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2000-е

September 11 attacksEuroIraq WarWar on TerrorSocial media2008 Beijing OlympicsThe Great Recession2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Сверху слева, по часовой стрелке: Всемирный торговый центр в огне и Статуя Свободы во время террористических атак 11 сентября 2001 года ; евро становится европейской валютой в 2002 году; статуя Саддама Хусейна свергается во время войны в Ираке в 2003 году, а в 2006 году Хусейн будет казнен за преступления против человечности; американские войска направляются к армейскому вертолету в Афганистане во время войны с террором ; социальные сети через Интернет распространяются по всему миру ; китайский солдат смотрит на летние Олимпийские игры 2008 года, которые начинаются в Пекине ; крупнейший экономический кризис со времен Великой депрессии обрушивается на мир в 2008 году; цунами от землетрясения в Индийском океане уносит жизни более 230 000 человек в 2004 году и становится самым сильным землетрясением со времен землетрясения на Аляске 1964 года.

2000-е ( произносится как «двухтысячные»; сокращенно « нулевые » или «нулевые » ) — десятилетие , начавшееся 1 января 2000 года и закончившееся 31 декабря 2009 года.

В начале десятилетия произошел давно предсказанный прорыв экономических гигантов Азии, таких как Индия и Китай , которые имели двузначный рост в течение почти всего десятилетия. Это также выиграло от экономического бума, в результате которого две самые густонаселенные страны стали все более доминирующей экономической силой. Быстрое догоняющее развитие экономик развитых стран вызвало некоторую протекционистскую напряженность в этот период и частично стало причиной роста цен на энергоносители и продукты питания в конце десятилетия. Экономические события во второй трети десятилетия были обусловлены мировым экономическим спадом, который начался с кризиса в жилищном секторе и кредитовании в Соединенных Штатах в конце 2007 года и привел к банкротству крупных банков и других финансовых учреждений. Вспышка этого мирового финансового кризиса спровоцировала глобальную рецессию , начавшуюся в Соединенных Штатах и ​​затронувшую большую часть промышленно развитого мира.

В это десятилетие произошел рост Интернета , охват которого вырос с 6,7% до 25,7% населения мира. Это способствовало глобализации в течение десятилетия, что позволило быстрее общаться между людьми по всему миру; [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] сайты социальных сетей возникли как новый способ для людей оставаться на связи из отдаленных мест, при условии, что у них был доступ в Интернет . Myspace был самым популярным сайтом социальной сети до июня 2009 года, когда Facebook обогнал его по числу американских пользователей. Электронная почта продолжала быть популярной в течение всего десятилетия и начала заменять « обычную почту » в качестве основного способа отправки писем и других сообщений людям в отдаленных местах. Google , YouTube , Ask.com и Wikipedia оказались в числе 10 самых популярных веб-сайтов. Amazon обогнал eBay как самый посещаемый сайт электронной коммерции в 2008 году. Популярность AOL значительно снизилась в течение десятилетия, упав с самого популярного сайта до того, что он больше не входит в первую десятку. Excite и Lycos выпали из первой десятки, а MSN опустился со второго на шестое место по популярности, хотя и увеличил количество ежемесячных посещений в четыре раза. Yahoo! сохранял относительно стабильную популярность, оставаясь самым популярным сайтом большую часть десятилетия.

Война с террором и война в Афганистане начались после атак 11 сентября 2001 года. Международный уголовный суд был сформирован в 2002 году. В 2003 году коалиция во главе с США вторглась в Ирак , и война в Ираке привела к концу правления Саддама Хусейна в качестве президента Ирака и партии Баас в Ираке. Аль-Каида и связанные с ней исламистские воинствующие группировки совершали террористические акты на протяжении всего десятилетия. Вторая война в Конго , самый смертоносный конфликт со времен Второй мировой войны, закончилась в июле 2003 года. Другие войны, которые закончились, включали гражданскую войну в Алжире , гражданскую войну в Анголе , гражданскую войну в Сьерра-Леоне , вторую гражданскую войну в Либерии , гражданскую войну в Непале и гражданскую войну в Шри-Ланке . Войны, которые начались, включали конфликт в дельте Нигера , мятеж хуситов и войну с наркотиками в Мексике .

Изменение климата и глобальное потепление стали общей проблемой в 2000-х годах. Инструменты прогнозирования достигли значительного прогресса в течение десятилетия, спонсируемые ООН организации, такие как МГЭИК, приобрели влияние, а исследования, такие как Stern Review, повлияли на общественную поддержку оплаты политических и экономических издержек противодействия изменению климата. Глобальная температура продолжала расти в течение десятилетия. В декабре 2009 года Всемирная метеорологическая организация (ВМО) объявила, что 2000-е годы, возможно, были самым теплым десятилетием с момента начала наблюдений в 1850 году, причем четыре из пяти самых теплых лет с 1850 года пришлись на это десятилетие. Выводы ВМО позже были поддержаны НАСА и NOAA . Крупные стихийные бедствия включали циклон Наргис в 2008 году и землетрясения в Пакистане и Китае в 2005 и 2008 годах соответственно. Самая смертоносная природная катастрофа [a] и самое мощное землетрясение 21-го века произошло в 2004 году, когда землетрясение магнитудой 9,1–9,3 и последующее цунами обрушились на несколько стран в Индийском океане, в результате чего погибло 230 000 человек. [6]

