлетний срок; все представители служат в одном избирательном округе с эквивалентной численностью населения. [217] Конгресс также организует собрание комитетов , каждый из которых занимается определенной задачей или обязанностью. Одной из главных незаконодательных функций Конгресса является право расследовать и контролировать исполнительную власть. [218] Надзор со стороны Конгресса обычно делегируется комитетам и облегчается полномочиями Конгресса по выдаче повесток. [219] Назначение в комитет позволяет члену комитета развивать специальные знания по вопросам, находящимся в его компетенции. Различные комитеты контролируют текущую деятельность правительства, выявляют вопросы, подлежащие законодательному рассмотрению, собирают и оценивают информацию и рекомендуют Конгрессу США направления действий, включая, помимо прочего, новое законодательство. Две основные политические партии имеют право назначать членов каждого комитета. Председатели комитетов назначаются членом партии большинства.
Президент США является главнокомандующим армией и главным исполнительным лицом федерального правительства, с возможностью налагать вето на законодательные законопроекты Конгресса США до того, как они станут законом. Однако президентские вето могут быть отменены двумя третями голосов в обеих палатах Конгресса. Президент назначает членов Кабинета министров , при условии одобрения Сенатом, и называет других должностных лиц, которые администрируют и обеспечивают соблюдение федеральных законов через свои соответствующие агентства . [220] Президент также имеет право помилования за федеральные преступления и может издавать указы о помиловании . Наконец, президент имеет право издавать обширные « исполнительные указы », подлежащие судебному контролю , в ряде политических областей. Кандидаты на пост президента ведут кампанию с напарником на пост вице-президента . Оба кандидата избираются вместе или вместе терпят поражение на президентских выборах. В отличие от других голосований в американской политике, это технически косвенные выборы , на которых победитель будет определен Коллегией выборщиков США . Там голоса официально подаются отдельными выборщиками, выбранными законодательным собранием штата . [221] Однако на практике каждый из 50 штатов выбирает группу президентских выборщиков, которые должны подтвердить победителя народного голосования своего штата. Эта группа выборщиков равна числу представителей США от их штата, плюс еще два выборщика для двух сенаторов США, которых штат направляет в Конгресс. (Округ Колумбия, не имеющий ни представителей, ни сенаторов, получает три голоса выборщиков.) И президент, и вице-президент служат четырехлетний срок, и президент может быть переизбран на эту должность только один раз , на один дополнительный четырехлетний срок. [r]
Федеральная судебная система США , судьи которой назначаются пожизненно президентом с одобрения Сената, состоит в основном из Верховного суда США , апелляционных судов США и окружных судов США . Верховный суд США толкует законы и отменяет те, которые он считает неконституционными . [222] Верховный суд состоит из девяти членов во главе с главным судьей Соединенных Штатов . Члены назначаются действующим президентом, когда появляется вакансия. [223] В ряде случаев федеральная судебная система работает иначе, чем суды штатов. Для гражданских дел это очевидно по типам дел, которые могут рассматриваться в федеральной системе. Их ограниченная юрисдикция ограничивает их делами, разрешенными Конституцией Соединенных Штатов или федеральными законами . В уголовных делах штаты могут возбуждать уголовные преследования только в судах штатов, а федеральное правительство может возбуждать уголовные преследования только в федеральном суде. Первым уровнем в федеральных судах является федеральный окружной суд для любого дела в рамках « первоначальной юрисдикции », такого как федеральные законы, Конституция или договоры . Существует двенадцать федеральных округов , которые делят страну на различные регионы для федеральных апелляционных судов. После того, как федеральный окружной суд вынес решение по делу, оно может быть обжаловано в апелляционном суде Соединенных Штатов. Следующий и высший суд в системе — Верховный суд Соединенных Штатов. Он имеет право принимать решения по апелляциям по всем делам, поданным в федеральный суд или в суд штата, но связанным с федеральным законодательством. Однако, в отличие от апелляций окружного суда, Верховный суд обычно не обязан рассматривать апелляцию. В суд может быть подано « заявление о судебном приказе об истребовании дела » с просьбой рассмотреть дело. Если оно удовлетворено, Верховный суд рассмотрит краткие изложения и проведет устные прения . Если оно не удовлетворено, мнение нижестоящего суда остается в силе. Суды истребования дела удовлетворяются нечасто, и менее 1% апелляций в Верховный суд фактически рассматриваются им. Обычно суд рассматривает дела только в тех случаях, когда по стране существуют противоречивые решения по определенному вопросу или когда в деле есть очевидная ошибка.
