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Список распространенных заблуждений

Каждая запись в этом списке распространенных заблуждений сформулирована как исправление; сами заблуждения подразумеваются, а не излагаются. Эти записи представляют собой краткие резюме; для получения более подробной информации можно обратиться к основным тематическим статьям.

Распространенные заблуждения — это точки зрения или фактоиды , которые часто принимаются за истину, но которые на самом деле ложны. Они обычно возникают из общепринятой мудрости (например, бабушкины сказки ), стереотипов , суеверий , заблуждений , неправильного понимания науки или популяризации лженауки . Некоторые распространенные заблуждения также считаются городскими легендами , и они иногда связаны с моральной паникой .

Искусство и культура

Бизнес

Фотография Адольфа Дасслера , в честь которого названа компания Adidas ( около  1915 г. )

Еда и приготовление пищи

Кристаллизованный мед
Каппа-маки

История еды и напитков

Печенье с предсказаниями ассоциируется с китайской кухней , но на самом деле оно возникло в Японии и почти никогда не употребляется в пищу в Китае, где его считают американским блюдом.

Микроволновые печи

Кино и телевидение

Язык

английский язык

«Xmas» вместе с современным Санта-Клаусом, использованное на рождественской открытке (1910)

Закон, преступность и армия

Уровень насильственных преступлений в Соединенных Штатах значительно снизился в период с 1991 по 2022 год.

Соединенные Штаты

Уровень арестов в Техасе в 2012–2018 гг.

Литература

Изящные искусства

Музыка

Классическая музыка

Религия

буддизм

христианство

Никакие библейские или исторические свидетельства не подтверждают, что Мария Магдалина была проституткой. [216] [217]

ислам

иудаизм

Часто изображаемый в искусстве как яблоко, плод в Эдемском саду не назван в Книге Бытия . [244]

Спорт

Маркос Торрегроса носит черный пояс по бразильскому джиу-джитсу с красной полосой, обозначающей первый дан

Видеоигры

История

Древний

Вомиторий в римском амфитеатре в Тулузе

Средний возраст

Средневековое изображение шарообразной Земли

Ранний модерн

Портрет Марии Антуанетты
Фразу « пусть едят пирожные » часто ошибочно приписывают Марии Антуанетте .
Зубные протезы Джорджа Вашингтона выставлены в Маунт-Верноне .

Современный

Наполеон на Беллерофонте Чарльза Локка Истлейка . Наполеон был выше, чем предполагает его прозвище, le Petit Caporal .
Альберт Эйнштейн , сфотографированный в 14 лет, не провалил экзамены по математике в школе.

Соединенные Штаты

Флаг, который предположительно разработала Бетси Росс
Районы, охваченные Прокламацией об освобождении, отмечены красным, районы с рабовладением, не охваченные Прокламацией об освобождении, отмечены синим. Тринадцатая поправка была статьей, которая отменила законное рабство в Соединенных Штатах по всей стране, а не Прокламация об освобождении.

Наука, технологии и математика

Астрономия и космические полеты

Темная сторона Луны , сфотографированная Аполлоном 16 в 1972 году, отчетливо освещена Солнцем. Она гораздо более испещрена кратерами, чем видимая сторона Луны .
Экватор Земли не совпадает с плоскостью земной орбиты , что означает, что в течение половины года Северное полушарие наклонено больше к Солнцу , а в течение другой половины года Северное полушарие наклонено больше от Солнца. Это является доминирующей причиной сезонных колебаний температуры, а не расстояние Земли от Солнца по ее орбите .
Спутниковый снимок части Великой Китайской стены , проходящей по диагонали из нижнего левого угла в верхний правый (не путать с гораздо более заметной рекой, текущей из верхнего левого угла в нижний правый). Площадь изображенной области составляет 12 на 12 километров (7,5 миль × 7,5 миль).

Биология

Млекопитающие

Цвет красного плаща не разозлит быка.