Использование компьютерной графики стало более распространенным в фильмах, снятых в 2000-х годах, особенно с успехом «Шрека» 2001 года и «В поисках Немо» 2003 года , последний из которых стал самым продаваемым DVD всех времен. Аниме-фильмы получили большую известность за пределами Японии с выходом « Унесенных призраками» . «Аватар» 2009 года стал самым кассовым фильмом . Документальные и псевдодокументальные фильмы, такие как «Марш пингвинов» , «Суперразмер меня» , «Борат» и «Лови волну!» , были популярны в 2000-х годах. «Фаренгейт 9/11» Майкла Мура 2004 года стал самым кассовым документальным фильмом всех времен. Онлайн-фильмы стали популярными, и начался переход на цифровое кино . Игровые консоли, выпущенные в это десятилетие, включали PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , Wii , PlayStation 3 и Xbox 360 ; в то время как портативные игровые консоли включали Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS и PlayStation Portable . Wii Sports была самой продаваемой консольной видеоигрой десятилетия, в то время как New Super Mario Bros. была самой продаваемой портативной видеоигрой десятилетия. Джоан Роулинг была самым продаваемым автором десятилетия в целом благодаря серии книг о Гарри Поттере , хотя она не написала самую продаваемую отдельную книгу, уступив лишь «Коду да Винчи» . [7] Эминем был назван музыкальным исполнителем десятилетия по версии Billboard .

За это десятилетие население мира выросло с 6,1 до 6,9 млрд человек. Около 1,35 млрд человек родилось, а 550 млн человек умерло. [8]

Название десятилетия

Орфографически десятилетие можно записать как «2000-е» или « 00-е». В англоязычном мире название десятилетия не было сразу принято, как это было с другими десятилетиями, такими как 1980-е и 1990-е ('80s, '90s). [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

oughts ( американский английский ) [14] [15] [16] или noughties ( британский английский ) [17] [18] происходят от слов aught и nought соответственно, оба означающих ноль . Noughties стали общим названием десятилетия в Соединенном Королевстве [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] и в Новой Зеландии и Австралии. [24] [25]

Хотя использование слова aught для обозначения нуля не распространено в Соединенных Штатах, использование нулей для обозначения десятилетия стало там обычным явлением. [26] [27] [28]

Другие варианты произнесения слов включают «two-thyshands», «twenty seconds», «ohs», «oh ohs», «double ohs», «zeros» и «double zeros». [29] [30] [31] Годы десятилетия могут обозначаться как '01, '02 и т. д., произносимые как oh-one, oh-two и т. д. [ необходима цитата ]

Демография

Политика и войны

Война с террором и война в Афганистане начались после атак 11 сентября 2001 года. [37] [38] Международный уголовный суд был сформирован в 2002 году. В 2003 году коалиция во главе с США вторглась в Ирак , и война в Ираке привела к концу правления Саддама Хусейна как президента Ирака и партии Баас в Ираке. Аль-Каида и связанные с ней исламистские воинствующие группировки совершали террористические акты на протяжении всего десятилетия. Эти акты включали взрывы поездов в Мадриде в 2004 году , взрывы 7/7 в Лондоне в 2005 году и атаки в Мумбаи в 2008 году, связанные с Аль-Каидой. Европейский союз расширил свои санкции на фоне несоблюдения Ираном своих обязательств по прозрачности в соответствии с Договором о нераспространении ядерного оружия и резолюциями Организации Объединенных Наций .

Война с террором вызвала экстремальные споры во всем мире, с вопросами относительно оправданности определенных действий США, приведших к потере поддержки американского правительства как в Соединенных Штатах, так и за их пределами. [39] Дополнительный вооруженный конфликт произошел на Ближнем Востоке , в том числе между Израилем и Хезболлой , затем с Израилем и ХАМАС . Наиболее значительные потери человеческих жизней из-за стихийных бедствий произошли в результате землетрясения в Индийском океане в 2004 году , которое вызвало цунами , в результате которого погибло около четверти миллиона человек и более миллиона человек были перемещены.

Террористические атаки

Всемирный торговый центр в Нью-Йорке , вид 11 сентября 2001 года . Рейс 175 только что врезался в Южную башню.

Наиболее значимые террористические атаки , совершенные против гражданского населения за десятилетие:

Войны

Наиболее значимые вооруженные конфликты десятилетия включают в себя:

Международные войны

Война с террором
Война в Ираке
Война в Газе (2008–2009)

Гражданские войны и партизанские войны

Нерегулярные бойцы в Северном Дарфуре. Арабский текст на бампере гласит: « Армия освобождения Судана » (SLA).
Лагерь беженцев в Дарфуре , Чад

Перевороты

Государственный переворот в Таиланде 2006 г.

Наиболее заметные государственные перевороты десятилетия включают в себя:

Ядерные угрозы

Зенитные орудия охраняют ядерный объект в Натанзе в Иране

Деколонизация и независимость

Политические тенденции

Американская партийная система

В 2000-х годах ожидания и негласные правила приемлемого поведения среди американских политиков, связанных с Республиканской или Демократической партиями, изменились из-за упадка политических боссов в предыдущие 4 десятилетия и знаменательных событий в Америке, произошедших в течение десятилетия. [87]

В целом, кандидаты в президенты США соблюдали и уважали установленные процедуры выдвижения кандидатов на пост президента обеими основными партиями . [87]

Мирная передача власти

В течение этого десятилетия мирная передача власти посредством выборов впервые произошла в Мексике, Индонезии, Тайване , Колумбии и ряде других стран. (См. ниже.)

Известные политические события

Джордж Буш-младший , 43-й президент США, 2001–2009
Барак Обама , первый афроамериканский президент Соединенных Штатов, вступил в должность в 2009 году.

Наиболее значимые политические события десятилетия включают в себя:

Северная Америка

Канада
Гренландия
Мексика
Соединенные Штаты

Южная Америка

Азия

Протестующие в Тегеране во время протестов против иранских выборов 2009 года
Саддам Хусейн

Европа

Лиссабонский договор
Тарья Халонен была 11-м президентом Финляндии и первой женщиной-главой государства с 2000 по 2012 год.