Система с тремя ветвями власти известна как президентская система , в отличие от парламентской системы , где исполнительная власть является частью законодательного органа. Многие страны мира подражали этому аспекту Конституции Соединенных Штатов 1789 года , особенно в Америке. [224]
Политические партии
Правительства штатов США (губернатор и законодательный орган) по партийному контролю по состоянию на 2024 год [update]:
Силы обороны штата (SDF) — это военные подразделения, действующие под исключительным руководством правительства штата. SDF уполномочены законами штата и федеральным законодательством, но находятся под командованием губернатора штата . [267] [268] [269]
Они отличаются от подразделений Национальной гвардии штата тем, что не могут стать федерализированными образованиями. Однако личный состав Национальной гвардии штата может быть федерализирован в соответствии с поправками к Закону о национальной обороне 1933 года , которые создали гвардию и предусматривают интеграцию подразделений и личного состава Национальной гвардии армии США в армию США и (с 1947 года) ВВС США. [270]
В Соединенных Штатах нет единой «системы уголовного правосудия». Американская тюремная система в значительной степени неоднородна, с тысячами относительно независимых систем, действующих на федеральном, государственном, местном и племенном уровнях. В 2023 году «эти системы [содержали] почти 2 миллиона человек в 1566 государственных тюрьмах, 98 федеральных тюрьмах, 3116 местных тюрьмах, 1323 исправительных учреждениях для несовершеннолетних, 181 иммиграционном центре содержания под стражей и 80 тюрьмах индейских стран, а также в военных тюрьмах , центрах гражданского заключения, государственных психиатрических больницах и тюрьмах на территориях США». [275] Несмотря на разрозненные системы заключения, доминируют четыре основных учреждения: федеральные тюрьмы , государственные тюрьмы , местные тюрьмы и исправительные учреждения для несовершеннолетних . [276] Федеральные тюрьмы находятся в ведении Бюро тюрем США и содержат людей, осужденных за федеральные преступления, включая лиц, находящихся под стражей до суда. [276] В государственных тюрьмах, которыми управляет официальный департамент исправительных учреждений каждого штата, содержатся осужденные, отбывающие тюремное заключение (обычно более одного года) за тяжкие преступления. [276] Местные тюрьмы — это окружные или муниципальные учреждения, в которых содержатся обвиняемые до суда; в них также содержатся те, кто отбывает короткие сроки наказания (обычно менее года). [276] Исправительные учреждения для несовершеннолетних находятся в ведении местных или государственных органов власти и служат местом долгосрочного размещения для любого несовершеннолетнего, признанного правонарушителем и приговоренного судьей к заключению. [277]
У американцев самый высокий средний доход домохозяйства и работника среди государств-членов ОЭСР [311] и четвертый по величине медианный доход домохозяйства [ 312] по сравнению с шестым по величине в 2013 году. [313] С расходами на личное потребление более 18,5 триллионов долларов в 2023 году [314] экономика США в значительной степени ориентирована на потребителя и является крупнейшим потребительским рынком в мире . [315] Богатство в Соединенных Штатах высоко сконцентрировано : самые богатые 10% взрослого населения владеют 72% богатства домохозяйств страны, в то время как нижние 50% владеют всего 2%. [316] Неравенство доходов в США остается на рекордно высоком уровне [317] , при этом верхняя пятая часть зарабатывающих забирает домой более половины всех доходов [318] , что дает США одно из самых широких распределений доходов среди членов ОЭСР. [319] [320] США занимают первое место по числу долларовых миллиардеров и миллионеров : по состоянию на 2023 год в стране насчитывается 735 миллиардеров и почти 22 миллиона миллионеров . [321] В 2022 году в США насчитывалось около 582 500 бездомных, имеющих и не имеющих убежища , из которых 60% проживали в приютах для экстренной помощи или в программе временного жилья. [322] В 2022 году 6,4 миллиона детей испытывали нехватку продовольствия. [323] По оценкам Feeding America , примерно каждый пятый ребенок в США, или около 13 миллионов, испытывает голод и не знает, где и когда он получит следующую еду. [324] По состоянию на 2022 год 37,9 миллиона человек, или 11,5% населения США, жили в бедности . [325][update]
Министерство транспорта США и его подразделения обеспечивают регулирование, надзор и финансирование всех аспектов транспорта, за исключением таможни, иммиграции и безопасности. (Последнее остается в ведении Министерства внутренней безопасности США .) В каждом штате США есть собственное министерство транспорта , которое строит и обслуживает государственные автомагистрали. В зависимости от штата это министерство может также напрямую управлять или контролировать другие виды транспорта.
