Пользователь:Трансгуманист

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Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Введение

Иван-царевич, Жар-птица и Серый волк

Привет. Меня зовут Трансгуманист.

Как трансгуманист ...

Мне нравятся новые и развивающиеся технологии, поэтому...

В настоящее время я погружен в изучение искусственного интеллекта (в частности, генеративного искусственного интеллекта и систем рассуждений), а также больших данных .

Я увлекаюсь JavaScript, в том числе время от времени пишу пользовательские скрипты.

На данный момент мой лучший пользовательский скрипт — SearchSuite ...

SearchSuite обеспечивает дополнительный контроль над результатами поиска в Wikipedia, например, включение/выключение функций сортировки, представление результатов по одному на строку и многое другое. Хотя, кажется, все работает довольно хорошо, определенно есть возможности для улучшения. Комментарии и предложения приветствуются.

Кстати, большинство сценариев, над которыми я работал, предназначены для создания и дополнения планов...

Как энциклопедист...

Меня интересуют все знания, особенно то, как их организовать, чтобы можно было найти то, что наиболее актуально в любой момент.

Я работаю с Википедией с осени 2005 года и все это время работал в основном над структурой Википедии и ее системами навигации по знаниям.

Обновить с новыми вариантами ниже (очистить)

Избранные статьи, над которыми я работал

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Отрасли науки , также называемые науками , научными областями или научными дисциплинами , обычно делятся на три основные группы :
- Формальные науки : изучение формальных систем , таких как те , что находятся в разделах логики и математики , которые используют априорную , в отличие от эмпирической , методологию . Они изучают абстрактные структуры , описываемые формальными системами .
- Естественные науки : изучение природных явлений (включая космологические , геологические , физические , химические и биологические факторы вселенной ). Естественные науки можно разделить на две основные ветви: физические науки и науки о жизни ( или биология ).
- Социальные и гуманитарные науки : изучение человеческого поведения в его социальных и культурных аспектах.
Научное знание должно основываться на наблюдаемых явлениях и должно быть способно быть проверено другими исследователями, работающими в тех же условиях. Эта проверяемость может варьироваться даже в пределах одной научной дисциплины.

Естественные, социальные и формальные науки составляют фундаментальные науки , которые формируют основу междисциплинарности , и прикладные науки, такие как инженерия и медицина . Специализированные научные дисциплины, которые существуют в нескольких категориях, могут включать части других научных дисциплин, но часто обладают собственной терминологией и экспертизой . ( Полная статья... )
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Etruscan: Diomedes and Polyxena, from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, c. 540–530 BCE – From Vulci

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take varied forms, including artistic pottery, including tableware, tiles, figurines and other sculpture. As one of the plastic arts, ceramic art is a visual art. While some ceramics are considered fine art, such as pottery or sculpture, most are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramic art can be created by one person or by a group, in a pottery or a ceramic factory with a group designing and manufacturing the artware.

In Britain and the United States, modern ceramics as an art took its inspiration in the early twentieth century from the Arts and Crafts movement, leading to the revival of pottery considered as a specifically modern craft. Such crafts emphasized traditional non-industrial production techniques, faithfulness to the material, the skills of the individual maker, attention to utility, and an absence of excessive decoration that was typical to the Victorian era.

The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos (κεραμεικός), meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from keramos (κέραμος) meaning "potter's clay". Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, and Korean cultures, as well as the modern Western cultures. (Full article...)
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Types of democracy refers to the various governance structures that embody the principles of democracy ("rule by the people") in some way. Democracy is frequently applied to governments (ranging from local to global), but may also be applied to other constructs like workplaces, families, community associations, and so forth.

Types of democracy can cluster around values. Some such types, defined as direct democracy (or participatory democracy, or deliberative democracy), promote equal and direct participation in political decisions by all members of the public. Others, including the many variants of representative democracy, favor more indirect or procedural approaches to collective self-governance, where decisions are made by elected representatives rather than by the people directly.

Types of democracy can be found across time, space, and language. The foregoing examples are just a few of the thousands of refinements of, and variations on, the central notion of "democracy." (Full article...)
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The history of California can be divided into the Native American period (about 10,000 years ago until 1542), the European exploration period (1542–1769), the Spanish colonial period (1769–1821), the Mexican period (1821–1848), and United States statehood (September 9, 1850–present). California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. After contact with, many of the Native Americans died from foreign diseases. Finally, in the 19th century there was a genocide by United States government and private citizens, which is known as the California genocide.

After the Portolá expedition of 1769–1770, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning with the Mission San Diego de Alcala near the location of the modern day city of San Diego, California. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos would eventually grow into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. After Mexico's Independence was won in 1821, California fell under the jurisdiction of the First Mexican Empire. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic church over their newly independent nation, the Mexican government closed all of the missions and nationalized the church's property. They left behind a "Californio" population of several thousand families, with a few small military garrisons. After the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, The Mexican Republic was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States.

The California Gold Rush of 1848–1855 attracted hundreds of thousands of ambitious young people from around the world. Only a few struck it rich, and many returned home disappointed. Most appreciated the other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and brought their families to join them. California became the 31st U.S. state in the Compromise of 1850 and played a small role in the American Civil War. Chinese immigrants increasingly came under attack from nativists; they were forced out of industry and agriculture and into Chinatowns in the larger cities. As gold petered out, California increasingly became a highly productive agricultural society. The coming of the railroads in 1869 linked its rich economy with the rest of the nation, and attracted a steady stream of settlers. In the late 19th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. (Full article...)
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A feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth. It is an item of geographic information, and may be represented in maps, geographic information systems, remote sensing imagery, statistics, and other forms of geographic discourse. Such representations of features consist of descriptions of their inherent nature, their spatial form and location, and their characteristics or properties. (Full article...)
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The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress in the United States, which can be used for shelving books in a library. LCC is mainly used by large research and academic libraries, while most public libraries and small academic libraries use the Dewey Decimal Classification system. The classification was developed by James Hanson (chief of the Catalog Department), with assistance from Charles Martel, in 1897, while they were working at the Library of Congress. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson.

LCC has been criticized for lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature. That is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one library's collections, not a classification of the world. (Full article...)
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Emerging technologies are technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized. These technologies are generally new but also include old technologies finding new applications. Emerging technologies are often perceived as capable of changing the status quo.

Emerging technologies are characterized by radical novelty (in application even if not in origins), relatively fast growth, coherence, prominent impact, and uncertainty and ambiguity. In other words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and relatively fast growing technology characterised by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the composition of actors, institutions and patterns of interactions among those, along with the associated knowledge production processes. Its most prominent impact, however, lies in the future and so in the emergence phase is still somewhat uncertain and ambiguous."

Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational technology, information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence.

New technological fields may result from the technological convergence of different systems evolving towards similar goals. Convergence brings previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications) and video together so that they share resources and interact with each other, creating new efficiencies. (Full article...)
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The technological singularity—or simply the singularity—is a hypothetical future point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable consequences for human civilization. According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis, I. J. Good's intelligence explosion model of 1965, an upgradable intelligent agent could eventually enter a positive feedback loop of self-improvement cycles, each successive; and more intelligent generation appearing more and more rapidly, causing a rapid increase ("explosion") in intelligence which would ultimately result in a powerful superintelligence, qualitatively far surpassing all human intelligence.

The Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann (1903-1957) became the first known person to use the concept of a "singularity" in the technological context. Stanislaw Ulam reported in 1958 an earlier discussion with von Neumann "centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue". Subsequent authors have echoed this viewpoint.

The concept and the term "singularity" were popularized by Vernor Vinge – first in 1983 (in an article that claimed that once humans create intelligences greater than their own, there will be a technological and social transition similar in some sense to "the knotted space-time at the center of a black hole",) and later in his 1993 essay The Coming Technological Singularity, (in which he wrote that it would signal the end of the human era, as the new superintelligence would continue to upgrade itself and would advance technologically at an incomprehensible rate). He wrote that he would be surprised if it occurred before 2005 or after 2030. Another significant contributor to wider circulation of the notion was Ray Kurzweil's 2005 book The Singularity Is Near, predicting singularity by 2045.

Some scientists, including Stephen Hawking, have expressed concern that artificial superintelligence (ASI) could result in human extinction. The consequences of a technological singularity and its potential benefit or harm to the human race have been intensely debated. (Full article...)
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Ontology learning (ontology extraction,ontology augmentation generation, ontology generation, or ontology acquisition) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain's terms and the relationships between the concepts that these terms represent from a corpus of natural language text, and encoding them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process.

Typically, the process starts by extracting terms and concepts or noun phrases from plain text using linguistic processors such as part-of-speech tagging and phrase chunking. Then statistical
or symbolic
techniques are used to extract relation signatures, often based on pattern-based or definition-based hypernym extraction techniques. (Full article...)
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In futures studies and the history of technology, accelerating change is the observed exponential nature of the rate of technological change in recent history, which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change. (Full article...)
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Prehistoric technology is technology that predates recorded history. History is the study of the past using written records. Anything prior to the first written accounts of history is prehistoric, including earlier technologies. About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, technology began with the earliest hominids who used stone tools, which they first used to hunt food, and later to cook.

There are several factors that made the evolution of prehistoric technology possible or necessary. One of the key factors is behavioral modernity of the highly developed brain of Homo sapiens capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem-solving. The advent of agriculture resulted in lifestyle changes from nomadic lifestyles to ones lived in homes, with domesticated animals, and land farmed using more varied and sophisticated tools. Art, architecture, music and religion evolved over the course of the prehistoric periods. (Full article...)
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Friendly artificial intelligence (friendly AI or FAI) is hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity or at least align with human interests or contribute to fostering the improvement of the human species. It is a part of the ethics of artificial intelligence and is closely related to machine ethics. While machine ethics is concerned with how an artificially intelligent agent should behave, friendly artificial intelligence research is focused on how to practically bring about this behavior and ensuring it is adequately constrained. (Full article...)
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Location of Asia

Asian cuisine encompasses several significant regional cooking styles of Asia: Central Asian, East Asian, North Asian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and West Asian. Cuisine is a distinctive way of cooking practices and customs, usually associated with a specific culture. Asia, as the largest and most populous continent, is home to many cultures, each with its own characteristic cuisine. Asian cuisine, also known as Eastern cuisine, is considered the "culture of food within a society" due to the beliefs, cooking methods, and the specific ingredients used throughout the entire process. Asian cuisines are also renowned for their spices. A key taste factor in Asian cuisine is “umami” flavor, a strong savoriness prominent in Asian cooking, which can be achieved through fermented food or meat extract.

Ingredients common to many cultures in East and Southeast Asia include rice, ginger, garlic, sesame seeds, chilis, dried onions, soy, and tofu. Stir frying, steaming, and deep frying are common cooking methods.

While rice is common to most Asian cuisines, different varieties are popular in the various regions. Glutinous rice is ingrained in the culture, religious tradition and national identity of Laos. Basmati rice is popular in the Indian subcontinent, jasmine rice is often found across Southeast Asia, while long-grain rice is popular in China and short-grain in Japan and Korea.

Curry is a common dish in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Curry dishes have their origins in the Indian subcontinent. Countries in Indochina typically use a coconut milk base in their curries; countries in Southwest Asia typically use a yogurt base. (Full article...)
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A severe case of athlete's foot.

Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus. Signs and symptoms often include itching, scaling, cracking and redness. In rare cases the skin may blister. Athlete's foot fungus may infect any part of the foot, but most often grows between the toes. The next most common area is the bottom of the foot. The same fungus may also affect the nails or the hands. It is a member of the group of diseases known as tinea.

Athlete's foot is caused by a number of different funguses, including species of Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. The condition is typically acquired by coming into contact with infected skin, or fungus in the environment. Common places where the funguses can survive are around swimming pools and in locker rooms. They may also be spread from other animals. Usually diagnosis is made based on signs and symptoms; however, it can be confirmed either by culture or seeing hyphae using a microscope.

Athlete's foot is not limited to just athletes: it can be caused by going barefoot in public showers, letting toenails grow too long, wearing shoes that are too tight, or not changing socks daily. It can be treated with topical antifungal medications such as clotrimazole or, for persistent infections, using oral antifungal medications such as terbinafine. Topical creams are typically recommended to be used for four weeks. Keeping infected feet dry and wearing sandals also assists with treatment.

Athlete's foot was first medically described in 1908. Globally, athlete's foot affects about 15% of the population. Males are more often affected than females. It occurs most frequently in older children or younger adults. Historically it is believed to have been a rare condition that became more frequent in the 20th century due to the greater use of shoes, health clubs, war, and travel. (Full article...)
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Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society (as in the built environment) is causing severe effects including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include population growth, neoliberal economic policies and rapid economic growth, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing catastrophic risks to the survival of the human species.

The term anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human activity. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist Alexey Pavlov, and it was first used in English by British ecologist Arthur Tansley in reference to human influences on climax plant communities. The atmospheric scientist Paul Crutzen introduced the term "Anthropocene" in the mid-1970s. The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution produced from human activity since the start of the Agricultural Revolution but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment. Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests. (Full article...)
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Life extension is the concept of extending the human lifespan, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the maximum lifespan beyond its generally-settled biological limit of around 125 years. Several researchers in the area, along with "life extensionists", "immortalists", or "longevists" (those who wish to achieve longer lives themselves), postulate that future breakthroughs in tissue rejuvenation, stem cells, regenerative medicine, molecular repair, gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, and organ replacement (such as with artificial organs or xenotransplantations) will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition (agerasia). The ethical ramifications, if life extension becomes a possibility, are debated by bioethicists.

The sale of purported anti-aging products such as supplements and hormone replacement is a lucrative global industry. For example, the industry that promotes the use of hormones as a treatment for consumers to slow or reverse the aging process in the US market generated about $50 billion of revenue a year in 2009. The use of such hormone products has not been proven to be effective or safe. (Full article...)
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An EXCOMM meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a crisis between the United States and Soviet Union over ballistic missiles in Cuba

A crisis (pl.: crises; ADJ: critical) is any event or period that will lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affairs, especially when they occur abruptly, with little or no warning. More loosely, a crisis is a testing time for an emergency. (Full article...)
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Meals have been traditionally prepared by women in a home kitchen (Painting from the circle of Jean-Baptiste de Saive, 1563)

A meal is an eating occasion that takes place at a certain time and includes consumption of food. The names used for specific meals in English vary, depending on the speaker's culture, the time of day, or the size of the meal.

Although they can be eaten anywhere, meals typically take place in homes, restaurants, and cafeterias. Regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. Special meals are usually held in conjunction with such occasions as birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, and holidays. A meal is different from a snack in that meals are generally larger, more varied, and more filling than snacks.