Мировые лидеры

Убийства и покушения

Наиболее значимые убийства, преднамеренные убийства и покушения включают:

Лоран-Дезире Кабила
Бирендра из Непала
Зоран Джинджич
Рафик Харири
Беназир Бхутто

Катастрофы

Стихийные бедствия

Землетрясение в Индийском океане 2004 года . Цунами, вызванное землетрясением 26 декабря 2004 года, обрушилось на Ао Нанг , Таиланд.

В 2000-х годах произошли одни из самых страшных и разрушительных стихийных бедствий в истории.

Землетрясения (включая цунами)

Тропические циклоны, другие погодные явления и лесные пожары

Наводнение 2005 года в Новом Орлеане , вызванное ураганом Катрина .

Эпидемии

Устойчивость к антибиотикам — серьезное и растущее явление в современной медицине, ставшее одной из главных проблем общественного здравоохранения XXI века, особенно в том, что касается патогенных организмов (этот термин не имеет особого значения для организмов, которые не вызывают заболеваний у людей).

Вспышка ящура в Соединенном Королевстве в 2001 году вызвала кризис в британском сельском хозяйстве и туризме. В результате этой эпизоотии на фермах в большинстве сельских районов Великобритании было зафиксировано 2000 случаев заболевания. Погибло более 6 миллионов овец и крупного рогатого скота. [119]

В период с ноября 2002 года по июль 2003 года в Гонконге произошла вспышка тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (ТОРС), в результате которой во всем мире было зарегистрировано 8273 случая заболевания и 775 смертей (летальность 9,6%), согласно данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ). В течение нескольких недель ТОРС распространился из Гонконга, заразив людей в 37 странах в начале 2003 года.

Метициллин-резистентный золотистый стафилококк : Управление национальной статистики сообщило о 1629 случаях смерти, связанных с MRSA , в Англии и Уэльсе в 2005 году, что указывает на уровень смертности, связанной с MRSA, в два раза ниже, чем в Соединенных Штатах в 2005 году, хотя цифры из британского источника были объяснены как высокие из-за «улучшения уровня отчетности, возможно, вызванного сохраняющимся высоким общественным вниманием к заболеванию» во время всеобщих выборов в Соединенном Королевстве 2005 года . Считается, что MRSA стал причиной 1652 случаев смерти в 2006 году в Великобритании, по сравнению с 51 в 1993 году.

Люди в Мехико носят маски в поезде из-за вспышки свиного гриппа , апрель 2009 г.

Пандемия гриппа H1N1 (свиной грипп) 2009 года также считалась стихийным бедствием. 25 октября 2009 года президент США Барак Обама официально объявил H1N1 чрезвычайной ситуацией национального масштаба . [120] Несмотря на обеспокоенность президента Обамы, опрос PublicMind, проведенный университетом Фэрли Дикинсона в октябре 2009 года, показал, что подавляющее большинство жителей Нью-Джерси (74%) не очень обеспокоены или вообще не обеспокоены заражением вирусом гриппа H1N1. [121]

Исследование, проведенное совместно со службой здравоохранения Мичиганского университета, планируется опубликовать в Американском журнале рентгенологии за декабрь 2009 г., предупреждая, что грипп H1N1 может вызвать тромбоэмболию легочной артерии , предположительно являющуюся основной причиной смерти в этой текущей пандемии. Авторы исследования предлагают врачебную оценку с помощью контрастного КТ-сканирования на предмет наличия тромбоэмболии легочной артерии при уходе за пациентами с диагностированными респираторными осложнениями от «тяжелого» случая гриппа H1N1. [122]

По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, по состоянию на 30 мая 2010 года более 214 стран и заморских территорий или сообществ сообщили о лабораторно подтвержденных случаях пандемического гриппа H1N1 2009, включая более 18 138 случаев смерти. [123]

Нестихийные катастрофы

Обломки транспортных средств

Толпа давит и рушится

Экономика

Наиболее значимой эволюцией 2000-х годов в экономическом ландшафте стал давно предсказанный прорыв экономического гиганта Китая , ВВП которого вырос с 1,21 трлн до 5,1 трлн (в долларах США 2022 года). [124] В меньшей степени Индия также выиграла от экономического бума (рост с 438,39 млрд до 1,34 трлн) [125], в результате которого две самые густонаселенные страны стали все более доминирующей экономической силой. [126] Быстрое догоняющее развитие развивающихся экономик с развитыми странами вызвало некоторую протекционистскую напряженность в этот период и частично стало причиной роста цен на энергоносители и продукты питания в конце десятилетия. Экономические события во второй трети десятилетия были обусловлены мировым экономическим спадом, который начался с кризиса в сфере жилья и кредитования в Соединенных Штатах в конце 2007 года и привел к банкротству крупных банков и других финансовых учреждений. [127] Вспышка этого мирового финансового кризиса спровоцировала глобальную рецессию, начавшуюся в Соединенных Штатах и ​​затронувшую большую часть промышленно развитого мира.

Совокупное состояние «миллионеров с состоянием в 10 миллионов долларов» выросло почти до 41 триллиона долларов в 2008 году. [128]

Период получил свое название от Гордона Брауна , тогдашнего канцлера казначейства Великобритании (который позже стал премьер-министром ), который решил продать примерно половину золотых запасов Великобритании на серии аукционов. В то время золотые запасы Великобритании стоили около 6,5 млрд долларов США, что составляло около половины чистых валютных резервов Великобритании в размере 13 млрд долларов США . [135]

Экономический рост в мире

Шанхай становится символом недавнего экономического подъема Китая.