Пассажирские и грузовые железнодорожные системы, автобусные системы, водные паромы и плотины могут находиться как в государственной, так и в частной собственности и эксплуатации. Все гражданские авиалинии США находятся в частной собственности. Большинство аэропортов США принадлежат местным органам власти и управляются ими, а также есть несколько частных аэропортов. Управление транспортной безопасности обеспечивает безопасность в большинстве крупных аэропортов с 2001 года.
Частные железные дороги и поезда были доминирующим видом транспорта в США до середины двадцатого века. Введение реактивных самолетов и аэропортов, обслуживающих те же основные городские маршруты, ускорило снижение спроса на междугородние железнодорожные пассажирские перевозки к 1960-м годам. Завершение строительства системы межштатных автомагистралей также ускорило резкое сокращение пассажирских перевозок железными дорогами. Эти значительные события привели к созданию Национальной железнодорожной пассажирской корпорации, теперь называемой Amtrak , федеральным правительством США в 1971 году. Amtrak помогает поддерживать ограниченные междугородние железнодорожные пассажирские перевозки в большинстве частей страны. Она обслуживает большинство крупных городов США, но за пределами Северо-Востока , Калифорнии и Иллинойса она обычно запускает всего несколько поездов в день. Более частые перевозки Amtrak доступны в региональных коридорах между некоторыми крупными городами, в частности, в Северо-восточном коридоре между Вашингтоном, округ Колумбия , Филадельфией , Нью-Йорком и Бостоном ; между Нью-Йорком и Олбани ; в столичном Чикаго ; и в некоторых частях Калифорнии и Тихоокеанского Северо-Запада . Amtrak не обслуживает несколько крупных направлений в США, включая Лас-Вегас и Финикс, Аризона .
Подавляющее большинство дорог в Соединенных Штатах принадлежат и обслуживаются государственными и местными органами власти. Дороги, обслуживаемые только федеральным правительством США, обычно находятся на федеральных землях (например, в национальных парках ) или на федеральных объектах (например, на военных базах). Система межштатных автомагистралей с ее большими открытыми автомагистралями , соединяющими штаты, частично финансируется федеральным правительством, но принадлежит и обслуживается правительством штата, принимающим свой участок межштатной автомагистрали. Некоторые штаты финансируют и строят собственные крупные скоростные автомагистрали — часто называемые « парковыми дорогами » или « шоссе », — которые обычно используют плату за проезд для оплаты строительства и обслуживания. Аналогичным образом, некоторые частные дороги могут использовать плату за проезд для этой цели.
Общественный транспорт в Соединенных Штатах включает автобусы , пригородные поезда , паромы и иногда авиалинии . Системы общественного транспорта обслуживают районы с более высокой плотностью населения, где спрос самый высокий. Однако многие города, поселки и пригороды США зависят от автомобилей, и общественный транспорт там менее распространен, а обслуживание гораздо менее частое. В большинстве городских районов США есть какая-то форма общественного транспорта, в частности городские автобусы, в то время как крупнейшие (например, Нью-Йорк, Чикаго, Атланта, Филадельфия, Бостон, Сан-Франциско и Портленд, штат Орегон) используют обширные системы, которые также включают метро или легкорельсовый транспорт . [366] Большая часть общественного транспорта в Соединенных Штатах управляется местными органами власти, но национальные и региональные пригородные линии обслуживают основные городские коридоры США.