The type of food that is served or consumed at any given time depends on regional customs. Three main meals are often eaten in the morning, early afternoon, and evening in most modern civilizations. Further, the names of meals are often interchangeable by custom as well. Some serve dinner as the main meal at midday, with supper as the late afternoon/early evening meal; while others may call their midday meal lunch and their early evening meal supper or dinner. Except for "breakfast," these names can vary from region to region or even from family to family. (Full article...)
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The meaning of life pertains to the inherent significance or philosophical meaning of living (or existence in general). There is no consensus on a definitive answer, and thinking or discourse on the topic is sought in the English language through the question, "What is the meaning of life?" (or the related "Why are we here?" or "What is the purpose of existence?"). There have been many proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The search for life's meaning has produced much philosophical, scientific, theological, and metaphysical speculation throughout history. Different people and cultures believe different things for the answer to this question. Opinions vary on the usefulness of using time and resources in the pursuit of an answer. Excessive pondering can be indicative of, or lead to, an existential crisis.

The meaning of life can be derived from philosophical and religious contemplation of, and scientific inquiries about, existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness. Many other issues are also involved, such as symbolic meaning, ontology, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, free will, the existence of one or multiple gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contributions focus primarily on describing related empirical facts about the universe, exploring the context and parameters concerning the "how" of life. Science also studies and can provide recommendations for the pursuit of well-being and a related conception of morality. An alternative, humanistic approach poses the question, "What is the meaning of my life?" (Full article...)
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Genius is a characteristic of original and exceptional insight in the performance of some art or endeavor that surpasses expectations, sets new standards for the future, establishes better methods of operation, or remains outside the capabilities of competitors. Genius is associated with intellectual ability and creative productivity. The term genius can also be used to refer to people characterised by genius, and/or to polymaths who excel across many subjects.

There is no scientifically precise definition of genius. When used to refer to the characteristic, genius is associated with talent, but several authors such as Cesare Lombroso and Arthur Schopenhauer systematically distinguish these terms. Walter Isaacson, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high intelligence may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply creativity and imaginative thinking to almost any situation.

In the early-19th century Carl von Clausewitz, who had a particular interest in what he called "military genius", defined "the essence of Genius" (German: der Genius) in terms of "a very high mental capacity for certain employments". (Full article...)
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The technological singularity—or simply the singularity—is a hypothetical future point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable consequences for human civilization. According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis, I. J. Good's intelligence explosion model of 1965, an upgradable intelligent agent could eventually enter a positive feedback loop of self-improvement cycles, each successive; and more intelligent generation appearing more and more rapidly, causing a rapid increase ("explosion") in intelligence which would ultimately result in a powerful superintelligence, qualitatively far surpassing all human intelligence.

The Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann (1903-1957) became the first known person to use the concept of a "singularity" in the technological context. Stanislaw Ulam reported in 1958 an earlier discussion with von Neumann "centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue". Subsequent authors have echoed this viewpoint.

The concept and the term "singularity" were popularized by Vernor Vinge – first in 1983 (in an article that claimed that once humans create intelligences greater than their own, there will be a technological and social transition similar in some sense to "the knotted space-time at the center of a black hole",) and later in his 1993 essay The Coming Technological Singularity, (in which he wrote that it would signal the end of the human era, as the new superintelligence would continue to upgrade itself and would advance technologically at an incomprehensible rate). He wrote that he would be surprised if it occurred before 2005 or after 2030. Another significant contributor to wider circulation of the notion was Ray Kurzweil's 2005 book The Singularity Is Near, predicting singularity by 2045.

Some scientists, including Stephen Hawking, have expressed concern that artificial superintelligence (ASI) could result in human extinction. The consequences of a technological singularity and its potential benefit or harm to the human race have been intensely debated. (Full article...)
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Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized by the development of both smooth-walled macro- and microconidia. Macroconidia are mostly borne laterally directly on the hyphae or on short pedicels, and are thin- or thick-walled, clavate to fusiform, and range from 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm in size. Macroconidia are few or absent in many species. Microconidia are spherical, pyriform to clavate or of irregular shape, and range from 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm in size. (Full article...)
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Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that matches or surpasses human cognitive capabilities across a wide range of cognitive tasks. This contrasts with narrow AI, which is limited to specific tasks. Artificial superintelligence (ASI), on the other hand, refers to AGI that greatly exceeds human cognitive capabilities. AGI is considered one of the definitions of strong AI.

Creating AGI is a primary goal of AI research and of companies such as OpenAI and Meta. A 2020 survey identified 72 active AGI research and development projects across 37 countries.

The timeline for achieving AGI remains a subject of ongoing debate among researchers and experts. As of 2023, some argue that it may be possible in years or decades; others maintain it might take a century or longer; and a minority believe it may never be achieved. Notable AI researcher Geoffrey Hinton has expressed concerns about the rapid progress towards AGI, suggesting it could be achieved sooner than many expect.

There is debate on the exact definition of AGI, and regarding whether modern large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 are early forms of AGI. AGI is a common topic in science fiction and futures studies. (Full article...)
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Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) is the idea that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of world population, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities.

Since 1804, the global living human population has increased from 1 billion to 8 billion due to medical advancements and improved agricultural productivity. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968 and has since dropped to 1.1%. According to the most recent United Nations' projections, the global human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and would peak at around 10.4 billion people in the 2080s, before decreasing, noting that fertility rates are falling worldwide. Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100. Conversely, other researchers have found that national birth registries data from 2022 and 2023 that cover half the world's population indicate that the 2022 UN projections overestimated fertility rates by 10 to 20% and are already outdated, that the global fertility rate has possibly already fallen below the sub-replacement fertility level for the first time in human history, and that the global population will peak at approximately 9.5 billion by 2061. The 2024 UN projections report estimated that world population would peak at 10.29 billion in 2084 and decline to 10.18 billion by 2100, which was 6% lower than the UN had estimated in 2014.

Early discussions of overpopulation in English were spurred by the work of Thomas Malthus. Discussions of overpopulation follow a similar line of inquiry as Malthusianism and its Malthusian catastrophe, a hypothetical event where population exceeds agricultural capacity, causing famine or war over resources, resulting in poverty and depopulation. More recent discussion of overpopulation was popularized by Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 book The Population Bomb and subsequent writings. Ehrlich described overpopulation as a function of overconsumption, arguing that overpopulation should be defined by a population being unable to sustain itself without depleting non-renewable resources.

The belief that global population levels will become too large to sustain is a point of contentious debate. Those who believe global human overpopulation to be a valid concern, argue that increased levels of resource consumption and pollution exceed the environment's carrying capacity, leading to population overshoot. The population overshoot hypothesis is often discussed in relation to other population concerns such as population momentum, biodiversity loss, hunger and malnutrition, resource depletion, and the overall human impact on the environment. (Full article...)
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Artificial consciousness, also known as machine consciousness, synthetic consciousness, or digital consciousness, is the consciousness hypothesized to be possible in artificial intelligence. It is also the corresponding field of study, which draws insights from philosophy of mind, philosophy of artificial intelligence, cognitive science and neuroscience.

The same terminology can be used with the term "sentience" instead of "consciousness" when specifically designating phenomenal consciousness (the ability to feel qualia). Since sentience involves the ability to experience ethically positive or negative (i.e., valenced) mental states, it may justify welfare concerns and legal protection, as with animals.

Some scholars believe that consciousness is generated by the interoperation of various parts of the brain; these mechanisms are labeled the neural correlates of consciousness or NCC. Some further believe that constructing a system (e.g., a computer system) that can emulate this NCC interoperation would result in a system that is conscious. (Full article...)

Избранные новые технологии и связанные с ними статьи

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Броня Железного человека — вымышленный экзоскелет с силовым приводом , появляющийся в американских комиксах , изданных Marvel Comics . Его построил и носил миллиардер Тони Старк , когда он принял личность супергероя Железного человека . Первая броня была создана в сюжете Старком и Хо Инсеном и была разработана художником Джеком Кирби , впервые появившись в Tales of Suspense #39 (март 1963).

В вымышленной мультивселенной внешний вид брони Старка менялся с годами. Старк модифицировал или оптимизировал броню, чтобы приспособиться к определенным ситуациям. Поскольку разные художники изображали Железного человека и его броню, внешний вид брони со временем менялся. ( Полная статья... )
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Laser color television (laser TV), or laser color video display, is a type of television that utilizes two or more individually modulated optical (laser) rays of different colors to produce a combined spot that is scanned and projected across the image plane by a polygon-mirror system or less effectively by optoelectronic means to produce a color-television display. The systems work either by scanning the entire picture a dot at a time and modulating the laser directly at high frequency, much like the electron beams in a cathode ray tube, or by optically spreading and then modulating the laser and scanning a line at a time, the line itself being modulated in much the same way as with digital light processing (DLP).

The special case of one ray reduces the system to a monochrome display as, for example, in black and white television. This principle applies to a direct view display as well as to a (front or rear) laser projector system. (Full article...)
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3D optical data storage is any form of optical data storage in which information can be recorded or read with three-dimensional resolution (as opposed to the two-dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD).

This innovation has the potential to provide petabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized discs (120 mm). Data recording and readback are achieved by focusing lasers within the medium. However, because of the volumetric nature of the data structure, the laser light must travel through other data points before it reaches the point where reading or recording is desired. Therefore, some kind of nonlinearity is required to ensure that these other data points do not interfere with the addressing of the desired point. (Full article...)
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Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs.

Some high-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix); interacting via human speech (e.g., Google Assistant, Siri, and Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative and creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT, and AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore." (Full article...)
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A high altitude platform can provide observation or communication services.

A high-altitude platform station (HAPS, which can also mean high-altitude pseudo-satellite or high-altitude platform systems), also known as atmospheric satellite, is a long endurance, high altitude aircraft able to offer observation or communication services similarly to artificial satellites. Mostly unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), they remain aloft through atmospheric lift, either aerodynamic like airplanes, or aerostatic like airships or balloons.

High-altitude long endurance (HALE) military drones can fly above 60,000 ft (18,000 m) over 32 hours, while civil HAPS are radio stations at an altitude of 20 to 50 km above waypoints, for weeks. (Full article...)
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A Waymo-operated Jaguar I-Pace in San Francisco, 2023. This model was recalled after a crash into a pole.

A self-driving car, also known as a autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car, is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.
As of late 2024^[update], no system has achieved full autonomy (SAE Level 5). In December 2020, Waymo was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis to the public in limited geographic areas (SAE Level 4), and as of April 2024^[update] offers services in Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). In June 2024, after a Waymo self-driving taxi crashed into a utility pole in Phoenix, Arizona, all 672 of its Jaguar I-Pace were recalled after they were found to have susceptibility to crashing into pole like items and had their software updated. In July 2021, DeepRoute.ai started offering self-driving taxi rides in Shenzhen, China. Starting in February 2022, Cruise offered self-driving taxi service in San Francisco, but suspended service in 2023. In 2021, Honda was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE Level 3 car, followed by Mercedes-Benz in 2023. (Full article...)
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A head transplant or full body transplant is an experimental surgical operation involving the grafting of one organism's head onto the body of another. In many experiments, the recipient's head has not been removed, but in others it has been. Experimentation in animals began in the early 1900s. As of 2024^[update], no lasting successes have been achieved. (Full article...)
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A pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a type of propulsion system that uses detonation waves to combust the fuel and oxidizer mixture.

The engine is pulsed because the mixture must be renewed in the combustion chamber between each detonation wave and the next. Theoretically, a PDE can operate from subsonic up to a hypersonic flight speed of roughly Mach 5. An ideal PDE design can have a thermodynamic efficiency higher than other designs like turbojets and turbofans because a detonation wave rapidly compresses the mixture and adds heat at constant volume. Consequently, moving parts like compressor spools are not necessarily required in the engine, which could significantly reduce overall weight and cost. Key issues for further development include fast and efficient mixing of the fuel and oxidizer, the prevention of autoignition, and integration with an inlet and nozzle. (Full article...)
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In medicine, a prosthesis (pl.: prostheses; from Ancient Greek: πρόσθεσις, romanized: prósthesis, lit. 'addition, application, attachment'), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses are intended to restore the normal functions of the missing body part. A person who has undergone an amputation is sometimes referred to as an amputee, however, this term may be offensive. Rehabilitation for someone with an amputation is primarily coordinated by a physiatrist as part of an inter-disciplinary team consisting of physiatrists, prosthetists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Prostheses can be created by hand or with computer-aided design (CAD), a software interface that helps creators design and analyze the creation with computer-generated 2-D and 3-D graphics as well as analysis and optimization tools. (Full article...)
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The AeroVironment Global Observer is a concept for a high-altitude, long endurance unmanned aerial vehicle, designed by AeroVironment (AV) to operate as a stratospheric geosynchronous satellite system with regional coverage.

Two Global Observer aircraft, each flying for up to a week at an altitude of 55,000 to 65,000 feet (17,000 to 20,000 m), could alternate coverage over any area on the Earth, providing a platform for communications relays, remote sensing, or long-term surveillance. In addition to flying above weather and above other conventional aircraft, operation at this altitude permits communications and sensor payloads on the aircraft to service an area on the surface of the Earth up to 600 miles (970 km) in diameter, equivalent to more than 280,000 square miles (730,000 km²) of coverage. Global Observer may offer greater flexibility than a satellite and longer duration than conventional manned and unmanned aircraft. (Full article...)
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A solar power tower at Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project concentrating light via 10,000 mirrored heliostats spanning thirteen million sq ft (1.21 km²).

Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight into a receiver. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction.

As of 2021, global installed capacity of concentrated solar power stood at 6.8 GW. As of 2023, the total was 8.1 GW, with the inclusion of three new CSP projects in construction in China and in Dubai in the UAE. The U.S.-based National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which maintains a global database of CSP plants, counts 6.6 GW of operational capacity and another 1.5 GW under construction. (Full article...)
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A thruster during test firing

A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma. This is in contrast with ion thruster engines, which generate thrust through extracting an ion current from the plasma source, which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes. These exist in many forms (see electric propulsion). However, in the scientific literature, the term "plasma thruster" sometimes encompasses thrusters usually designated as "ion engines".

Plasma thrusters do not typically use high voltage grids or anodes/cathodes to accelerate the charged particles in the plasma, but rather use currents and potentials that are generated internally to accelerate the ions, resulting in a lower exhaust velocity given the lack of high accelerating voltages. (Full article...)
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A simplified PAL device. The programmable elements (shown as a fuse) connect both the true and complemented inputs to the AND gates. These AND gates, also known as product terms, are ORed together to form a sum-of-products logic array.

A programmable logic device (PLD) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike digital logic constructed using discrete logic gates with fixed functions, the function of a PLD is undefined at the time of manufacture. Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must be programmed to implement the desired function. Compared to fixed logic devices, programmable logic devices simplify the design of complex logic and may offer superior performance. Unlike for microprocessors, programming a PLD changes the connections made between the gates in the device.