В период с 1999 по 2009 год, согласно статистике Всемирного банка по ВВП: [140] [141]

Глобализация и ее недовольство

Офшорный аутсорсинг рабочих мест, таких как этот колл-центр в Индии, значительно возрос за последнее десятилетие, поскольку многие транснациональные корпорации перенесли свое производство и услуги из западных стран в развивающиеся страны .

Устранение торговых и инвестиционных барьеров , рост внутренних рынков , искусственно низкие курсы валют , распространение образования , быстрое развитие отраслей высоких технологий и информационных систем и рост мировой экономики привели к значительному росту офшорного аутсорсинга в течение десятилетия, поскольку многие транснациональные корпорации значительно увеличили субподряд производства (и все больше услуг ) через национальные границы в развивающихся странах , и особенно в Китае и Индии, из-за многих преимуществ и главным образом потому , что две страны, которые являются двумя самыми густонаселенными странами в мире, предоставляют огромные резервы для поиска талантов, а также потому, что обе страны являются странами с низкими издержками поставок. В результате этого роста многие из этих развивающихся стран накопили капитал и начали инвестировать за рубежом. Другие страны, включая Объединенные Арабские Эмираты , Австралию, Бразилию и Россию, выиграли от возросшего спроса на свои минеральные и энергетические ресурсы, который был вызван глобальным ростом. Опустошение производства ощущалось в Японии и некоторых частях Соединенных Штатов и Европы, которые не смогли развить успешные инновационные отрасли. Противники указывают на то, что практика офшорного аутсорсинга странами с более высокой заработной платой приводит к сокращению их собственной внутренней занятости и внутренних инвестиций. В результате многие рабочие места в сфере обслуживания клиентов, а также рабочие места в секторах информационных технологий ( обработка данных , компьютерное программирование и техническая поддержка ) в таких странах, как США и Великобритания, были или потенциально затронуты.

В то время как мировая торговля выросла в десятилетии (отчасти благодаря вступлению Китая в ВТО в 2001 году), в многосторонней торговой системе не было достигнуто большого прогресса. Международная торговля продолжала расширяться в течение десятилетия, поскольку развивающиеся экономики и развивающиеся страны, в частности Китай и страны Южной Азии, извлекали выгоду из низких затрат на заработную плату и чаще всего заниженных валют. Однако глобальные переговоры по снижению тарифов не достигли большого прогресса, поскольку страны-члены Всемирной торговой организации не смогли найти соглашения, чтобы расширить рамки свободной торговли . [146] Дохийский раунд переговоров, начатый в 2001 году ВТО для содействия развитию, не был завершен из-за растущей напряженности между региональными областями. Канкунская конференция в 2003 году также не нашла консенсуса по торговле услугами [147] и сельскохозяйственным субсидиям . [148]

Сравнительный рост Китая, Индии и других развивающихся стран также способствовал их растущему влиянию на международных форумах . В 2009 году было решено, что G20 , изначально форум министров финансов и управляющих центральных банков, заменит G8 в качестве главного экономического совета.

Отзыв китайского экспорта в 2007 году . В 2007 году ряд отзывов продукции и запретов на импорт были введены органами по безопасности продукции США , Канады , Европейского союза , Австралии и Новой Зеландии в отношении продукции, произведенной и экспортируемой из материковой части Китайской Народной Республики (КНР) из-за многочисленных предполагаемых проблем с безопасностью потребителей .

События кризиса доверия включали в себя отзывы потребительских товаров, таких как корм для домашних животных , игрушки , зубная паста , губная помада и запрет на некоторые виды морепродуктов . Также включены сообщения о плохой безопасности при столкновении китайских автомобилей, которые должны были выйти на американский и европейский рынки в 2008 году. Это создало неблагоприятные последствия для доверия к безопасности и качеству товаров, произведенных в материковом Китае, в мировой экономике.

Эпоха потрясений

Люди стоят в очереди возле отделения банка Northern Rock в Бирмингеме , Великобритания, 15 сентября 2007 года, чтобы снять свои сбережения из-за кризиса субстандартного ипотечного кредитования .

Десятилетие было отмечено двумя финансовыми и экономическими кризисами. В 2001 году лопнул пузырь доткомов , вызвав потрясения на финансовых рынках и спад экономической активности в развитых экономиках, в частности в Соединенных Штатах. [149] Однако влияние кризиса на активность было ограничено благодаря вмешательству центральных банков, в частности Федеральной резервной системы США. Действительно, Алан Гринспен , лидер Федеральной резервной системы до 2006 года, несколько раз снижал процентные ставки, чтобы избежать серьезной рецессии, [150] что позволило экономическому возрождению в США [151]

Поскольку Федеральная резервная система поддерживала низкие процентные ставки для содействия экономическому росту, в Соединенных Штатах начал появляться пузырь на рынке жилья . В 2007 году рост процентных ставок и крах рынка жилья вызвали волну невыплат по кредитам в США. Последующий ипотечный кризис вызвал глобальный финансовый кризис , поскольку субстандартные ипотечные кредиты были секьюритизированы и проданы международным банкам и инвестиционным фондам. Несмотря на широкое вмешательство центральных банков, включая частичную и полную национализацию крупных европейских банков, [152] [153] кризис суверенного долга стал особенно острым, сначала в Исландии , хотя, как покажут события начала 2010-х годов, это был не единичный европейский пример. Экономическая активность серьезно пострадала во всем мире в 2008 и 2009 годах, [154] что имело катастрофические последствия для автопроизводителей . [155]

В 2007 году канцлер казначейства Великобритании Гордон Браун произнес свою последнюю речь в Мэншн-хаусе в качестве канцлера перед тем, как переехать в дом № 10. Обращаясь к финансистам: «Был создан новый мировой порядок», «каждый должен был последовать «великому примеру» города, «эпохе, которую история запишет как начало нового Золотого века». [156]

Реакции правительств всех развитых и развивающихся стран на замедление экономического роста были в значительной степени вдохновлены кейнсианской экономикой . Конец десятилетия характеризовался кейнсианским возрождением , [157] в то время как влияние и популярность в СМИ левых экономистов [158] Джозефа Стиглица и Пола Кругмана (лауреатов Нобелевской премии в 2001 и 2008 годах соответственно) не переставали расти в течение десятилетия. [159] Было организовано несколько международных саммитов для поиска решений против экономического кризиса и установления большего контроля над финансовыми рынками. В 2008 и 2009 годах G20 стала крупной организацией, поскольку лидеры стран-членов провели два крупных саммита в Вашингтоне в ноябре 2008 года и в Лондоне в апреле 2009 года для регулирования банковского и финансового секторов, [160] а также преуспели в координации своих экономических действий и избежании протекционистских реакций.