В качестве личного транспорта в Соединенных Штатах преобладают автомобили , [367] [368] которые работают на сети из 4 миллионов миль (6,4 миллиона километров) дорог общего пользования, что делает ее самой длинной в мире. [369] [370] Железнодорожная транспортная сеть страны , также самая длинная в мире — 182 412,3 мили (293 564,2 км), [371] в основном занимается грузоперевозками . [372] [373] Из 50 самых загруженных контейнерных портов мира четыре расположены в Соединенных Штатах. Самым загруженным в США является порт Лос-Анджелеса . [374]
Oldsmobile Curved Dash и Ford Model T , оба американских автомобиля, считаются первыми массово производимыми [375] и массово доступными [376] автомобилями соответственно. По состоянию на 2023 год Соединенные Штаты являются вторым по величине производителем автомобилей [377] и являются домом для Tesla , самой дорогой автомобильной компании в мире. [378] Американская автомобильная компания General Motors удерживала титул самого продаваемого автопроизводителя в мире с 1931 по 2008 год. [379] Американская автомобильная промышленность является вторым по величине автомобильным рынком в мире по продажам, уступив место Китаю в 2010 году [380], а в США самое высокое количество автомобилей на душу населения в мире [381] — 910 автомобилей на 1000 человек. [382] По стоимости США были крупнейшим в мире импортером и третьим по величине экспортером автомобилей в 2022 году. [383]
Демография
Население
Бюро переписи населения США сообщило о 331 449 281 жителе по состоянию на 1 апреля 2020 года, [t] [386] что делает Соединенные Штаты третьей по численности населения страной в мире после Китая и Индии. [172] Согласно счетчику населения США Бюро , на 1 июля 2024 года население США имело чистый прирост на одного человека каждые 16 секунд, или около 5400 человек в день. [387] В 2023 году 51% американцев в возрасте 15 лет и старше были женаты, 6% были вдовами , 10% были разведены и 34% никогда не были женаты. [388] В 2023 году общий коэффициент рождаемости в США составлял 1,6 ребенка на женщину, [389] и, в 23%, в 2019 году был самый высокий в мире показатель детей, живущих в неполных семьях. [390]
Население Соединенных Штатов разнообразно; 37 родословных групп насчитывают более миллиона членов. [391] Белые американцы с родословной из Европы, Ближнего Востока или Северной Африки образуют самую большую расовую и этническую группу, составляющую 57,8% населения Соединенных Штатов. [392] [393] Испаноязычные и латиноамериканские американцы образуют вторую по величине группу и составляют 18,7% населения Соединенных Штатов. Афроамериканцы составляют третью по величине родословную страны и составляют 12,1% от общей численности населения США. [391] Азиато-американцы являются четвертой по величине группой страны, составляя 5,9% населения Соединенных Штатов. 3,7 миллиона коренных американцев страны составляют около 1%, [391] и около 574 коренных племен признаны федеральным правительством. [394] В 2022 году средний возраст населения Соединенных Штатов составлял 38,9 лет. [395]
Язык
Наиболее распространенные языки в США
Хотя в Соединенных Штатах говорят на многих языках, английский язык является наиболее распространенным языком для разговора и письма. [396] Хотя на федеральном уровне нет официального языка , некоторые законы, такие как требования к натурализации в США , стандартизируют английский язык, и большинство штатов объявили его официальным языком. [397] Три штата и четыре территории США признали местные или коренные языки в дополнение к английскому, включая Гавайи ( гавайский ), [398] Аляску ( двадцать коренных языков ), [u] [399] Южную Дакоту ( сиу ), [400] Американское Самоа ( самоанский ), Пуэрто-Рико ( испанский ), Гуам ( чаморро ) и Северные Марианские острова ( каролинский и чаморро). Всего в Соединенных Штатах говорят на 169 языках коренных американцев. [401] В Пуэрто-Рико испанский язык более распространен, чем английский. [402]
Согласно Американскому обзору сообщества в 2010 году, около 229 миллионов человек из 308 миллионов населения США говорили дома только по-английски. Около 37 миллионов говорили дома по-испански, что делает его вторым по частоте использования языком. Другие языки, на которых говорят дома один миллион человек или более, включают китайский (2,8 миллиона), тагальский (1,6 миллиона), вьетнамский (1,4 миллиона), французский (1,3 миллиона), корейский (1,1 миллиона) и немецкий (1 миллион). [403]
Иммигрантское население Америки, составляющее почти 51 миллион человек, на сегодняшний день является крупнейшим в мире в абсолютном выражении . [404] [405] В 2022 году в Соединенных Штатах насчитывалось 87,7 миллиона иммигрантов и детей иммигрантов, родившихся в США , что составляло почти 27% от общей численности населения США. [406] В 2017 году из числа родившихся за границей жителей США около 45% (20,7 миллиона) были натурализованными гражданами, 27% (12,3 миллиона) были законными постоянными жителями, 6% (2,2 миллиона) были временными законными жителями и 23% (10,5 миллиона) были нелегальными иммигрантами. [407] В 2019 году основными странами происхождения иммигрантов были Мексика (24% иммигрантов), Индия (6%), Китай (5%), Филиппины (4,5%) и Сальвадор (3%). [408] В 2022 финансовом году более миллиона иммигрантов (большинство из которых прибыли в рамках воссоединения семей ) получили разрешение на законное проживание . [409] Соединенные Штаты на протяжении десятилетий лидировали в мире по переселению беженцев , приняв больше беженцев, чем все остальные страны мира вместе взятые. [410]
Религия
Религиозная принадлежность в США, согласно опросу Гэллапа 2023 года : [7]
Около 82% американцев проживают в городских районах , включая пригороды; [172] около половины из них проживают в городах с населением более 50 000 человек. [423] В 2022 году в 333 инкорпорированных муниципалитетах проживало более 100 000 человек, в девяти городах проживало более миллиона человек, а в четырех городах — Нью-Йорке , Лос-Анджелесе , Чикаго и Хьюстоне — население превышало два миллиона человек. [424] Население многих мегаполисов США быстро растет, особенно на Юге и Западе. [425]
Здоровье
Техасский медицинский центр в Хьюстоне — крупнейший медицинский комплекс в мире. [427] [428] По состоянию на 2018 год [update]в нем работало 120 000 человек, и ежегодно в нем проходило лечение 10 миллионов пациентов. [429]