PLDs can broadly be categorised into, in increasing order of complexity, simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs), comprising programmable array logic, programmable logic array and generic array logic; complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs); and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). (Full article...)
A house using solar panels and rainwater harvesting]]
Off-the-grid or off-grid is a characteristic of buildings and a lifestyle designed in an independent manner without reliance on one or more public utilities. The term "off-the-grid" traditionally refers to not being connected to the electrical grid, but can also include other utilities like water, gas, and sewer systems, and can scale from residential homes to small communities. Off-the-grid living allows for buildings and people to be self-sufficient, which is advantageous in isolated locations where normal utilities cannot reach and is attractive to those who want to reduce environmental impact and cost of living. Generally, an off-grid building must be able to supply energy and potable water for itself, as well as manage food, waste and wastewater. (Full article...)

Биопластики — это пластиковые материалы, производимые из возобновляемыхисточников биомассы . Исторически первыми пластиками былибиопластики, производимые из природных материалов, таких как шеллак или целлюлоза . С конца 19 века их все больше вытесняют пластики из ископаемого топлива, получаемые из нефти или природного газа ( ископаемая биомасса не считается возобновляемой в разумные короткие сроки). Сегодня, в контексте биоэкономики и круговой экономики , биопластики снова набирают интерес. Обычные полимеры на основе нефти все чаще смешивают с биопластиками для производства «био-атрибутивных» или «сбалансированных по массе» пластиковых изделий — поэтому разницу между био- и другими пластиками может быть трудно определить.

Биопластики могут производиться: ( Полная статья... )

Цифровая валюта ( цифровые деньги , электронные деньги или электронная валюта ) — это любая валюта , деньги или подобный деньгам актив, который в первую очередь управляется, хранится или обменивается в цифровых компьютерных системах, особенно через Интернет . Типы цифровых валют включают криптовалюту , виртуальную валюту и цифровую валюту центрального банка . Цифровая валюта может быть записана в распределенной базе данных в Интернете, централизованной электронной компьютерной базе данных, принадлежащей компании или банку, в цифровых файлах или даже на карте с сохраненной стоимостью .

Цифровые валюты демонстрируют свойства, аналогичные традиционным валютам, но, как правило, не имеют классической физической формы фиатной валюты исторически, которую можно было бы держать в руке, как валюты с напечатанными банкнотами или отчеканенными монетами . Однако они имеют физическую форму в неклассическом смысле, идущую от компьютера к компьютеру и от компьютера к человеку, а также информационную и вычислительную мощность серверов, которые хранят и отслеживают деньги. Эта неклассическая физическая форма позволяет проводить почти мгновенные транзакции через Интернет и значительно снижает стоимость, связанную с распространением банкнот и монет: например, из всех типов денег в экономике Великобритании 3% — это банкноты и монеты, а 79% — электронные деньги (в форме банковских депозитов). Обычно не выпускаемые государственным органом, виртуальные валюты не считаются законным платежным средством и позволяют передавать права собственности через государственные границы . ( Полная статья... )

Стрелок — это человек, который умеет стрелять точно . В современном военном использовании это обычно относится к использованию метательного оружия , такого как длинноствольное оружие с точным прицелом , например , винтовка для стрельбы по высокоточным целям на больших расстояниях, чем обычно . Мастерство в стрельбе точно известно как меткость стрелка , которая может использоваться для описания как стрельбы из пушки , так и из лука . ( Полная статья... )

Гравитоэлектромагнетизм , сокращенно GEM , относится к набору формальных аналогий между уравнениями электромагнетизма и релятивистской гравитации ; в частности: между уравнениями поля Максвелла и приближением, действительным при определенных условиях, к уравнениям поля Эйнштейна для общей теории относительности . Гравитомагнетизм — широко используемый термин, относящийся конкретно к кинетическим эффектам гравитации, по аналогии с магнитными эффектами движущегося электрического заряда. Наиболее распространенная версия GEM действительна только вдали от изолированных источников и для медленно движущихся пробных частиц .

Аналогия и уравнения, отличающиеся лишь некоторыми малыми множителями, были впервые опубликованы в 1893 году, до общей теории относительности, Оливером Хевисайдом в качестве отдельной теории, расширяющей закон всемирного тяготения Ньютона .^{[ требуется лучший источник ]} ( Полная статья... )

Li-Fi (также пишется как LiFi ) — это беспроводная коммуникационная технология, которая использует свет для передачи данных и местоположения между устройствами. Термин был впервые введен Харальдом Хаасом во время выступления на конференции TEDGlobal в Эдинбурге в 2011 году .

Li-Fi — это световая коммуникационная система, которая способна передавать данные на высоких скоростях в видимом свете , ультрафиолетовом и инфракрасном спектрах. В своем нынешнем состоянии для передачи данных в видимом свете могут использоватьсятолько светодиодные лампы . ( Полная статья... )

Хранение компьютерных данных или цифровое хранение данных — это технология, состоящая из компьютерных компонентов и носителей записи , которые используются для сохранения цифровых данных . Это основная функция и фундаментальный компонент компьютеров.

Центральный процессор (ЦП) компьютера — это то, что манипулирует данными, выполняя вычисления. На практике почти все компьютеры используют иерархию хранения , которая помещает быстрые, но дорогие и небольшие варианты хранения близко к ЦП, а более медленные, но менее дорогие и большие варианты — дальше. Как правило, быстрые технологии называются «памятью», в то время как более медленные постоянные технологии называются «хранилищем». ( Полная статья... )

Реконструкция первой пересадки сердца, проведенной в Южной Африке

Трансплантация органов — это медицинская процедура, при которой орган удаляется из одного тела и помещается в тело реципиента для замены поврежденного или отсутствующего органа. Донор и реципиент могут находиться в одном и том же месте, или органы могут быть перенесены из донорского участка в другое место. Органы и/или ткани , которые пересаживаются в пределах одного и того же тела человека, называются аутотрансплантатами . Трансплантаты, которые недавно были выполнены между двумя субъектами одного вида, называются аллотрансплантатами . Аллотрансплантаты могут быть как из живого, так и из трупного источника.

Органы, которые были успешно пересажены, включают сердце , почки , печень , легкие , поджелудочную железу , кишечник , тимус и матку . Ткани включают кости , сухожилия (оба называются костно-мышечными трансплантатами), роговицу , кожу , сердечные клапаны , нервы и вены. Во всем мире почки являются наиболее часто пересаживаемыми органами, за ними следуют печень и затем сердце. Чаще всего пересаживают роговицу и костно-мышечные трансплантаты; их число превышает количество пересадок органов более чем в десять раз. ( Полная статья... )

Микрофотография мезенхимальной стволовой клетки, полученная с помощью трансмиссионного электронного микроскопа, с типичными ультраструктурными характеристиками

В многоклеточных организмах стволовые клетки представляют собой недифференцированные или частично дифференцированные клетки , которые могут превращаться в различные типы клеток и размножаться неограниченно, чтобы производить больше тех же стволовых клеток. Они являются самым ранним типом клеток в клеточной линии . Они встречаются как в эмбриональных , так и во взрослых организмах, но у каждого из них есть несколько различных свойств. Обычно их отличают от клеток-предшественников , которые не могут делиться бесконечно, и клеток- предшественников или бластных клеток, которые обычно стремятся дифференцироваться в один тип клеток.

У млекопитающих примерно от 50 до 150 клеток составляют внутреннюю клеточную массу на стадии бластоцисты эмбрионального развития , примерно на 5–14 день. Они обладают способностью стволовых клеток. In vivo они в конечном итоге дифференцируются во все типы клеток организма (что делает их плюрипотентными ). Этот процесс начинается с дифференциации в три зародышевых слоя — эктодерму , мезодерму и энтодерму — на стадии гаструляции . Однако, когда их изолируют и культивируют in vitro , их можно сохранить на стадии стволовых клеток, и они известны как эмбриональные стволовые клетки (ЭСК). ( Полная статья... )

Программно-определяемая радиосвязь ( SDR ) — это система радиосвязи , в которой компоненты, которые традиционно реализовывались в аналоговом оборудовании (например, смесители , фильтры , усилители , модуляторы / демодуляторы , детекторы и т. д.), вместо этого реализуются с помощью программного обеспечения на компьютере или встроенной системе . Хотя концепция SDR не нова, быстро развивающиеся возможности цифровой электроники делают практическими многие процессы, которые когда-то были возможны только теоретически.

Базовая система SDR может состоять из компьютера, оснащенного звуковой картой или другим аналого-цифровым преобразователем , которому предшествует некоторая форма входного радиочастотного интерфейса . Значительные объемы обработки сигнала передаются процессору общего назначения, а не выполняются в специализированном оборудовании ( электронных схемах ). Такая конструкция создает радио, которое может принимать и передавать самые разные радиопротоколы (иногда называемые формами сигналов) исключительно на основе используемого программного обеспечения. ( Полная статья... )

Магнитная запись с подогревом ( HAMR ) (произносится как « молот ») — это технология магнитного хранения данных, позволяющая значительно увеличить объем данных, которые могут быть сохранены на магнитном устройстве, таком как жесткий диск, путем временного нагрева материала диска во время записи, что делает его гораздо более восприимчивым к магнитным эффектам и позволяет записывать на гораздо меньшие области (и гораздо более высокие уровни данных на диске).

Первоначально эта технология считалась чрезвычайно сложной для достижения, и в 2013 году были высказаны сомнения относительно ее осуществимости. Записываемые области должны нагреваться в крошечной области — достаточно маленькой, чтобы дифракция не позволяла использовать обычный фокусированный лазерный нагрев — и требует цикла нагрева, записи и охлаждения менее 1 наносекунды , а также контролирует эффекты повторяющегося точечного нагрева на пластинах привода, контакте привода с головкой и соседних магнитных данных, которые не должны быть затронуты. Эти проблемы потребовали разработки наномасштабных поверхностных плазмонов (поверхностно-управляемого лазера) вместо прямого лазерного нагрева, новых типов стеклянных пластин и терморегулирующих покрытий, которые выдерживают быстрый точечный нагрев, не влияя на контакт с записывающей головкой или близлежащими данными, новых методов крепления нагревательного лазера на головке привода, а также широкого спектра других технических, конструкторских и контрольных вопросов, которые необходимо было решить. ( Полная статья... )

Солнечный элемент или фотоэлектрический элемент ( PV-элемент ) — это электронное устройство, преобразующее энергию света непосредственно в электричество посредством фотоэлектрического эффекта . Это разновидность фотоэлектрического элемента, устройства, электрические характеристики которого (такие как ток , напряжение или сопротивление ) изменяются при воздействии света. Отдельные солнечные элементы часто являются электрическими строительными блоками фотоэлектрических модулей , известных в просторечии как «солнечные панели». Почти все коммерческие фотоэлектрические элементы состоят из кристаллического кремния , с долей рынка 95%. Тонкопленочные солнечные элементы на основе теллурида кадмия составляют остальную часть. Обычный однопереходный кремниевый солнечный элемент может вырабатывать максимальное напряжение холостого хода приблизительно от 0,5 до 0,6 вольт . Фотоэлектрические элементы могут работать при солнечном свете или искусственном освещении. Помимо выработки энергии, они могут использоваться в качестве фотодетектора (например, инфракрасных детекторов ), обнаруживающего свет или другое электромагнитное излучение вблизи видимого диапазона или измеряющего интенсивность света. ( Полная статья... )

Избранные глобальные проблемы и связанные с ними темы

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Инвестиции традиционно определяются как «вложение ресурсов для получения будущих выгод». Если инвестиции связаны с деньгами, то их можно определить как «вложение денег для получения большего количества денег позже». С более широкой точки зрения инвестиции можно определить как «адаптацию схемы расходов и получения ресурсов для оптимизации желаемых схем этих потоков». Когда расходы и поступления определяются в денежном выражении, то чистый денежный доход за определенный период времени называется денежным потоком , в то время как деньги, полученные в серии из нескольких периодов времени, называются денежным потоком.

В финансах целью инвестирования является получение дохода от инвестированного актива . Доход может состоять из прироста капитала (прибыли) или убытка, реализованного, если инвестиции проданы, нереализованного прироста капитала (или амортизации), если они еще не проданы. Он также может состоять из периодических доходов, таких как дивиденды , проценты или доход от аренды. Доход также может включать валютные прибыли или убытки из-за изменений курсов обмена иностранных валют .

Инвесторы обычно ожидают более высокой прибыли от более рискованных инвестиций. Когда делается низкорисковая инвестиция, доходность также обычно низкая. Аналогично, высокий риск сопровождается вероятностью больших потерь. Инвесторам, особенно новичкам, часто советуют диверсифицировать свой портфель . Диверсификация имеет статистический эффект снижения общего риска. ( Полная статья... )
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Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels not seen for millions of years.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.

Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. (Full article...)
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Existential risk from artificial intelligence refers to the idea that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could lead to human extinction or an irreversible global catastrophe.

One argument for the importance of this risk references how human beings dominate other species because the human brain possesses distinctive capabilities other animals lack. If AI were to surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent, it might become uncontrollable. Just as the fate of the mountain gorilla depends on human goodwill, the fate of humanity could depend on the actions of a future machine superintelligence.

The plausibility of existential catastrophe due to AI is widely debated. It hinges in part on whether AGI or superintelligence are achievable, the speed at which dangerous capabilities and behaviors emerge, and whether practical scenarios for AI takeovers exist. Concerns about superintelligence have been voiced by computer scientists and tech CEOs such as Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, Alan Turing, Elon Musk, and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. In 2022, a survey of AI researchers with a 17% response rate found that the majority believed there is a 10 percent or greater chance that human inability to control AI will cause an existential catastrophe. In 2023, hundreds of AI experts and other notable figures signed a statement declaring, "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war". Following increased concern over AI risks, government leaders such as United Kingdom prime minister Rishi Sunak and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres called for an increased focus on global AI regulation. (Full article...)
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Inclusive growth is economic growth that raises standards of livings for broad swaths of a population. Proponents for inclusive growth warn that inequitable growth may have adverse political outcomes.

The definition of inclusive growth implies direct links between the macroeconomic and microeconomic determinants of the economy and economic growth. The microeconomic dimension captures the importance of structural transformation for economic diversification and competition, while the macro dimension refers to changes in economic aggregates such as the country’s gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP), total factor productivity, and aggregate factor inputs.

Sustainable economic growth requires inclusive growth. Maintaining this is sometimes difficult because economic growth may give rise to negative externalities, such as a rise in corruption, which is a major problem in developing countries. Nonetheless, an emphasis on inclusiveness—especially on equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets, resources, and an unbiased regulatory environment—is an essential ingredient of successful growth. The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective, as the focus is on productive employment as a means of increasing the incomes of poor and excluded groups and raising their standards of living. (Full article...)
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Tar sands in Alberta, 2008. Oil is one of the most used resources by humans.
Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources. The use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource. The more a resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases. There are several types of resource depletion, including but not limited to: mining for fossil fuels and minerals, deforestation, pollution or contamination of resources, wetland and ecosystem degradation, soil erosion, overconsumption, aquifer depletion, and the excessive or unnecessary use of resources. Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming, fishing, mining, water usage, and the consumption of fossil fuels. Depletion of wildlife populations is called defaunation.