Энергетический кризис

Рост цен на нефть
Цены на газ в конце мая 2008 г.

С середины 1980-х годов по сентябрь 2003 года скорректированная с учетом инфляции цена барреля сырой нефти на NYMEX в целом была ниже $25 за баррель. В течение 2003 года цена поднялась выше $30, достигла $60 к 11 августа 2005 года и достигла пика в $147,30 в июле 2008 года. [161] Комментаторы приписывали этот рост цен многим факторам, включая отчеты Министерства энергетики США и других, показывающие снижение запасов нефти, беспокойство по поводу пика добычи нефти , напряженность на Ближнем Востоке и спекуляции ценами на нефть. [162]

Некоторое время геополитические события и стихийные бедствия, косвенно связанные с мировым рынком нефти, оказывали сильное краткосрочное воздействие на цены на нефть. К этим событиям и бедствиям относятся северокорейские ракетные испытания, конфликт между Израилем и Ливаном в 2006 году, беспокойство по поводу иранских атомных электростанций в 2006 году и ураган Катрина . К 2008 году такое давление, по-видимому, оказало незначительное влияние на цены на нефть, учитывая начало глобальной рецессии. Рецессия привела к сокращению спроса на энергию в конце 2008 года и начале 2009 года, а также к падению цен. Однако в мае 2009 года они снова выросли, вернувшись к уровню ноября 2008 года. [163]

Многие быстрорастущие экономики по всему миру, особенно в Азии, также были основным фактором быстро растущего спроса на ископаемое топливо , что — наряду с меньшим количеством новых нефтяных месторождений, большими затратами на добычу и политическими потрясениями — вызвало две другие тенденции: резкий рост цен на нефтепродукты и стремление правительств и предприятий содействовать развитию экологически чистых технологий (неофициально известных как «зеленые» технологии). Однако побочным эффектом стремления некоторых промышленных стран «стать зелеными» и использовать биотопливо стало сокращение поставок продовольствия и последующее повышение цен на него. Это частично вызвало продовольственный ценовой кризис 2007 года , который серьезно затронул беднейшие страны мира, еще более острую нехватку продовольствия. [164]

Рост евро

Евро стал валютой стран-членов еврозоны .

Общая валюта для большинства стран-членов ЕС, евро , была введена в электронном виде в 1999 году, официально связав все валюты каждой страны-участницы друг с другом. Новая валюта была введена в обращение в 2002 году, а старые валюты были постепенно выведены из обращения. Только три страны из тогдашних 15 стран-членов решили не присоединяться к евро (Великобритания, Дания и Швеция). В 2004 году ЕС предпринял крупное расширение на восток, приняв 10 новых государств-членов (восемь из которых были бывшими коммунистическими странами). Еще два, Болгария и Румыния , присоединились в 2007 году, создав союз из 27 стран.

С тех пор евро стал второй по величине резервной валютой и второй наиболее торгуемой валютой в мире после доллара США. [165] По состоянию на октябрь 2009 года , имея в обращении более 790 миллиардов евро, евро был валютой с самой высокой совокупной стоимостью банкнот и монет в обращении в мире, превзойдя доллар США. [примечание 1]

Наука и техника

Наука

Научные отметки по областям

Археология
Биология
Математика
Физика
Космос
Художественная концепция марсохода NASA Mars Exploration Rover на Марсе
На этих снимках показана вода в очень молодом лунном кратере на стороне Луны, обращенной к Земле.

Технологии

Автомобили

Коммуникации

Популярность мобильных телефонов и текстовых сообщений резко возросла в 2000-х годах в западном мире.

Компьютеры и Интернет

В 2000-х годах Интернет стал опорой, укрепив свое влияние на западное общество и становясь все более доступным в развивающихся странах. Доля населения мира, использующего Интернет, выросла с 6,7% до 25,7%. [178]

Google становится самым посещаемым сайтом в Интернете.

Google , YouTube , Ask.com и Wikipedia стали популярными сайтами, став 2-м, 3-м, 7-м и 9-м по популярности сайтами к концу десятилетия соответственно. Amazon обогнал eBay как самый посещаемый сайт электронной коммерции в 2008 году. AOL значительно снизил свою популярность в течение десятилетия, упав с самого популярного сайта до того, что он больше не входит в первую десятку. Excite и Lycos выпали из первой десятки, а MSN упал со второго на шестое место по популярности, хотя он увеличил свои ежемесячные посещения в четыре раза (с 325 до 1,2 миллиарда ежемесячных посещений). Yahoo! сохранил относительно стабильную популярность, оставаясь самым популярным сайтом большую часть десятилетия. [187]

Рост популярности MP3-плееров , загружаемой музыки и рингтонов для мобильных телефонов в середине 2000-х годов положил конец десятилетнему доминированию, которое до этого момента сохраняли компакт-диски . [188]

Электроника

В конце 2004 и начале 2005 года произошло значительное увеличение числа зарегистрированных инцидентов, связанных с лазерными указками – см. Лазеры и безопасность полетов . Волна инцидентов могла быть частично спровоцирована «подражателями», которые читали сообщения в прессе об инцидентах с лазерными указками. В одном случае Дэвид Банах из Нью-Джерси был обвинен в соответствии с федеральным законом о борьбе с терроризмом Patriot Act после того, как он якобы направил лазерную указку на самолет. [190]

Система Chip and PIN была опробована в Нортгемптоне ( Англия) в мае 2003 года, а в 2004 году была развернута по всей Великобритании с рекламой в прессе и на национальном телевидении под лозунгом «Безопасность в цифрах».