Птицы

Другие позвоночные

Беспозвоночные

Самка китайского богомола одновременно совокупляется со своим партнером и поедает его; это происходит не каждый раз, когда богомолы спариваются.
Шмель прерий над соцветием эхинацеи ; широко распространенное заблуждение, что шмели не способны летать .

Растения

Подсолнухи, за которыми отчетливо видно Солнце

Эволюция и палеонтология

Пелагорнис . Нептичьи динозавры вымерли в ходе мел-палеогенового вымирания , но некоторые тероподовые динозавры сохранились до наших дней.
Несмотря на культурные представления , плезиозавры не были динозаврами , и ни плезиозавры, ни нептичьи динозавры не сосуществовали с людьми .
Диметродон , знаменитый парусный синапсид , не был динозавром и не жил в одно время с динозаврами.
Aegyptopithecus , доисторическая обезьяна, существовавшая до разделения обезьян и других обезьян Старого Света в ходе эволюции человека . Aegyptopithecus также существовал после разделения обезьян Старого и Нового Света , что делает его более тесно связанным с людьми, чем со всеми обезьянами Нового Света. [558]

Химия и материаловедение

Вычислительная техника и Интернет

Экономика

Общая численность населения, живущего в крайней нищете, по регионам мира с 1987 по 2015 гг. [592]

Науки о Земле и окружающей среде

Реконструкция глобальной температуры поверхности за последние 2000 лет с использованием косвенных данных из колец деревьев, кораллов и ледяных кернов (синий цвет). [607] Данные прямых наблюдений показаны красным цветом. [608]
Истощение озонового слоя не является причиной глобального потепления .
Градирни на ныне выведенных из эксплуатации электростанциях Коттам в Англии . Газы, выбрасываемые башнями, представляют собой безвредные водяные пары, образующиеся в процессе охлаждения.

География

Карта мыса Доброй Надежды и мыса Игольного , самой южной точки Африки

Тело человека и здоровье

В Южной Корее широко распространено заблуждение, что включенные во время сна электрические вентиляторы могут быть смертельными .

Болезни и профилактическое здравоохранение

Шишки на жабе не являются бородавками и не могут стать причиной появления бородавок у человека.

Питание, еда и напитки

Алкогольные напитки

Сексуальность и воспроизводство

Кожа и волосы

Изобретения

Лампочка накаливания напряжением 230 вольт.

Математика

Мраморный бюст мужчины с длинной, острой бородой, в taenia, разновидности древнегреческого головного убора, в данном случае напоминающего тюрбан. Лицо несколько изможденное и имеет выступающие, но тонкие брови, которые кажутся наполовину зафиксированными в хмуром взгляде. Концы его усов длинные, спускающиеся на полпути вниз по длине его бороды примерно до того места, где была бы нижняя часть его подбородка, если бы мы могли его видеть. Ни одного волоска на его голове не видно, так как она полностью закрыта taenia.
Бюст Пифагора в Капитолийских музеях , Рим . [805] Классические историки спорят о том, делал ли он когда-либо какие-либо математические открытия. [806] [807]

Физика

Иллюстрация (неправильного) объяснения подъемной силы аэродинамического профиля с помощью принципа равного времени прохождения

Психология и нейронаука

Психические расстройства

Мозг

Нейроны , окрашенные Гольджи в ткани гиппокампа человека . Обычно считается, что у людей не вырастают новые клетки мозга, но исследования показали, что некоторые нейроны могут восстанавливаться у людей.

Чувства

Неправильная карта языка, показывающая зоны, которые ощущают горький (1), кислый (2), соленый (3) и сладкий (4) вкус. На самом деле, все зоны могут ощущать все вкусы, а также есть вкус умами (не показан на рисунке).

Токсикология

Транспорт

Одна из версий района Бермудского треугольника

Смотрите также

Ссылки

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Sources

Дальнейшее чтение

Внешние ссылки