Resource depletion also brings up topics regarding its history, specifically its roots in colonialism and the Industrial Revolution, depletion accounting, and the socioeconomic impacts of resource depletion, as well as the morality of resource consumption, how humanity will be impacted and what the future will look like if resource depletion continues at the current rate, Earth Overshoot Day, and when specific resources will be completely exhausted. (Full article...)
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Raw sewage and industrial waste in the New River as it passes from Mexicali (Mexico) to Calexico, California

Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are sewage discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including stormwater. Water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Another is spreading water-borne diseases when people use polluted water for drinking or irrigation. Water pollution also reduces the ecosystem services such as drinking water provided by the water resource.

Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant or an oil spill. Non-point sources are more diffuse. An example is agricultural runoff. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take many forms. One would is toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and industrial waste products. Another is stressful conditions such as changes of pH, hypoxia or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, or changes of salinity). The introduction of pathogenic organisms is another. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans as well as legislation. Technology solutions can include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment control and control of urban runoff (including stormwater management). (Full article...)
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The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they release atoms from the halogen group through photodissociation, which catalyze the breakdown of ozone (O₃) into oxygen (O₂). Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.

Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UVB) light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, permanent blindness, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals. Over time, scientists have developed new refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP) to replace older ones. For example, in new automobiles, R-1234yf systems are now common, being chosen over refrigerants with much higher GWP such as R-134a and R-12. (Full article...)
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Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. "the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption.

Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as "overconsumption" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing.

When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, "developed" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 "responsible consumption and production" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. (Full article...)
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Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) is the idea that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of world population, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities.

Since 1804, the global living human population has increased from 1 billion to 8 billion due to medical advancements and improved agricultural productivity. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968 and has since dropped to 1.1%. According to the most recent United Nations' projections, the global human population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and would peak at around 10.4 billion people in the 2080s, before decreasing, noting that fertility rates are falling worldwide. Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100. Conversely, other researchers have found that national birth registries data from 2022 and 2023 that cover half the world's population indicate that the 2022 UN projections overestimated fertility rates by 10 to 20% and are already outdated, that the global fertility rate has possibly already fallen below the sub-replacement fertility level for the first time in human history, and that the global population will peak at approximately 9.5 billion by 2061. The 2024 UN projections report estimated that world population would peak at 10.29 billion in 2084 and decline to 10.18 billion by 2100, which was 6% lower than the UN had estimated in 2014.

Early discussions of overpopulation in English were spurred by the work of Thomas Malthus. Discussions of overpopulation follow a similar line of inquiry as Malthusianism and its Malthusian catastrophe, a hypothetical event where population exceeds agricultural capacity, causing famine or war over resources, resulting in poverty and depopulation. More recent discussion of overpopulation was popularized by Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 book The Population Bomb and subsequent writings. Ehrlich described overpopulation as a function of overconsumption, arguing that overpopulation should be defined by a population being unable to sustain itself without depleting non-renewable resources. (Full article...)
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Summary of major environmental-change categories that cause biodiversity loss. The data is expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue), as of 2021. Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through ecological restoration. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the planetary boundaries too far. These activities include habitat destruction (for example deforestation) and land use intensification (for example monoculture farming). Further problem areas are air and water pollution (including nutrient pollution), over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change.

Many scientists, along with the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a growing human population because this leads to human overpopulation and excessive consumption. Others disagree, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption. More important are wealth disparities between and within countries.

Climate change is another threat to global biodiversity. For example, coral reefs—which are biodiversity hotspots—will be lost by the year 2100 if global warming continues at the current rate. Still, it is the general habitat destruction (often for expansion of agriculture), not climate change, that is currently the bigger driver of biodiversity loss. Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in forests in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and can cause a deterioration of forest ecosystems. (Full article...)
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Seabirds killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound. The spill in March 1989 dumped approximately 10.8 million US gallons of crude oil into the sound, killing over 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, and numerous other wildlife. The Alaskan fishing industry also suffered tremendously as a result of the spill.

An environmental disaster or ecological disaster is defined as a catastrophic event regarding the natural environment that is due to human activity. This point distinguishes environmental disasters from other disturbances such as natural disasters and intentional acts of war such as nuclear bombings.

Environmental disasters show how the impact of humans' alteration of the land has led to widespread and/or long-lasting consequences. These disasters have included deaths of wildlife, humans and plants, or severe disruption of human life or health, possibly requiring migration. Some environmental disasters are the trigger source of more expansive environmental conflicts, where effected groups try to socially confront the actors responsible for the disaster. (Full article...)
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A continuous buildup of toxic assets in the form of subprime mortgages purchased by Lehman Brothers ultimately led to the firm's bankruptcy in September 2008. The collapse of Lehman Brothers is often cited as both the culmination of the subprime mortgage crisis, and the catalyst for the Great Recession in the United States.

The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis (GFC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the 1929 Wall Street crash that began the Great Depression. Causes of the crisis included predatory lending in the form of subprime mortgages to low-income homebuyers and a resulting housing bubble, excessive risk-taking by global financial institutions, and lack of regulatory oversight, which culminated in a "perfect storm" that triggered the Great Recession, which lasted from late 2007 to mid-2009. The financial crisis began in early 2007, as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) tied to U.S. real estate, as well as a vast web of derivatives linked to those MBS, collapsed in value. Financial institutions worldwide suffered severe damage, reaching a climax with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and a subsequent international banking crisis.

The prerequisites for the crisis were complex. During the 1990s, the U.S. Congress had passed legislation intended to expand affordable housing through looser financing. In 1999, parts of the Glass–Steagall legislation (passed in 1933) were repealed, permitting institutions to mix low-risk operations, such as commercial banking and insurance, with higher-risk operations such as investment banking and proprietary trading. As the Federal Reserve ("Fed") lowered the federal funds rate from 2000 to 2003, institutions increasingly targeted low-income homebuyers, largely belonging to racial minorities, with high-risk loans; this development went unattended by regulators. As interest rates rose from 2004 to 2006, the cost of mortgages rose and the demand for housing fell, causing property values to decline. In early 2007, as more U.S. mortgage holders began defaulting on their repayments, subprime lenders went bankrupt, culminating in April with the bankruptcy of New Century Financial. As demand and prices continued to fall, the contagion spread to worldwide credit markets by August, and central banks began injecting liquidity. By July 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, companies which together owned or guaranteed half of the U.S. housing market, were on the verge of collapse; the Housing and Economic Recovery Act enabled the government to take over and cover their combined $1.6 trillion debt on September 7.

In response to the growing crisis, governments around the world deployed massive bail-outs of financial institutions and other monetary and fiscal policies to prevent a collapse of the global financial system. After the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the fourth largest U.S. investment bank, on September 15, the next day the Fed bailed out the American International Group (the largest U.S. insurance company), and on September 25 the government seized Washington Mutual (the largest savings and loan firm). On October 3, Congress passed the $800 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which authorized the Treasury Department to purchase troubled assets and bank stocks. The Fed began a program of quantitative easing by buying treasury bonds and other assets, such as MBS, and the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, signed by newly elected President Barack Obama, included a range of measures intended to preserve existing jobs and create new ones. Combined, the initiatives, coupled with actions taken in other countries, ended the worst of the Great Recession by mid-2009. (Full article...)
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The dodo became extinct during the mid-to-late 17th century due to habitat destruction, overhunting, and predation by introduced mammals. It is an often-cited example of a human-driven extinction.

The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch. These extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, and affecting not just terrestrial species but also large sectors of marine life. With widespread degradation of biodiversity hotspots, such as coral reefs and rainforests, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be undocumented, as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, which goes unrecorded. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than natural background extinction rates and is increasing. During the past 100–200 years, biodiversity loss and species extinction have accelerated, to the point that most conservation biologists now believe that human activity has either produced a period of mass extinction, or is on the cusp of doing so. As such, after the "Big Five" mass extinctions, the Holocene extinction event has also been referred to as the sixth mass extinction or sixth extinction; given the recent recognition of the Capitanian mass extinction, the term seventh mass extinction has also been proposed for the Holocene extinction event.

The Holocene extinction follows the extinction of the majority of large (megafaunal) animals during the preceding Late Pleistocene. Some of these extinctions were likely in part due to human hunting pressure. The most popular theory is that human overhunting of species added to existing stress conditions as the Holocene extinction coincides with human colonization of many new areas around the world. Although there is debate regarding how much human predation and habitat loss affected their decline, certain population declines have been directly correlated with the onset of human activity, such as the extinction events of New Zealand, Madagascar, and Hawaii. Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.

Over the course of the Late Holocene, there were hundreds of extinctions of birds on islands across the Pacific, driven by human settlement of the previously uninhabited islands, with extinctions peaking around 1300 AD. Roughly 12% of avian species have been driven to extinction by human activity over the last 126,000 years, which is double previous estimates. (Full article...)
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Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making, and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, also regardless of gender. To avoid complication, other genders (besides women and men) will not be treated in this Gender equality article.

UNICEF (an agency of the United Nations) defines gender equality as "women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike."
As of 2017,^[update] gender equality is the fifth of seventeen sustainable development goals (SDG 5) of the United Nations; gender equality has not incorporated the proposition of genders besides women and men, or gender identities outside of the gender binary. Gender inequality is measured annually by the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Reports. (Full article...)
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Mushroom cloud from the 1954 explosion of Castle Bravo, the largest nuclear weapon detonated by the U.S.

A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where the mass detonation of nuclear weapons causes widespread destruction and radioactive fallout. Such a scenario envisages large parts of the Earth becoming uninhabitable due to the effects of nuclear warfare, potentially causing the collapse of civilization, the extinction of humanity, and/or the termination of most biological life on Earth.

Besides the immediate destruction of cities by nuclear blasts, the potential aftermath of a nuclear war could involve firestorms, a nuclear winter, widespread radiation sickness from fallout, and/or the temporary (if not permanent) loss of much modern technology due to electromagnetic pulses. Some scientists, such as Alan Robock, have speculated that a thermonuclear war could result in the end of modern civilization on Earth, in part due to a long-lasting nuclear winter. In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 – 8 °C (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.

Early Cold War-era studies suggested that billions of humans would survive the immediate effects of nuclear blasts and radiation following a global thermonuclear war. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War believe that nuclear war could indirectly contribute to human extinction via secondary effects, including environmental consequences, societal breakdown, and economic collapse. (Full article...)
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Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the hyper-arid category (light yellow).

Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.

The immediate cause of desertification is the loss of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors, alone or in combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing and deforestation for fuel or construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role in determining the biological composition of the soil, studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun and become an unproductive hardpan. This spread of arid areas is caused by a variety of factors, such as overexploitation of soil as a result of human activity and the effects of climate change.

At least 90% of the inhabitants of drylands live in developing countries, where they also suffer from poor economic and social conditions. This situation is exacerbated by land degradation because of the reduction in productivity, the precariousness of living conditions and the difficulty of access to resources and opportunities. (Full article...)
Image 17

Destruction, from The Course of Empire by Thomas Cole (1836)

Societal collapse (also known as civilizational collapse or systems collapse) is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity and of social complexity as an adaptive system, the downfall of government, and the rise of violence. Possible causes of a societal collapse include natural catastrophe, war, pestilence, famine, economic collapse, population decline or overshoot, mass migration, incompetent leaders, and sabotage by rival civilizations. A collapsed society may revert to a more primitive state, be absorbed into a stronger society, or completely disappear.

Virtually all civilizations have suffered such a fate, regardless of their size or complexity. Most never recovered, such as the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the Maya civilization, and the Easter Island civilization. However, some of them later revived and transformed, such as China, Greece, and Egypt.

Anthropologists, historians, and sociologists have proposed a variety of explanations for the collapse of civilizations involving causative factors such as environmental degradation, depletion of resources, costs of rising complexity, invasion, disease, decay of social cohesion, growing inequality, extractive institutions, long-term decline of cognitive abilities, loss of creativity, and misfortune. However, complete extinction of a culture is not inevitable, and in some cases, the new societies that arise from the ashes of the old one are evidently its offspring, despite a dramatic reduction in sophistication. Moreover, the influence of a collapsed society, such as the Western Roman Empire, may linger on long after its death. (Full article...)
Image 18
Gray goo (also spelled as grey goo) is a hypothetical global catastrophic scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating machines consume all biomass (and perhaps also everything else) on Earth while building many more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy (the literal consumption of the ecosystem). The original idea assumed machines were designed to have this capability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident.

Self-replicating machines of the macroscopic variety were originally described by mathematician John von Neumann, and are sometimes referred to as von Neumann machines or clanking replicators.
The term gray goo was coined by nanotechnology pioneer K. Eric Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. In 2004, he stated "I wish I had never used the term 'gray goo'." Engines of Creation mentions "gray goo" as a thought experiment in two paragraphs and a note, while the popularized idea of gray goo was first publicized in a mass-circulation magazine, Omni, in November 1986. (Full article...)
Image 19
Summary of major environmental-change categories that cause biodiversity loss. The data is expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue), as of 2021. Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through ecological restoration. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the planetary boundaries too far. These activities include habitat destruction (for example deforestation) and land use intensification (for example monoculture farming). Further problem areas are air and water pollution (including nutrient pollution), over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change.

Many scientists, along with the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a growing human population because this leads to human overpopulation and excessive consumption. Others disagree, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption. More important are wealth disparities between and within countries.

Climate change is another threat to global biodiversity. For example, coral reefs—which are biodiversity hotspots—will be lost by the year 2100 if global warming continues at the current rate. Still, it is the general habitat destruction (often for expansion of agriculture), not climate change, that is currently the bigger driver of biodiversity loss. Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in forests in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and can cause a deterioration of forest ecosystems. (Full article...)
Image 20
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels not seen for millions of years.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.

Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. (Full article...)
Image 21
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global temperatures is driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels not seen for millions of years.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.

Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization calls climate change one of the biggest threats to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. (Full article...)
Image 22
Biotechnology risk is a form of existential risk from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents. The release of such high-consequence pathogens could be
- deliberate (in the form of bioterrorism or biological weapons)
- accidental, or
- a naturally occurring event.
A chapter on biotechnology and biosecurity was included in Nick Bostrom's 2008 anthology Global Catastrophic Risks, which covered risks including viral agents. Since then, new technologies like CRISPR and gene drives have been introduced.

While the ability to deliberately engineer pathogens has been constrained to high-end labs run by top researchers, the technology to achieve this is rapidly becoming cheaper and more widespread. For example, the diminishing cost of sequencing the human genome (from $10 million to $1,000), the accumulation of large datasets of genetic information, the discovery of gene drives, and the discovery of CRISPR. Biotechnology risk is therefore a credible explanation for the Fermi paradox. (Full article...)
Image 23
Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil's Maranhão state, 2016

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Bangladesh, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the tropics. In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical primary forests. These are areas of mature rainforest that are especially important for biodiversity and carbon storage.