Преступления, связанные с банкоматами, в Европе подскочили до €485 млн (£423 млн) в 2008 году после 149%-ного роста числа атак на банкоматы. Банды обращаются к беспроводной технологии Bluetooth для передачи данных карты и персонального идентификационного номера (ПИН) на ближайшие ноутбуки и используют все более сложные методы для считывания данных с карт.

Портативные ноутбуки стали популярны в конце 2000-х годов.

Enisa, Европейское агентство по сетевой и информационной безопасности , сообщает о росте числа обычных нападений с целью разгрома и захвата. Оно сообщает о росте на 32% физических ограблений банкоматов, начиная от таранных налетов и заканчивая использованием дисковых пил, паяльных ламп и алмазных сверл. Оно возлагает вину за рост на преступные группировки из Восточной Европы. [192]

Робототехника

Хирургический робот Da Vinci , позволяющий проводить точные роботизированные операции, был представлен в 2000-х годах.

Транспорт

Segway был представлен в декабре 2001 года .

Видео

Разнообразный

В 2003 году китайский фармацевт Хон Лик изобрел вейп .

Религия и безбожие

Важные события и тенденции 2000-х годов:

Население и социальные проблемы

Окружающая среда и изменение климата

Изменение климата и глобальное потепление стали общеупотребительными словами в 2000-х годах. Инструменты прогнозирования достигли значительного прогресса в течение десятилетия, спонсируемые ООН организации, такие как МГЭИК, приобрели влияние, а исследования, такие как доклад Стерна, повлияли на общественную поддержку оплаты политических и экономических издержек противодействия изменению климата.

Глобальная температура продолжала расти в течение десятилетия. В декабре 2009 года Всемирная метеорологическая организация (ВМО) объявила, что 2000-е годы, возможно, стали самым теплым десятилетием с момента начала ведения записей в 1850 году, при этом четыре из пяти самых теплых лет с 1850 года пришлись на это десятилетие. [246] [247] NASA и NOAA позже повторили выводы ВМО. [248]

Научные исследования климата помогли прийти к консенсусу.

Крупные стихийные бедствия стали более частыми и помогли изменить общественное мнение. Одна из самых смертоносных волн тепла в истории человечества произошла в 2000-х годах, в основном в Европе, при этом европейская волна тепла 2003 года убила 37 451 человека за летние месяцы. [249] В феврале 2009 года в Виктории, Австралия, началась серия крайне разрушительных лесных пожаров , которые продолжались до следующего месяца. Хотя считается, что пожары были вызваны поджогами, широко сообщалось, что они были вызваны чрезмерной волной тепла , которая была отчасти вызвана изменением климата. Также утверждалось, что изменение климата стало причиной увеличения интенсивности штормов, особенно в случае урагана Катрина .

Международные действия

Изменение климата стало серьезной проблемой для правительств, населения и ученых. Дебаты о глобальном потеплении и его причинах достигли значительного прогресса, поскольку отрицания изменения климата были опровергнуты большинством научных исследований . Решительные отчеты, такие как Обзор Стерна и Отчет МГЭИК 2007 года, почти установили консенсус по изменению климата. [250] Действия НПО и приверженность политических деятелей (таких как бывший вице-президент США Эл Гор ) также призвали к международной реакции против изменения климата. Документальные фильмы «Неудобная правда» и «Дом » могли оказать решающее влияние. [251]

Под эгидой Конвенции ООН об изменении климата Киотский протокол (направленный на борьбу с глобальным потеплением) вступил в силу 16 февраля 2005 года. По состоянию на ноябрь 2009 года протокол подписали и ратифицировали 187 государств . [252] Кроме того, Конвенция ООН об изменении климата помогла координировать усилия международного сообщества по борьбе с потенциально катастрофическими последствиями деятельности человека для планеты и инициировала переговоры по разработке амбициозной программы сокращения выбросов углерода, которая началась в 2007 году с Балийской дорожной карты . Однако представители тогдашних 192 стран-членов Организации Объединенных Наций, собравшиеся в декабре 2009 года на Копенгагенской конференции, не смогли достичь обязывающего соглашения по сокращению выбросов углерода из-за разногласий между региональными областями.

Однако, поскольку экологические технологии должны были составить потенциальный рынок, некоторые страны сделали крупные инвестиции в возобновляемые источники энергии , энергосбережение и устойчивый транспорт . Многие правительства запустили национальные планы по продвижению устойчивой энергетики. В 2003 году члены Европейского союза создали схему торговли выбросами , а в 2007 году они собрали пакет мер по климату и энергетике для дальнейшего сокращения выбросов углерода и повышения энергоэффективности. В 2009 году администрация Обамы в Соединенных Штатах создала Зеленый Новый курс , план по созданию миллионов рабочих мест в секторах, связанных с защитой окружающей среды .

Закон о переработке бытовых отходов 2003 года требует от местных властей Англии обеспечить каждое домохозяйство отдельным сбором не менее двух видов перерабатываемых материалов к 2010 году. [253]

Культура

Архитектура

Коммерциализация и глобализация привели к массовой миграции людей из сельской местности в города, что привело к появлению громких небоскребов в Азии и Европе. В Азии небоскребы были построены в Индии , Китае, Таиланде , Южной Корее и Японии.