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[439] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,[440] an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.[441] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[442] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[172][443] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[444][445]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[446][447] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[448]
As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[449] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[450]student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[451] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.[452]
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.[468] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[469] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[470][471] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.[472][473][474] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[475] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[476][477] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[478]
While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[503] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[504][505] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,[506] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[507][508] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[509] As of 2024 there have been 12 American laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature.[510]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[515]About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[516][517] With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.[518]
As of 2022[update], the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.[519] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[520]
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.[521] By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show.[522] The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.[523]
Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.[524]
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[527] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[479]
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[528]
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[532] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.[533]Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[534][535] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.[536]
Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[537]Country music developed in the 1920s,[538] rock and roll in the 1930s,[536] and bluegrass[539] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[540] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.[541] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[542]
The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[552] Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[553] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[554]
The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as pre teens. There has been a trend in the United States fashion towards sustainable clothing.[555] New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;[556] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[557][558]
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[559][560][561] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[562][563] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[564] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[565] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[566]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[567] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[568][569] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[570] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[571] The 21st century was marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.[572][573]
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[574] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.[575][576]New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[577]
The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[585][586] and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.[585] It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.[587][588] The United States is home to over 220 Michelin Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[589] Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[590][591][592] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[593][594]
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[601] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[602]Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[603] The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[604]
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[605] the National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[606] However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[607][608]
On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[609] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[610] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[611]
Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[612] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[613][614][615]
^Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.
^The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
^ a b cAt 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China. Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19] Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
^The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock
^The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages,"[29] "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United States Steel Corporation).[29]
^A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[308] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.[309]
^ a bAreas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov. August 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.
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