The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far. More than 80% of deforestation was attributed to agriculture in 2018. Forests are being converted to plantations for coffee, palm oil, rubber and various other popular products. Livestock grazing also drives deforestation. Further drivers are the wood industry (logging), urbanization and mining. The effects of climate change are another cause via the increased risk of wildfires (see deforestation and climate change).

Deforestation results in habitat destruction which in turn leads to biodiversity loss. Deforestation also leads to extinction of animals and plants, changes to the local climate, and displacement of indigenous people who live in forests. Deforested regions often also suffer from other environmental problems such as desertification and soil erosion. (Full article...)
Image 24

Solid waste after being shredded to a uniform size

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. (Full article...)
Image 25
Ocean acidification means that the average seawater pH value is dropping over time.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024^[update]). CO₂ from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO−3) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H⁺) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing acidity (this does not mean that seawater is acidic yet; it is still alkaline, with a pH higher than 8). Marine calcifying organisms, such as mollusks and corals, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.

A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO₂. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO₂ exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include ocean currents and upwelling zones, proximity to large continental rivers, sea ice coverage, and atmospheric exchange with nitrogen and sulfur from fossil fuel burning and agriculture.

A lower ocean pH has a range of potentially harmful effects for marine organisms. Scientists have observed for example reduced calcification, lowered immune responses, and reduced energy for basic functions such as reproduction. Ocean acidification can impact marine ecosystems that provide food and livelihoods for many people. About one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by coral reefs. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten food chains linked with the oceans. (Full article...)

Вы знали...

... что после значительных модификаций грузового космического корабля «Тяньчжоу» «Тяньчжоу-6» стал крупнейшим в мире действующим грузовым космическим кораблем по грузоподъемности ?
... что Gnat Computers была одной из первых, кто лицензировал операционную систему CP/M , заплатив всего 90 долларов США за бессрочную лицензию, прежде чем цена взлетела до десятков тысяч долларов?
... что Владимир Мандл написал первую книгу по космическому праву за 25 лет до запуска «Спутника-1» в космос?
... что эксперимент с использованием датчика с холодным катодом может обнаружить утечку газов из систем жизнеобеспечения астронавта на поверхности Луны?
... что Премана Премади — первая индонезийская женщина-астроном, в честь которой назван астероид ?
... что Whitley Furniture Galleries увеличила население Зебулона более чем в восемь раз, организовав в 1936 году раздачу автомобилей?
... что исследования показывают, что лиминальные пространства кажутся тревожными, попадая в зловещую долину физических мест?
... что примерно в возрасте четырех лет Якоб фон Эггерс был депортирован в Архангельск в России вместе со всем немецкоязычным населением Тарту ?
... что «Вояджер-2» передает данные уже более 46 лет, что делает его старейшим действующим космическим зондом в истории?
... что пожар Фрай уничтожил популяцию и без того находящейся под угрозой исчезновения красной белки Маунт-Грэхэм в Аризоне?
... что микрогосударства претендуют на территории в Антарктиде, в международных водах и в космосе?
... что « Фухоу гуцзинь чжу» Фу Уцзи включает в себя информацию по самым разным темам: от астрологических знаков до размеров императорских гробниц?
... что C/1990 K1 (Levy) была первой кометой, наблюдавшейся космическим телескопом «Хаббл» , но были получены только короткие экспозиции, поскольку телескоп еще не мог отслеживать тела Солнечной системы?
... что пять птенцов сапсана были выпущены с крыши офисного здания в Вирджинии в безуспешной попытке борьбы с перенаселением голубей?

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Избранные изображения, которые привлекли мое внимание

Image 1Кашалот — самое крупное зубатое животное на Земле. На протяжении всей истории этот вид активно охотился на людей, пока не был защищен всемирным мораторием на китобойный промысел, начавшимся в 1985–86 годах.
Image 2Сэндбординг — это вид спорта, похожий на сноубординг , но соревнования проводятся на песчаных дюнах, а не на заснеженных горах. На фото военнослужащий ВМС США спускается на сэндборде по дюне в Джебель-Али , Дубай .
Image 3Пизанская башня — отдельно стоящая колокольня Пизанского собора , Италия. Третье по возрасту сооружение на Площади чудес города , известное во всем мире своим непреднамеренным наклоном. Наклон башни начался во время строительства в XII веке, вызванный ненадлежащим фундаментом на грунте, слишком мягком с одной стороны, чтобы должным образом выдерживать вес конструкции. Наклон постепенно увеличивался, пока башня не была стабилизирована (и наклон частично исправлен) усилиями в конце XX и начале XXI веков. Башня, высота которой составляет 55,86 метра (183,27 фута) от земли с низкой стороны и 56,67 метра (185,93 фута) с высокой стороны, была включена в список объектов Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО с 1987 года.
Image 4Пыльная буря устремляется к военному лагерю, проносясь над авиабазой Аль-Асад , Ирак , незадолго до наступления темноты 27 апреля 2005 года. Пыльная буря (или песчаная буря ) — метеорологическое явление, распространенное в сухих, засушливых и полузасушливых регионах, обычно возникающее в результате конвекционных потоков, создаваемых интенсивным нагревом земли. Затем эти потоки переносят облака песка на большие расстояния.
Image 5Разрушения, вызванные ураганом Катрина в Новом Орлеане , штат Луизиана , в 2005 году, показаны здесь, вид сверху на межштатную автомагистраль 10 на бульваре Вест-Энд в сторону озера Пончартрейн . Было подтверждено, что погибло более 1800 человек, 705 до сих пор числятся пропавшими без вести. Это был самый дорогостоящий ураган в Атлантике в истории, нанесший ущерб на сумму около 86 миллиардов долларов . На этой фотографии показаны затопленные дороги, когда Береговая охрана США проводила первоначальные облеты Нового Орлеана для оценки ущерба в понедельник, 29 августа 2005 года. Город затопило в первую очередь из-за отказа системы дамб . Многим, кто оставался в своих домах, пришлось плыть, чтобы спасти свою жизнь, пробираться через глубокую воду или оставаться в ловушке на чердаках или на крышах.
Image 6Атлантические белобокие дельфины на бетонном причале в порту Хвалба , который находится на Фарерских островах , к северу от Соединенного Королевства . Китобойный промысел на Фарерских островах практикуется по крайней мере с X века. Он строго регулируется властями Фарерских островов и одобрен Международной китобойной комиссией .
Image 7Glaucus atlanticus — вид небольших синихморских слизней. Этотпелагическийэолидныйголожаберникплавает вверх ногами, используя поверхностное натяжение воды, чтобы оставаться на плаву, и переносится ветрами и океанскими течениями. Синяя сторона их тела обращена вверх, сливаясь с синевой воды, в то время как серая сторона обращена вниз, сливаясь с серебристой поверхностью моря.G. atlanticusпитается другими пелагическими существами, включаяпортугальский кораблик.
Image 8Песочный замок
Image 9Американский бизон , или буйвол , является крупнейшим наземным млекопитающим Северной Америки , и когда-то населял Великие равнины огромными стадами. Они играли центральную роль в жизни индейских племен. Эта куча черепов бизонов 1870 -х годов иллюстрирует масштабы их истребления в 19 веке поселенцами: от популяции около 60 миллионов в 1800 году до всего лишь 750 в 1890 году . С тех пор они были реинтродуцированы в дикую природу и больше не считаются видом, находящимся под угрозой исчезновения .
Image 10Burj Khalifa — небоскрёб в Дубае , Объединённые Арабские Эмираты , и в настоящее время самое высокое искусственное сооружение в мире , высотой 829,8 м (2722 фута). Он был спроектирован как центральный элемент крупномасштабной многофункциональной застройки, известной как Downtown Dubai . Строительство заняло более пяти лет, и небоскреб был официально открыт в январе 2010 года.
Image 11Сравнение высот известных статуй: 1) Статуя Единства 240 м. 2) Будда Весеннего Храма 153 м. 3) Статуя Свободы 93 м. 4) Родина-мать зовет! 91 м. 5) Христос Искупитель 39,6 м. 6) Статуя Давида 5,17 м.
Image 12The I-35W Mississippi River bridge was an eight-lane, steel truss arch bridge that carried Interstate 35W across the Saint Anthony Falls of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Once the third-busiest bridge in the state, it suddenly collapsed on August 1, 2007, killing 13 and injuring 145. Rescue of people stranded on the bridge was complete in three hours, while recovery of bodies—involving 75 local, state and federal agencies—took three weeks. An NTSB investigation cited a design flaw as the likely cause of the collapse, noting that a too-thin gusset plate ripped along a line of rivets.
Image 13The mushroom cloud from the Ivy Mike nuclear test, one of two tests conducted as part of Operation Ivy at the Pacific Proving Grounds on Elugelab in the Marshall Islands. Mike was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon, and it left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1,900 m) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where the island had been.
Image 14Tracy Caldwell Dyson in the Cupola module of the International Space Station, observing the Earth below during Expedition 24. Caldwell Dyson is an American chemist and astronaut. She was selected by NASA in 1998 and made her first spaceflight in August 2007 on the STS-118 mission aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour.
Image 15One of two monkey selfies taken by Celebes crested macaques using equipment belonging to the British nature photographer David Slater. In mid-2014, the images' hosting on Wikimedia Commons was at the centre of a dispute over whether copyright could be held on artworks made by non-human animals. Slater argued that, as he had "engineered" the shot, he held copyright, while Wikimedia considered the photographs public domain on the grounds that they were made by an animal rather than a person. In December 2014, the United States Copyright Office stated that works by a non-human are not subject to US copyright, a view reaffirmed by a US federal judge in 2016.
Image 16The mushroom cloud caused by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb during the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, rising approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) above the hypocenter.
Image 17The "Baker" explosion, part of Operation Crossroads, a nuclear weapon test by the United States military at Bikini Atoll, Micronesia, on July 25, 1946. Its purpose was to test the effect of nuclear weapons on naval ships. It was the second US nuclear bomb set off since the bombing of Nagasaki.
Image 18You are feeling very sleepy...
Image 19Lucky Diamond Rich (b. 1971) is a New Zealand-born performance artist and street performer who holds the Guinness World Record for most tattooed man, taking the title from Tom Leppard in 2006. He is recognized by Guinness as being covered in tattoos over 100% of his body, including the inside of his eyelids, ears, and mouth.
Image 20The Pinwheel Galaxy is a face-on spiral galaxy located 21 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It was first discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781, and communicated to Charles Messier, who verified its position for inclusion in the Messier Catalogue as one of its final entries. This image, released on February 28, 2006, is composed of 51 individual exposures, as well as some extra ground-based photos. At the time of its release, it was the largest and most detailed image of a galaxy by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Image 21The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was a magnitude 9.15, undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on December 26 2004. The earthquake generated a tsunami that killed more than 150,000 people around the Indian Ocean, making it one of the deadliest disasters in modern history. This photograph shows the tsunami as it reached Ao Nang, Thailand.
Image 22San Francisco Bay shrouded in fog, as seen from the Marin Headlands looking east. The fog of San Francisco is a kind of sea fog, created when warm, moist air blows from the central Pacific Ocean across the cold water of the California Current, which flows just off the coast. The water is cold enough to lower the temperature of the air to the dew point, causing fog generation. In this photo, the towers of the Golden Gate Bridge can be seen poking through the fog, and the Bay Bridge is visible in the distance.
Image 23The Thinker
Image 24Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool, during the August 28 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. An estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people participated in the march, which featured Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous "I Have a Dream" speech. It was a major factor leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. The march was also condemned by the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, who termed it the "farce on Washington".
Image 25A neutral density filter is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths or colors of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. The filter reduces the amount of light entering the lens, allowing the photographer to select combinations of aperture, exposure time and sensor sensitivity to avoid overexposed pictures. It would normally be attached to the lens, but is hand-held here to illustrate the effect.
Image 26Imagine waking up to this. Which makes me wonder whatever happened to the guy who took this photo.
Image 27The Door to Hell is a natural gas field in Derweze, Turkmenistan, which has been burning since 1971 when it was ignited by Soviet scientists who expected it to burn out within days. They were trying to prevent the release of poisonous gases. The name "Door to Hell" was given to the field by locals. The hot spots range over an area with a width of 60 metres (200 ft) and to a depth of about 20 metres (66 ft).
Image 28
Image 29View from Notre-Dame de Paris.
Image 30A Marginated Tortoise hatchling.
Image 31United States Navy personnel engage in Special Patrol Insertion/Extraction (SPIE) training between a Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopter and the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69). SPIE involves either a person or goods being lowered from or raised to a helicopter via a cable above terrain on which landing would be difficult.
Image 32An animation of a cicada undergoing ecdysis, the molting of the exoskeleton in arthropods and related groups. Since the cuticula of these animals is inelastic, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. The old, empty exoskeleton is called an exuvia. Within one or two hours, the cuticle hardens and darkens, during which time the animal grows, since growth is otherwise constrained by the rigidity of the exoskeleton. Each frame of this image was taken at one-minute intervals, with a 30-minute gap in middle while the cicada rested. The entire process took about 2 hours to complete.
Image 33The Aqueduct of Segovia is a Roman aqueduct located in Segovia, Spain that transports water from the Rio Frio. It is thought to have been constructed during the 1st century CE. One of the most significant and best-preserved ancient monuments left on the Iberian Peninsula, the aqueduct is considered a symbol of Segovia and is present on the city's coat of arms.
Image 34The Hubble Extreme Deep Field is an image of a small area of space in the constellation Fornax released by NASA on September 25, 2012. The successor to the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, this image was compiled from 10 years of previous images with a total exposure time of two million seconds, or approximately 23 days.
Image 35A man engaging in big wave surfing at Mavericks, located just north of Half Moon Bay, California. Big wave surfing is a discipline within surfing in which experienced surfers paddle into or are towed onto waves which are at least 20 ft (6.1 m) high, and is a hazardous activity, as surfers can be pushed far beneath the surface of the water after a wipeout.
Image 36
Image 37A swan created using modular origami, a paperfolding technique which uses two or more sheets of paper to create a larger and more complex structure than possible with single-piece origami techniques. Each individual sheet of paper is folded into a module, or unit, and then modules are assembled into an integrated flat shape or three-dimensional structure by inserting flaps into pockets created by the folding process. These insertions create tension or friction that holds the model together.
Image 38American astronaut Eugene Cernan (born March 14, 1934), shown here on the surface of the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission, the last time any human has set foot on it. In that final lunar landing mission, launched December 7, 1972, Cernan became "the last man on the moon" since he was the last to re-enter the Apollo Lunar Module during its third and final extra-vehicular activity. Prior to this, Cernan had also gone into space twice on the Gemini 9A and Apollo 10 missions.
Image 39The International Space Station (ISS) as seen from the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Zarya, the first module of the ISS launched in 1998, is seen in the foreground. Since then, twenty-six Space Shuttle flights have docked with the ISS to assemble various other modules and components, which include four pairs of solar arrays seen on each side.
Image 40An overhead view of Skylab, the United States' first space station, in Earth orbit as photographed from the Skylab 4 Command and Service Modules. Skylab 4 was the last mission to Skylab and brought back its final crew; this photograph was the last one taken of the station before the mission re-entered Earth's atmosphere and disintegrated in 1979.
Image 41aurora australis, as seen from the International Space Station. Aurorae are natural light displays in the sky caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude thermosphere. The particles originate in the magnetosphere and solar wind and, on Earth, are directed by Earth's magnetic field into the atmosphere.
Image 42A lava lake at Mount Nyiragongo, a volcano found in Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lava lakes, which can form in three different ways, are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. Persistent lava lakes such as the one at Nyiragongo, which is the largest to appear in recent times, are rare.
Image 43Crash landing of an F6F Hellcat into the port side 20mm gun gallery of the USS Enterprise, November 10, 1943. Lieutenant Walter L. Chewning, Jr., USNR, the Catapult Officer, is climbing up the plane's side to assist the pilot from the burning aircraft. The pilot, Ensign Byron M. Johnson, escaped without significant injury. Note the plane's ruptured belly fuel tank.
Image 44NGC 1300 is a barred spiral galaxy located roughly 69 million light-years away in the direction of the constellation Eridanus. In its core, the nucleus shows its own extraordinary and distinct "grand-design" spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long.
Image 45Astronaut Buzz Aldrin saluting the flag of the United States, part of the Lunar Flag Assembly, during Apollo 11. The Lunar Flag Assembly was designed to survive a Moon landing and to appear to "wave" as it would in a breeze on Earth. This flag fell over when the Lunar Module Eagle took off.