Изящные искусства

Литература

Массовая культура

Фильм

Игровые фильмы

Самым кассовым фильмом десятилетия стал «Аватар» (2009).

Использование компьютерной графики стало более распространенным в фильмах в 2000-х годах. Документальные и псевдодокументальные фильмы, такие как «Марш пингвинов» , «Борат» и «Суперразмер Я» , были популярны в 2000-х годах. «Фаренгейт 9/11» Майкла Мура 2004 года стал самым кассовым документальным фильмом всех времен. Онлайн-фильмы стали популярными, и начался переход на цифровое кино . Фильмы, выпущенные в это десятилетие, получили признание критиков, включая такие яркие моменты, как « Вечное сияние чистого разума» и «Трудности перевода ».

В декабре 2009 года вышел американский научно-фантастический фильм «Аватар» , написанный и снятый Джеймсом Кэмероном , в котором широко использовались новейшие технологии захвата движения , и который был выпущен для традиционного просмотра, просмотра в формате 3D (с использованием форматов RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D и IMAX 3D ). Он также был выпущен в формате « 4D » в некоторых южнокорейских кинотеатрах. [270]

3D-фильмы становились все более и более успешными на протяжении 2000-х годов, кульминацией чего стал беспрецедентный успех 3D-презентации «Аватара» .

В июле 2005 года сообщалось, что шотландский актер и продюсер сэр Шон Коннери решил уйти на пенсию из-за разочарования в «идиотах, которые сейчас в Голливуде». Он сказал The New Zealand Herald : «Я сыт по горло идиотами... постоянно увеличивающийся разрыв между людьми, которые знают, как снимать фильмы, и людьми, которые дают фильму зеленый свет». [274]

«Властелин колец: Возвращение короля» , эпический фэнтезийно-драматический фильм 2003 года, снятый Питером Джексоном по мотивам второго и третьего томов «Властелина колец » Дж. Р. Р. Толкина , был номинирован на одиннадцать премий «Оскар» и победил во всех номинациях, в которых был номинирован. [275] Фильм разделяет наибольшее количество наград с фильмами «Бен-Гур» (1959) и «Титаник» (1997).

«Страсти Христовы» , американский фильм 2004 года, снятый Мелом Гибсоном , с Джимом Кэвизелом в роли Иисуса Христа , был весьма спорным [276] и получил смешанные отзывы; тем не менее, он стал крупным коммерческим хитом, собрав более 600 миллионов долларов по всему миру во время своего театрального проката. [277]

Жанр фильмов о супергероях пережил возобновленный и интенсивный интерес в течение 2000-х годов. Благодаря высоким продажам билетов и DVD, каждый год выпускалось несколько новых фильмов о супергероях. DC Comics и Marvel Comics представляют полнометражные фильмы о супергероях, включая Superman , Batman , Spider-Man и X-Men . Некоторые комментаторы СМИ приписывают возросшую популярность таких франшиз социальному и политическому климату в западном обществе после атак 11 сентября [278] , хотя другие утверждают, что достижения в области технологий спецэффектов сыграли более значительную роль. [279]

Анимационные фильмы

The animated feature film market changed radically. Computer animated films became hugely popular following the release of Toy Story in the mid-1990s. After failures such as The Road to El Dorado, The Wild Thornberrys Movie, Rugrats Go Wild, Osmosis Jones, Hey Arnold!: The Movie and Looney Tunes: Back in Action, studios have stopped their production of traditional 2D animated films, and gradually changed their focus into CGI animation in the late 2000s. Traditional 2D animated films that did well in the first half of the decade include Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, and Lilo & Stitch as well as anime films such as Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away, The Cat Returns, Howl's Moving Castle, and Ponyo.

Disney would begin making 3D animated films such as Dinosaur, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, and Bolt as well as continuing to make traditional animated films from the past decades such as The Emperor's New Groove, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Treasure Planet, Brother Bear, Home on the Range, and The Princess and the Frog. All of these films would underperform at the box office and receive adequate reviews although they would become cult classics.

Meanwhile, computer-animated films saw the rise of Pixar throughout the 2000s with their critically and commercially films like Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, and Up.

DreamWorks also began to take its rise albeit to a lesser extent as the 2003 movie Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas became the last traditional animated DreamWorks film. These films include Shrek, Shrek 2, Madagascar, Over the Hedge, Flushed Away, Shrek the Third, Bee Movie, Kung Fu Panda, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, and Monsters vs. Aliens.

20th Century Fox Animation's works in that decade include the Ice Age series, Robots and Horton Hears a Who! which were all made by its Blue Sky Studios subsidiary, and Titan A.E., Waking Life, The Simpsons Movie, and Fantastic Mr. Fox.

In 2006, Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow Pictures animated film Happy Feet.

Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation films such as Open Season, Surf's Up, and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.

In 2009, computer-animated science fiction comedy film Planet 51.

Stop motion animated films in that decade which mostly use live-action or computer animation methods included Chicken Run, Team America: World Police, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Corpse Bride, Flushed Away, Coraline, and Mary and Max. Independent animated works in that decade included The Triplets of Belleville, Laura's Star, A Scanner Darkly, Renaissance, Persepolis, Sita Sings the Blues, The Secret of Kells and A Town Called Panic.

Award winners

The 20 highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)

Avatar, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, The Dark Knight, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Shrek 2, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Spider-Man 3, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Finding Nemo, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Shrek the Third.[324]

The top 15 highest-grossing film series of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)Harry Potter film series, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Pirates of the Caribbean film series, Spider-Man film series, Shrek film series, Ice Age film series, Transformers film series, X-Men film series, Batman film series' Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons, The Matrix film series' The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, The Chronicles of Narnia film series, Mission: Impossible film series' and The Mummy film series.[324]

Music

Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters performing in 2005. Foo Fighters are widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant rock bands of the 2000s.[325] The decade saw Foo Fighters win the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album a record-breaking three times; in 2001, 2004, and 2008.