Trump news tracker

8 November 2024 – Hurricane Milton: A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) employee is fired for having told relief workers to not aid those who supported then-Republican candidate in the upcoming 2024 United States presidential election, Donald Trump. (CNN)
8 November 2024 – Security incidents involving Donald Trump, Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections: The U.S. Justice Department announces that they have formally charged an Afghan national who confessed to a murder-for-hire plan linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps targeting president-elect Donald Trump. (CNN)
7 November 2024 – Second presidential transition of Donald Trump: U.S. President-elect Donald Trump announces Susie Wiles as his White House Chief of Staff, the first woman to serve in this position. (ABC News)
6 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: U.S. President Joe Biden announces the expedited granting of more than US$6 billion in military aid to Ukraine prior to president-elect Donald Trump's inauguration in January. (Reuters)
6 November 2024 –: The Institute of International Finance cautions that if U.S. president-elect Donald Trump follows through with the tariffs that he campaigned on, this will result in a renewal of inflation and higher U.S. banking loan interest rates. (CNBC)
6 November 2024 – Protests against Donald Trump: Just Stop Oil protesters spray orange paint on the outside of the American Embassy in London, United Kingdom, following Donald Trump's re-election in the 2024 U.S. presidential election. (The Independent); U.S. protesters gather in San Jose, Berkeley, Chicago, Philadelphia, and New York City to protest following the re-election of Donald Trump. (Mercury News) (Newsweek)
6 November 2024 – 2024 U.S. elections: 2024 U.S. presidential election, Second presidency of Donald Trump; Republican candidates 45th U.S. president Donald Trump and U.S. Senator JD Vance are elected as the 47th U.S. President and 50th U.S. Vice President respectively. (The Washington Post) (AP); Trump will become the first person since Grover Cleveland in 1892 to serve non-consecutive presidential terms, as well as the oldest presidential candidate and first convicted felon to be elected president. (BBC News) (The New York Times) (AP); Second presidential transition of Donald Trump; U.S. Vice President and Democratic Party candidate Kamala Harris concedes defeat to Donald Trump in a speech at Howard University in Washington, D.C., stating that she and U.S. President Joe Biden will commit to a peaceful transition of power. (Time)

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Wikipedia newsfeed

13 November 2024 – 2024 Indo-Pakistani smog: New Delhi registers its 15th consecutive day with a "very poor" recorded air quality index due to significant air pollution causing zero meter visibility smog. (The Hindu)
13 November 2024 – Israel–Turkey relations: Turkey severs all diplomatic relations with Israel. (Newsweek), (Middle East Eye)
13 November 2024 – 2024 Somaliland presidential election: Citizens of Somaliland vote for the President between incumbent Muse Bihi Abdi of the Kulmiye party, House of Representatives speaker Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi of the Waddani party, and Faysal Ali Warabe of the Justice and Welfare Party. (VOA) (DW)
12 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; At least 40 people are killed in Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip, including ten in a double tap strike on a designated humanitarian zone in the Al-Mawasi refugee camp in Rafah Governorate. (Al Jazeera)
12 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; At least 14 people are killed and at least 15 others are injured in an Israeli airstrike on a residential building in Ain Yaaqoub, Akkar Governorate, Northern Lebanon. (Al Jazeera)
12 November 2024 – Red Sea crisis: A multiple-missile attack by Houthis on two US warship has been thwarted. (BBC)
12 November 2024 – Haitian crisis: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration issues a temporary 30-day ground on all U.S. airlines from flying to Haiti after gangs shot at a Spirit Airlines aircraft that was attempting to land at Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, yesterday. The airport is also closed indefinitely in response to the shooting. (Miami Herald) (Scripps News)
12 November 2024 – Somali Civil War: Al-Shabaab militants ambush and kill two South West State soldiers who were travelling on motorcycles on the highway between Wanlaweyn and Afgooye in Lower Shabelle, Somalia. (Hiiraan Online)
12 November 2024 – Sudanese civil war: The United States Department of the Treasury sanctions Rapid Support Forces general Abdel Rahman Jumma, alleging that Jumma is the "primary party" responsible for the violence against civilians and human rights abuses in West Darfur, Sudan. (Al Jazeera)
12 November 2024 – 2024 Booker Prize: English novelist Samantha Harvey wins the Booker Prize for her novel Orbital. (BBC News)
12 November 2024 –: Spanish writer Álvaro Pombo wins the Miguel de Cervantes Prize. (El País)
12 November 2024 – 2024 Indo-Pakistani smog: The Pakistani Health Department reports that at least 1.8 million people in Punjab, Pakistan have become sick with respiratory and eye irritation ailments caused by chronic, record-breaking air pollution. (AP)
12 November 2024 – Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse: A U.S. jury awards US$42 million to three former detainees of the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, thereby holding Virginia-based military contractor CACI liable for their role in the torture and mistreatment of the detainees. (AP)
12 November 2024 – Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases: Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the symbolic head of the Anglican Communion, resigns over his handling of barrister John Smyth's sex abuse scandal. (NPR) (AP)
12 November 2024 – 2024 Mauritian general election: Opposition leader and Labour Party candidate Navin Ramgoolam is elected as Prime Minister of Mauritius, with his coalition Alliance du Changement winning 60 of the 66 National Assembly seats. Former Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth resigns following his party's defeat in the election. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera)
11 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; At least 30 people are killed in Israeli strikes across the Gaza Strip, including at least 20 in the Nuseirat refugee camp. (Al Jazeera)
11 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; At least 44 people are killed and 88 more injured during Israeli airstrikes across Lebanon. (Al Jazeera)
11 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Mykolaiv strikes, Zaporizhzhia strikes; Five people are killed and 18 others, including five children, are injured in Russian air strikes on Mykolaiv and Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. (DW) (Arab News)
11 November 2024 – 2024 European floods: 2024 Spanish floods; Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez announces an additional €3.76 billion (US$4 billion) aid package to the Valencian Community which was affected by deadly floods in October. (DW)
11 November 2024 –: A mud volcano erupts in Turbo, Colombia, forcing the preventative evacuation of 109 households. (El Espectador)
11 November 2024 – 2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference: The COP29 climate conference opens in Baku, Azerbaijan. (Reuters)
11 November 2024 – 2024 Zhuhai car attack: Thirty-five people are killed and 43 more injured during a vehicle-ramming attack outside a stadium in Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. The perpetrator is in a coma after suffering serious injuries. (BBC News)
11 November 2024 – Haitian crisis: Several airlines suspend flights to Haiti after a flight attendant was injured when a Spirit Airlines aircraft was hit by gunfire while attempting to land at Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and was diverted to Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. (BBC News)
11 November 2024 –: The International Criminal Court announces an investigation into prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan over accusations of sexual misconduct previously reported by The Guardian in October. (BBC News) (The Guardian); In Italy, the Carabinieri Art Squad seizes more than 2,100 forged artworks worth more than €200 million (US$215 million) that were intended to be sold at auction houses across Europe and also uncovers two art forgery workshops in Tuscany and Venice. (DW)
11 November 2024 – 2024 Japanese general election: Shigeru Ishiba is sworn in as the 103rd prime minister of Japan following the first runoff vote in thirty years. (Kyodo News) (Mainichi)
11 November 2024 – Haitian crisis: Alix Didier Fils-Aimé is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Haiti, replacing Garry Conille, amid worsening security in the country. (Reuters)
11 November 2024 – Māori protest movement: Hundreds of Māori people begin a nine-day march from Cape Reinga to Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand, to protest the proposed Treaty Principles Bill which would redefine the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. (The Star) (The Guardian)
10 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; November 2024 Moscow drone attack; One person is injured and at least 36 flights are diverted when 34 Ukrainian drones strike Moscow, Russia. (CBC News)
10 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; At least 40 people are killed in Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip, including at least 24 in the Jabalia refugee camp in North Gaza Governorate. The IDF claims they killed a top Palestinian Islamic Jihad commander in the strikes. (Reuters) (The Times of Israel) (The Washington Post); An Israeli airstrike on a house in Gaza City kills Wael al-Khour, a minister in the Hamas-run government, along with his wife and their three children. (NBC News); Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal; Qatar withdraws from ceasefire talks between Hamas and Israel as mediator due to "a refusal to negotiate a deal in good faith" from Hamas and Israel. (CNN) (AP) (The Guardian)
10 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; An Israeli airstrike in the village of Aalmat, Byblos District, Lebanon, kills at least 23 people, including seven children, and injures six others. (AP)
10 November 2024 – Mexican drug war: Ten people are killed and seven others are injured in a mass shooting at a bar in Querétaro, Mexico. (CBS News)
10 November 2024 – Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency: Five Basij officers are killed after a shooting by suspected Jaish ul-Adl gunmen in Saravan, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. (AP)
10 November 2024 –: A M_ww 6.8 earthquake strikes off the coast of Bartolomé Masó, Cuba, causing landslides and damage to buildings in the region. (CNN)
10 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war protests: November 2024 Amsterdam attacks; More than 300 pro-Palestinian protesters are forcibly removed and 50 others are detained by Dutch police for participating in a rally in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in violation of a ban on demonstrations that was implemented following the attacks on Maccabi Tel Aviv fans on Friday. (Reuters)
10 November 2024 – Tuskegee University shooting: One person is killed and 16 others are injured in a school shooting during a homecoming weekend party at Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. (NBC News)
10 November 2024 – 2024 Mauritian general election: Citizens of Mauritius vote for the 62 seats of the National Assembly. (Reuters)
10 November 2024 – Constitutional crisis in Somalia: Ahmed Madobe, the President of the state of Jubaland, Somalia, appoints a regional electoral committee, with Somalia's Interior Ministry calling the committee unauthorized and urging clans to fight for their rights. Jubaland subsequently suspends relations with the federal government. (Garowe Online) (Hiiraan Online)
10 November 2024 –: Members of the Jamaat-e-Islami party announce that they have prevented former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League party from holding a rally in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to commemorate Noor Hossain Day. (AP)
10 November 2024 – 2024 NASCAR Cup Series: In auto racing, Joey Logano of Team Penske wins his third NASCAR Cup Series championship. (ESPN)
9 November 2024 – Insurgency in Balochistan: 2024 Quetta railway station bombing; At least 26 people, including fourteen soldiers, are killed and more than 62 others are injured in a suicide bombing at a rail station in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. The Balochistan Liberation Army claims responsibility for the attack. (Al Jazeera)
9 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war; At least one person is killed and two others are injured in a raid by Israeli forces in Aqqaba in the West Bank. (Al Jazeera)
9 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; At least 40 people, including several children, are killed in Israeli airstrikes on several cities in Lebanon. (Reuters)
9 November 2024 – Boko Haram insurgency: Fifteen Chad National Army soldiers are killed and 32 others are wounded in clashes with Boko Haram militants near Lake Chad. At least 96 Boko Haram militants are killed and 11 others are wounded in the operation. (Reuters) (DW)
9 November 2024 – Colombian conflict: A soldier is killed and 16 other people are injured during two separated motorcycle bombings in Jamundí and Cauca Department, Colombia. (Infobae 1) (Infobae 2)
9 November 2024 – Sudanese civil war: The United Nations Security Council sanctions the head of operations of the Rapid Support Forces and the force's West Darfur commander for their human rights abuses and for promoting violence in Sudan. (Al Jazeera)
9 November 2024 – 2024 Spanish floods: Tens of thousands of protesters demonstrate in Valencia, Spain, to demand the resignation of President of the Valencian Government Carlos Mazón for his handling of the warnings and subsequent management of last week's deadly floods. (AP)
9 November 2024 – China–Indonesia relations: Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto sign several cooperation deals worth $10 billion seeking partnership in key areas including water conservation, marine resources, and mining. (Bangkok Post) (Reuters)
9 November 2024 – North Korea–Russia relations: Russian President Vladimir Putin signs into law the North Korean–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, a mutual defense pact with North Korea. (Reuters)
9 November 2024 –: A man injures four friars at a monastery in Gilet, Province of Valencia, Spain, before fleeing the scene. (ABC.es)
9 November 2024 – 2024 Bolivia protests: The constitutional court of Bolivia prohibits former President Evo Morales from running for office in any position, thereby preventing him from contesting next year's election. (Al Jazeera)
8 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Kharkiv strikes, Kyiv strikes, Odesa strikes; One person is killed and at least 38 others are injured in Russian airstrikes in Kharkiv, Kyiv, and Odesa, Ukraine. (AP)
8 November 2024 – Terrorism in Yemen: A Yemeni government soldier opens fire on Saudi troops in Seiyun, Yemen, killing two and injuring one other. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and the Houthis are suspected to be the perpetrators of the attack, however no group claimed responsibility. (AP)
8 November 2024 – 2024 Mozambican general election, Human rights in Mozambique: Human Rights Watch reports that at least 34 people have been killed and at least 66 others have been injured in the past three weeks in police crackdowns of violent protests following the Mozambican presidential election. Mozambican police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at protesters in the capital city Maputo, with the Army later deployed to end the protests. (Al Jazeera) (DW)
8 November 2024 – November 2024 Amsterdam attacks, Antisemitism in Europe: Pro-Palestinian locals attack supporters of Israeli football team Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. after a match with AFC Ajax in Amsterdam, Netherlands, following instances of anti-Palestinian and anti-Arab chants and vandalism by Maccabi ultras. At least 30 people are injured, with five hospitalized, and 62 people are arrested. Dutch authorities condemn the attacks as antisemitic with the government of Amsterdam subsequently banning protests and demonstrations in the city for three days. (CNN) (Al Jazeera) (Reuters)
8 November 2024 – 67th Annual Grammy Awards: American musician Beyoncé receives eleven nominations for the 2025 Grammy Awards, making her the most nominated artist in the award's history with 99 total nominations. (AP)
8 November 2024 –: At least two people are killed and twelve others are missing when a fishing boat capsizes off the coast of Jeju Island, South Korea. (The Korea Herald)
8 November 2024 – Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest: The Brazilian environment and climate change ministry reports that deforestation in the Amazon rainforest decreased by 30.6% compared to last year, the lowest level in nine years. Additionally, deforestation in the Cerrado tropical savannah region decreased by 25.7%, the first decrease in five years. (AP) (Semafor)
8 November 2024 – Ukraine–United States relations: The United States lifts its ban on deploying military contractors to Ukraine, thereby enabling American companies to directly assist with the maintenance and repair of U.S.-made weapons, such as F-16 fighter aircraft and Patriot air defense systems. The U.S. says that its contractors will be positioned far from the front lines and will not engage in combat with Russian forces. (CNN)
8 November 2024 – Hurricane Milton: Conspiracy theories about the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season; A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) employee is fired for having told relief workers to not aid those who supported then-Republican candidate in the upcoming 2024 United States presidential election, Donald Trump. (CNN)
8 November 2024 – Security incidents involving Donald Trump, Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections: The U.S. Justice Department announces that they have formally charged an Afghan national who confessed to a murder-for-hire plan linked to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps targeting president-elect Donald Trump. (CNN)
8 November 2024 –: Former Prime Minister of Fiji Frank Bainimarama is released from prison early after serving six months for perverting the course of justice. (RNZ)
7 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; Siege of North Gaza, Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war; At least twelve Palestinians are killed and several others are injured in Israeli airstrikes on a school used to shelter displaced people in the Al-Shati refugee camp in the Gaza Strip. (Al Jazeera); Military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war, Israel–United States military relations; The Israeli Ministry of Defence announces that it has signed an agreement to acquire 25 F-15EX fighter jets from Boeing as part of a $5.2 billion aid package from the U.S. government. At least four jets will be delivered annually beginning in 2031. (Reuters)
7 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Zaporizhzhia strikes; Four people are killed and 33 others are injured when Russian guided bombs hit residences, an apartment building, and a medical center in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. (Reuters)
7 November 2024 – Sudanese civil war: 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres; At least 73 people from the village of al-Hilaliya, Gezira State, Sudan, are killed by unknown causes during a siege of the village by Rapid Support Forces militants. (Reuters)
7 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: Hezbollah launches drones at the Israeli Defense Forces base in Kfar Bilu and the Haifa naval base in Haifa, Israel. No casualties are reported. (Al Jazeera) (Saba News Agency)
7 November 2024 – 2023–2024 South American drought: The United Nations reports that almost a half million children in the Amazon are currently experiencing significant food and water scarcity due to prolonged droughts. (The Guardian)
7 November 2024 – 2024 Atlantic hurricane season, 2024 Cuba blackouts: Cuba experiences a nationwide blackout as Hurricane Rafael makes landfall in Artemisa Province. (Al Jazeera)
7 November 2024 – Russia–United Kingdom relations: International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; The British government announces 56 sanctions on individuals and entities based in countries including China and Turkey, as well as on the Africa Corps mercenary group, in order to target Russia's military-industrial complex and restrict the supply of military equipment to Russia. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera)
7 November 2024 – France–Israel relations: Israel Police forcibly enter the French-administered Church of the Pater Noster compound in Jerusalem and detain two French consulate employees. French foreign minister Jean-Noël Barrot cancels his visit to the site while the French government summons the Israeli ambassador in response. (Le Monde) (AP)
7 November 2024 – Chinese intelligence activity abroad: Germany arrests an American citizen suspected of spying on the U.S. military for China while working at a U.S. military installation in Germany. (Al Jazeera)
7 November 2024 –: Police in Argentina charge three people in the death of English singer Liam Payne. (Sky News) (People); The Federal Bureau of Investigation announces an inquiry into a widespread text message harassment campaign targeting Black Americans with threats of enslavement. (CNN) (NBC)
7 November 2024 – 2024 German government crisis: Volker Wissing, Germany's transport minister and the former Free Democratic Party (FDP) general secretary, announces that he will leave the FDP but will remain in the Scholz cabinet. (SZ)
7 November 2024 – Second presidential transition of Donald Trump: U.S. President-elect Donald Trump announces Susie Wiles as his White House Chief of Staff, the first woman to serve in this position. (ABC News)
7 November 2024 –: The Labor Ministry of Ecuador temporarily suspends Vice President and ambassador to Israel Verónica Abad Rojas until April 2025 for failing to comply with an order to leave Israel due to security concerns in Gaza. (Reuters)
6 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; 2024 Beqaa Valley airstrikes; Israeli airstrikes in the Beqaa Valley in eastern Lebanon kill 55 people and injure 59 others. (L'Orient le Jour); Hezbollah fires rockets at Tel Aviv, Israel, with a rocket striking Ben Gurion Airport. (Yedioth Ahronoth)
6 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War; U.S. President Joe Biden announces the expedited granting of more than US$6 billion in military aid to Ukraine prior to president-elect Donald Trump's inauguration in January. (Reuters)
6 November 2024 – Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency: Twelve Jaish ul-Adl militants are killed, including the group's leader Salahuddin Farooqui, in a joint operation by Iran and Pakistan. (Tehran Times) (Sedaye Bourse)
6 November 2024 –: The Institute of International Finance cautions that if U.S. president-elect Donald Trump follows through with the tariffs that he campaigned on, this will result in a renewal of inflation and higher U.S. banking loan interest rates. (CNBC)
6 November 2024 – 2024 Atlantic hurricane season: Hurricane Rafael approaches the southern coast of Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane, triggering mass evacuations amid warnings of life-threatening flash flooding and storm surges. (Reuters)
6 November 2024 – 2024 California wildfires: Amid extreme fire weather conditions and a particularly dangerous situation red flag warning, the Mountain Fire in Ventura County, California, U.S., develops and grows to 10,400 acres (42 km²) in less than eight hours. (CBS News)
6 November 2024 –: A Honda HA-420 HondaJet crashes into a vehicle during take off from Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona, U.S., killing five people. (CBS News); Forty-three Rhesus macaque monkeys escape from the Alpha Genesis, Inc. research facility in Yemassee, South Carolina, United States after an enclosure is improperly fastened. (Associated Press)
6 November 2024 – Protests against Donald Trump: Just Stop Oil protesters spray orange paint on the outside of the American Embassy in London, United Kingdom, following Donald Trump's re-election in the 2024 U.S. presidential election. (The Independent); U.S. protesters gather in San Jose, Berkeley, Chicago, Philadelphia, and New York City to protest following the re-election of Donald Trump. (Mercury News) (Newsweek)
6 November 2024 – Human trafficking in Greece: Four people are killed and 25 others are rescued after human traffickers force them from their boat into the water off the coast of Rhodes, Greece, and abandon them. (Al Jazeera)
6 November 2024 – 2024 U.S. elections: 2024 U.S. presidential election, Second presidency of Donald Trump; Republican candidates 45th U.S. president Donald Trump and U.S. Senator JD Vance are elected as the 47th U.S. President and 50th U.S. Vice President respectively. (The Washington Post) (AP); Trump will become the first person since Grover Cleveland in 1892 to serve non-consecutive presidential terms, as well as the oldest presidential candidate and first convicted felon to be elected president. (BBC News) (The New York Times) (AP); Vance is the first millennial to be elected U.S. Vice President. (DW); 2024 U.S. Senate elections; The Republican Party wins a majority in the U.S. Senate. (Reuters) (The Guardian); Second presidential transition of Donald Trump; U.S. Vice President and Democratic Party candidate Kamala Harris concedes defeat to Donald Trump in a speech at Howard University in Washington, D.C., stating that she and U.S. President Joe Biden will commit to a peaceful transition of power. (Time)
6 November 2024 – 2024 German government crisis: In Germany, the Scholz cabinet loses its majority following the dismissal of finance minister Christian Lindner and the resignation of all remaining Free Democratic Party members. (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war; At least 29 Palestinians are killed in Israeli airstrikes on several refugee camps across the Gaza Strip. (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – Russo-Ukrainian War: Zaporizhzhian strikes; Six people are killed and at least 20 others are injured in a Russian missile strike on Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: Thirty people are killed after an Israeli airstrike against a residential building in Barja, Lebanon. (AP) (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – 2024 European floods: 2024 Spanish floods; Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez announces a €10.6 billion (US$11.5 billion) aid package to families affected by the flooding in the country, primarily in the Valencian Community, including a package of €5 billion (US$5.5 billion) in state-guaranteed loans. (Al Jazeera) (La Nación)
5 November 2024 –: At least five people, including two election poll workers are killed by flash flooding in the U.S. state of Missouri, caused by torrential rain. (CBS News); Two Egyptian Air Force officers are killed when a helicopter crashes during a training exercise in Suez Governorate, Egypt. (Al Arabiya) (Egypt Independent)
5 November 2024 – Somalia–United States relations: The United States and Somalia reaches an agreement to write off over $1.1 billion of Somalian debt. (Al Arabiya) (The EastAfrican)
5 November 2024 – English Channel migrant crossings: A court in Lille, France, convicts 18 people, including nine in absentia, for participating in an international human smuggling network that transported migrants across the English Channel. The sentences range from two to fifteen years in prison. (Al Jazeera)
5 November 2024 –: Seven men from the Saxonian Separatists group are arrested in Germany and another is arrested in Poland for plotting ethnic cleansing terrorist attacks and for plotting to take control of several areas of Saxony. (Al Jazeera); Railway workers launch an eight-hour strike in Italy after a train manager was stabbed and critically injured on a train near Rivarolo Ligure, Genoa, yesterday. Several trains are canceled, with only 30% of services guaranteed. (Ansa); Equatoguinean vice-president Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue warns that politicians caught having sex in their offices could face harsh consequences after a civil servant was caught having sex with multiple women while on the job. (BBC News); The Personal Information Protection Commission of South Korea fines Meta Platforms ₩21.6 billion (US$15 million) for illegally collecting personal information on Facebook users and sharing it with advertisers. (AP); French and Dutch police raid Netflix offices in Paris and Amsterdam as part of an investigation into tax fraud and unreported employment practices. (BBC News) (Deadline); A Swedish court sentences Danish-Swedish politican Rasmus Paludan to four months in jail for inciting hatred against Muslims at two protests in 2022. (The Guardian); Two Chinese nationals are shot by a security guard at a textile mill in Karachi, Pakistan. (ABC News)
5 November 2024 – 2024 United States elections: 2024 United States ballot measures; Voters in several U.S. states vote on abortion rights on the ballot. Amendments are passed in Arizona, Colorado, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, and New York. (KCRA) (LGBT Nation); 2024 United States presidential election; U.S. citizens vote in federal, state and local elections, including the presidential election. (CNN) (USA Today); Multiple hoax bomb threats linked to Russian email domains target polling places in U.S. battleground states. (Reuters); 2024 United States Senate elections; In New Jersey, Democrat Andy Kim defeats Republican Curtis Bashaw to replace former Senator Bob Menendez, making him the first Korean American to be elected to the Senate. (NBC News)
5 November 2024 – 2024 Boeing machinists strike: Boeing machinists vote to end the 53-day labor strike, agreeing to a 38% pay increase over four years. (The Seattle Times) (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – 2024 Palauan general election: Citizens of Palau vote for a President and members of the National Congress. (RNZ)
5 November 2024 – 2024 Qatari constitutional referendum: Qataris hold a referendum to amend the 2004 constitution, voting to strengthen the emir's political power and to abolish elections for members of the Consultative Assembly. (AP) (QNA)
5 November 2024 – Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse: Thousands of protesters demonstrate in Novi Sad, Serbia, to protest the deadly collapse of a railway station canopy on Friday, leading to violent confrontations with police and vandalism of the city hall. (Reuters)
5 November 2024 – Protests against the firing of Yoav Gallant: Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu dismisses defense minister Yoav Gallant following disagreements over the execution of the war in the Gaza Strip which subsequently results in nationwide protests. (The New York Times)
5 November 2024 – Fukushima nuclear accident: A remote-controlled robot retrieves a piece of melted fuel from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the first time a piece of melted fuel has been retrieved from a nuclear meltdown. (AP)
5 November 2024 –: Researchers at Kyoto University in Japan launch LignoSat, the world's first wooden satellite constructed without screws or glue, into space. It will orbit Earth for six months. (DW)
4 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war; Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges; At least twelve Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip, including seven at the Kamal Adwan Hospital in Beit Lahia, North Gaza Governorate. (Al Jazeera); 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal; Israel Police arrest a top aide to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu after opponents accused the aide of leaking allegedly false classified intelligence to prevent a potential Gaza ceasefire and hostage deal. (CNN) (BBC News) (The Times of Israel)
4 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; At least three people are killed in an Israeli attack on residential buildings in Ghazieh and Sidon, Lebanon. (Al Jazeera)
4 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: 2024 Kursk offensive; Ukraine says that its forces have engaged North Korean troops for the first time in Kursk Oblast, Russia. (The Independent)
4 November 2024 –: The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet, an unidentified song recorded from a German Norddeutscher Rundfunk station in 1984, is identified as "Subways of Your Mind" by the band FEX. (404 Media)
4 November 2024 – 2024 Almora bus accident: At least 36 people are killed and 27 others are injured when a bus plunges into a gorge near Marchula, Uttarakhand, India. (The Indian Express) (ABC News)
4 November 2024 –: At least ten people are killed in the eruption of Mount Lewotobi Lakilaki in Flores, Indonesia. (Al Jazeera)
4 November 2024 – Indonesia–Russia relations: The Indonesian Navy and the Russian Navy begin their first ever joint military exercise in the Java Sea. (DW)
4 November 2024 – Women's rights in Iran: The science and research girl; Amnesty International demands the release of Iranian university student Ahoo Daryaei, who was arrested after stripping to her underwear and marching through the Islamic Azad University campus in Tehran, Iran, on Saturday. (Sky News)
4 November 2024 –: Four teenagers are injured, two critically, in a fight involving an axe on a RER train at the Ozoir-la-Ferrière station in Seine-et-Marne, France. The main suspect is later arrested at his home. (The Guardian)
4 November 2024 – Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse: Serbian Minister of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure Goran Vesić resigns and accepts responsibility for the deadly canopy collapse at the Novi Sad railway station on Friday. (DW)
3 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip; Siege of North Gaza; More than 50 children are killed in Israeli airstrikes in Jabalia in northern Gaza in the past two days. (Al Jazeera); At least 31 people are killed in Israeli airstrikes across the Gaza Strip, primarily in northern Gaza, according to Palestinian medics. (Reuters)
3 November 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Eastern Ukraine campaign; Pokrovsk offensive; The Russian Ministry of Defense and Ukrainian military news site DeepStateUA report that Russia has captured the settlement of Vyshneve in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, with Russian troops advancing towards Hryhorivka to the west. (Reuters)
3 November 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: 2024 Beqaa Valley airstrikes; Dozens of people are killed in a series of Israeli airstrikes on over two dozen settlements in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. (Al Jazeera); Three people are killed and nine others are injured in Israeli airstrikes in Sidon, Lebanon. (Al Jazeera)
3 November 2024 – Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir: At least eleven people are injured in a grenade explosion caused by an unknown militant group in a flea market in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. (Reuters); Three rebels are killed and four security personnel are injured during two separate shootouts in Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. (AP)
3 November 2024 – Naxalite–Maoist insurgency: Two police officers are injured in a stabbing attack by Naxalite insurgents in Sukma, Chhattisgarh, India, with their weapons being stolen. (Indian Express)
3 November 2024 – Somali Civil War: Three people are killed and several others are injured when Al-Shabaab fires several mortar shells into the Halane base camp in Mogadishu, Somalia. (The Eastleigh Voice) (Horseed Media)
3 November 2024 –: Fourteen people are killed and 34 others are injured in a lightning strike at the Palabek Refugee Settlement in Lamwo District, Uganda. (AP); A truck plunges into a ravine in Morona-Santiago Province, Ecuador, killing ten people. A 3-year-old girl is the sole survivor of the crash, according to police. (AP)
3 November 2024 – Air pollution in Lahore: The air pollution in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, reaches a record-high air quality index score of 1,900, with the Punjab government ordering a mandatory closure of all primary schools for one week, blaming stubble burning for the poor air quality. (BBC News) (Geo News) (NDTV)
3 November 2024 – 2024 Moldovan presidential election: Moldovans vote for a President in the second round of the presidential election. (The Guardian); Incumbent President Maia Sandu wins reelection, defeating former Prosecutor General Alexandr Stoianoglo amid allegations of Russian interference. (Euronews) (Reuters)
3 November 2024 – Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse: Hundreds of activists engage in demonstrations in Belgrade, Serbia, to protest state corruption and negligence by Serbian officials which lead to the deadly collapse of a canopy at the Novi Sad railway station on Friday. (Reuters)
3 November 2024 – 2024 Spain floods: Protestors pelt the King and Queen of Spain, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, and Valencian President Carlos Mazón with objects and mud and boo them as "murderers" during their visit to Paiporta, Valencia. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez is evacuated from the area after being hit with a shovel. (Levante) (AP) (BBC News)
3 November 2024 – 2024 Japan Series: In baseball, the Yokohama DeNA BayStars defeat the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks to win the Japan Series in six games, capturing their third championship and their first since 1998. (NHK)
3 November 2024 – 2024 New York City Marathon: Somali-Dutch distance runner Abdi Nageeye wins the 53rd New York City Marathon men's race with a time of 2:07:39. Kenyan distance runner Sheila Chepkirui wins the women's race with a time of 2:24:35. (The New York Times)
2 November 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip

Me (incomplete), described in userboxes...

History and contributions...

Awards and praise I've received over the years...

Tip of the day April 21, 2006: Thanks for helping a newbie!

Filmcom 14:36, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I just want to thank you for building on my tip and making it a true wikipedia tip of the day. I'm still learning a lot about how to do things around here, so your help was greatly appreciated! Keep up the great work, and keep on Going for it!

Smashing!

Smashing job on Tip of the day!

You've done a great job getting the Tip of the Day off the ground. As a result, I think you deserve this! smurrayinchester^{(User), (Talk)} 17:52, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Barnstar

This Working Man's Barnstar is awarded to Go for it! for your tireless and diligent work on the reference desk templates! -- Natalya 19:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Barnstar

For going above and beyond the call of duty at Esperanza/Admin coaching, I award you this Original Barnstar. Good work! --Fang Aili ^talk 18:34, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Award

!!!

<O.o --The Prophet Wizard of the Cray on Cake 01:45, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

You're welcome. The Transhumanist 01:55, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Barnstar

!

Cool signature Kamope · talk · contributions 12:58, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. The Transhumanist 05:52, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks so much!

Thanks so much for the hints in your userpage tutorial. . I am a new user and familiar with HTML markup, but not so with Wikimark up. Your userpage tutorial really helped! Real96 06:14, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

You're welcome. I'm glad you found it useful. If you see any way to improve it, by all means, please feel free to do so. The Transhumanist 06:36, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

WC

How can I sum the above up....? Oh yes:

WOW!!

as a near- noob, this is by far the most detailed and useful article on wikipedia for me! Excellent! I really wish I had a user page like this after two years...Snailey! 15:42, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Barnstar

Just a few words...

TT, my friend, my mop would never have been gained without your incredible expertise. My kindest regards to you, and drop by as often as possible! Now, a little token of my appreciation...

The Golden Wiki Award;
This, the Golden Wiki Award, the highest attainment level of awards and barnstars, goes to you - The Transhumanist - for being one of the most helpful, kind, resourceful and generous Wikipedians I've had to utmost fortune to meet. Your contributions around the Wiki - at the WikiClassroom, in Dispute Resolution, at the Welcoming Committee, but most of all being a genuinely fun guy, are an amazing feat, and if half the trolls I'll undoubtedly meet after gaining my mop (thanks to you) took a leaf from your book, Wikipedia would be a nicer place.

My kindest possible regards,
Anthony 21:38, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Barnstar

Award

Hello The Transhumanist, (Hold on, can I say that or is it "Hello Transhumanist")
I was going to give you an award but there wasn't one good enough, so I made one better than any that has ever been seen before - This message. Yes, yes, I know, you don't think your worthy of it, but I assure you, you are the only one good enough for it - Pheonix 19:34, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

A Help:Contents Barnstar

Barnstar

:D

Hi there Trans Face!X××x××pink×jellocreature××x××X (talk) 01:36, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

You won an award!

Fractional-reserve banking

You deserve a barnstar for your efforts. I can't think of anyone who has contributed more to Wikipedia, except maybe Jimbo. I'm not sure where to put this on your frontpage, so here it is:

Barnstar

My Userpage

Hi There First id like to thank you immensly for your pages about creating a decent userpage!! They are great and I would be lost without them!! Just one question, On my userpage i have a small welcome banner up the top. How do I make this text larger and change the font? Sorry if you have already covered this somewhere. Thanks in advanceCstubbies (talk) 12:40, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

A valuable service

I think you need recognition for doing the job of ten other editors, and doing it out of altruism and genuine belief in Wikipedia. Not many editors here have the same good attitude and provide the same service as you - I don't have any specific point to put across, but I thought you should just be prodded and reminded that you do a lot of good around here, in the hope you'll keep it up. Kudos! Seegoon (talk) 17:43, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

:)

Welcoming committee

Just a note, I've made a minor update to your contributions. To reiterate my edit summary, you put in a tonne of effort there, and you deserve to be credited for it :) Feel free to revert, nonetheless. Regards, AGK (contact) 16:44, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

List of basic space exploration topics

Hi there TTH, Just wanted to thank you for your labors on this page, which is a great resource for us. Bill Wwheaton (talk) 17:48, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

You'd better hope there is a humour barnstar

... because you just gave me the biggest laugh in weeks. Good stuff giving that RfA spammer what-for here. αѕєηιηє ^t/_c 22:03, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

List of basic Canada topics

Nice work -- I will withdraw the AfD nom. – ukexpat (talk) 00:55, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Done

Fictional lists

The deletion review was approved for recreation: Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2008 March 10. Just letting you know, in case you weren't watchlisting it. I'm not sure what you have to do next to get the old version undeleted though (if that's what you wanted :) Nice catch on rescuing that grouping. -- Quiddity (talk) 00:21, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

'Tis for you

Barnstar

List_of_basic_France_topics

Hi Transhumanist, I wanted to note that I saw all of your work on the List of Basic France topics, and I appreciate it! Lazulilasher (talk) 02:12, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

From Zach...

(next page...)

Guidance Star

Happy Transhumanist's Day!

→ Dylan620 (Toolbox Alpha, Beta) 00:26, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Happy The Transhumanist's Day!

Congrats. :) –Juliancolton | Talk 23:44, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

I think...

...you need a barnstar for all of the hard work you have put into the WP:WPOOK!

Barnstar

Transhumanist my friend,

It's about time you deserve a barnstar for all your contributions to outlines on Wikipedia, and also for being the promoter that you are for outlines. If it wasn't for you we might not have outlines as they are, so it is my honor to present to you the Special Barnstar because no other barnstar could merit what you do for outlines on Wikipedia. :-) Burningview (talk) 03:42, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Well done

Made me laugh

You once said in a AFD: "If you are building a robot, you can start with just the left pinky." I love that. Happy New Year! Jerry delusional ¤ kangaroo 20:34, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

another thanks

I appreciate you pointing me in the direction of a formatted signature. For some reason I couldn't find any reference to how it is done in the years I have been here. Cheers. ◦◦derekbd◦◦my talk◦◦ 12:16, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Impressed

I just wanted to tell you (probably not the 1st ^^ ) that your are an incredible wikipedia member, your userpage is simply amazing and your contribution is...gigantic? huge? Incredible? not for the number edits (still high) but rather over the appropriateness of the things that you have created, especially the outline project. I wont give you another award, you already have billions, but simply a modest "Bravo!". -- Offiikart (Talk) 05:23, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Thanks

Hi, thanks a lot for the barnstar, you are truly a user with whom it is pleasant to interact. I greatly appreciate your help, your tips and you recognition on the work done, even if only very minimal compared to the work you have done.

I think you, more than everyone else, deserve a special recognition. Here is the first Barnstar I ever awarded :

ps. I did put the page alert on my watchlist

A barnstar for you!

Note to user getting this message: Please respond on Pinkstrawberry02's talk page. If for some reason you cannot, please send them a {{talkback}} and reply on your own talk page. Thanks for your understanding in this manner. See ya around the wiki!

barnstar

A barnstar for you!

You're first one? Wonderful! I can't wait to see what you come up with next. And I also look forward to seeing what you have in store for this outline. Thank you for the barnstar. It's very nice to feel appreciated. The Transhumanist 22:10, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

A cookie for you!

Thank you

A barnstar for you!

Thank you. The Transhumanist 07:45, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

A cup of coffee for you!

Thank you. The Transhumanist 06:56, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

Greetings The Transhumanist,

Want to let you know the value of your insights & feedback!
Regards, JoeHebda (talk) 21:53, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Thank you. Keep up the good work. The Transhumanist 16:50, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Pony!

Pony!
Congratulations! For all your hard work on redirect repair at Glossary of North American horse racing and general wikignoming along the way of articles such as Easy Goer, you have received a pony! Ponies are cute, intelligent, cuddly, friendly (most of the time, though with notable exceptions), promote good will, encourage patience, and enjoy carrots. Treat your pony with respect and he will be your faithful friend! We need more wikipedia editors like you! Montanabw^(talk) 02:22, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

To send a pony or a treat to other wonderful and responsible editors, click here.

Thank you for being one of Wikipedia's top medical contributors!

please help translate this message into the local language

Thanks again :) -- Doc James along with the rest of the team at Wiki Project Med Foundation 03:59, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

Thank you. The Transhumanist 15:31, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Love the outlines

Hi there! I just wanted to let you know that I think your planet outlines are really cool. I have long thought it was a shame that only Wikipedians seem to know about Books or Portals, because they are really great tools for structuring knowledge (while everyone loves diving down the Wikipedia rabbit hole, we could really do with some better content organization). The outlines strike me as a great way to bring that sort content organization to mainspace, where it will actually reach a large number of readers. I notice that I am the first one to edit them besides yourself, and I hope you know that I do so with love.

A Barnstar for you!

Transhumanist, thank you for your extraordinary efforts on behalf of portals. It reminds me of the time when a series of attacks on scientific bibliographies led to the formation of WikiProject Bibliographies. I don't understand why your detractors are so passionate about deleting portals, but your actions have been a model for how to deal with an attack constructively. RockMagnetist(talk) 16:10, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

A Barnstar for you!

@RightCowLeftCoast: Thank you. I feel honored. Please keep in mind that I have not been working alone. Credit goes to the nearly 400 editors who came forward to speak up for the keeping of portals. And although the RfC to delete all portals is over, the job of defending portals from deletion is not. For the portal namespace to be retained in the long term, the portals in it will need to be improved to a worthy quality level, otherwise we may see more deletion attempts. This task is far more than a single editor can handle. Fortunately, many editors have come forward to meet the challenge. Working to develop portals and the entire portal system, is a team of 80 editors who are diligently redesigning, upgrading, updating, and maintaining portals. They are the members of the Portals WikiProject, and without them there might be no portals. They are doing a wonderful job, and I am very proud of them. Thank you. — The Transhumanist 17:22, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Precious

thinking-related topics

Thank you for organising a list of thinking-related topics, for Shift work sleep disorder and the index of oral health and dental articles, for your thoughts and efforts regarding portals, and beginnings such as Portal:Thinking/Selected picture, - you are an awesome Wikipedian!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:53, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Precious

portals

Thank you for your thoughts and efforts regarding portals, for the concept of outlines, for sectional redirects, for articles such as Life Extension Foundation, for service from 2006, including portal philosophy and user page design center, - repeating (1 & 4 June 2009): you are an awesome Wikipedian!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:54, 31 May 2018 (UTC)

Thank you. I looked, but couldn't figure out what 1 & 4 June 2009 were referring to. Just curious. — The Transhumanist 19:26, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Follow the link "awesome W." and look for your name: 2 others said it before me! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:48, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

Executive director of portals

Moxy, thank you. I'm honored, and I receive this praise for the team, without whom there would be very little progress on portals. They are literally transforming them into something new. I'm glad to be a part of that. — The Transhumanist 18:20, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

A Barnstar for you

You are welcome, formerly Wpgbrown. Nice new name. ;) — The Transhumanist 10:26, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

Some barnstars for you!

A barnstar for you!

A Barnstar for you

You have made immense contributions to outlines over the years, and have encouraged many more Wikipedians to follow your lead. The impact of your contributions are great. Keep doing the good work! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ambujshukla2004 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

Thank you. — The Transhumanist 00:06, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

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