In the 2000s, the Internet allowed consumers unprecedented access to music. The Internet also allowed more artists to distribute music relatively inexpensively and independently without the previously necessary financial support of a record label. Music sales began to decline following the year 2000, a state of affairs generally attributed to unlicensed uploading and downloading of sound files to the Internet, a practice which became more widely prevalent during this time. Business relationships called 360 deals—an arrangement in which a company provides support for an artist, and, in exchange, the artist pays the company a percentage of revenue earned not only from sales of recorded music, but also live performances and publishing—became a popular response by record labels to the loss of music sales attributed to online copyright infringement.[326][327]

Eminem (left) and Beyoncé were two of the best-selling musical artists and most-culturally significant figures of the decade, pictured here in 2003 and 2007 respectively.

In the 2000s, hip hop reached a commercial peak and heavily influenced various aspects of popular culture, dominating the musical landscape of the decade.[328][329] The best-selling musical artist of the decade was American rapper Eminem, who sold 32 million albums. Other popular hip hop artists included Jay-Z, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Ludacris, Common, Ja Rule, Mos Def, DMX, Missy Elliot, OutKast, Lil Jon, Fat Joe, Cam'ron, Pharrell, Gorillaz, Snoop Dogg, Twista, 50 Cent, Nelly, Lil Wayne, T.I., Young Jeezy and The Game. The genre was extremely diverse stylistically, including subgenres such as gangsta rap and crunk. Many hip hop albums were released to widespread critical acclaim.

R&B also gained prominence throughout the decade, and included artists such as D'Angelo, Aaliyah, Usher, Akon, Black Eyed Peas, R. Kelly, Amy Winehouse, Mary J. Blige, Jamie Foxx, Chris Brown, John Legend and Alicia Keys.

In alternative rock, the garage rock revival and post-punk revival entered the mainstream, with bands such as The Strokes, Interpol, The Killers, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The White Stripes seeing commercial success. Indie rock also saw a proliferation in the 2000s with numerous bands experiencing commercial success, including Modest Mouse, TV on the Radio, Franz Ferdinand, Death Cab for Cutie, Arcade Fire, Vampire Weekend, LCD Soundsystem, The Shins, Wilco, Bright Eyes, Spoon, The Decemberists, Broken Social Scene, Grizzly Bear, Fleet Foxes and many more.

Other genres such as post-grunge, post-Britpop, nu metal and metalcore also achieved notability during the decade. Popular metal or hard rock bands consisted of Avenged Sevenfold, Bullet for My Valentine, Disturbed,[330] Breaking Benjamin,[331] Linkin Park, Slipknot, Mudvayne, Tenacious D, Incubus, System of a Down, Mastodon, The Mars Volta, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, Three Days Grace, Godsmack, Shinedown, Limp Bizkit, Killswitch Engage, Evanescence, Tool, Deftones, Opeth, and Seether.

Pop-punk and emo-pop became popular in the decade, with bands like Blink-182, The Offspring, Green Day, Good Charlotte, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco.[332][333][334][335]

In the early and mid 2000s, disco-inspired dance genres became popular; many french house and funky house songs broke into the charts.[336] Popular tracks such as Daft Punk's "One More Time" Fonzerelli's "Moonlight Party", Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around", Jamiroquai's "Little L", Michael Gray's "The Weekend" and Freemasons "Love on My Mind".

For Latin music Shakira dominated the charts with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 being the 2nd best-selling Spanish album of all-time and the best-selling Spanish album of the 2000s being 11× platinum to date.

Billboard magazine named Eminem as the "artist of the decade" with the best performance on the Billboard charts[337][note 2] and Beyoncé as the "female artist of the decade", with Nickelback as the "band of the decade".[339][340] In the UK, the biggest selling artist of the decade was Robbie Williams and the biggest selling band of the decade was Westlife.

On August 25, 2001, Aaliyah Haughton – a recording artist, dancer, actress and model – as well as eight others onboard were killed in an airplane crash in The Bahamas after filming the music video for the single "Rock the Boat". On November 29, 2001, George Harrison – best known as a member of the Beatles, one of the most popular bands in history – died of lung cancer at the age of 58. On April 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes (aka Left Eye) – a rapper, dancer and singer-songwriter best known as a member of the R&B/hip hop girl group TLC – was killed in a car crash in La Ceiba, Honduras. On October 30, 2002, Jason William Mizell (aka Jam Master Jay) – a member of the pioneering hip hop group Run-D.M.C – was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens. On December 25, 2006, James Brown – a recording artist known as the "Godfather of Soul" – died of pneumonia at the age of 73. On September 12, 2003, Johnny Cash – a country musician known as the "Man in Black" – died of diabetes at the age of 71. On June 10, 2004, Ray Charles – one of the pioneers of soul music – died of liver failure at the age of 73. On June 25, 2009, recording artist and dancer Michael Jackson – one of the highest-selling musicians of all time – died of a drug overdose, creating the largest global public mourning since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.[341][342][343] Other notable deaths of musical artists in the 2000s were Joey Ramone and Chet Atkins in 2001, Waylon Jennings in 2002, Maurice Gibb and Elliott Smith in 2003, Rick James and Ol' Dirty Bastard in 2004, J Dilla in 2006, Ike Turner and Dan Fogelberg in 2007, and Les Paul in 2009.

In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI.[344] So far it is the biggest music deal in British history.

The 2000s gave rise to a new trend in music production with the growing use of auto-tune. The effect was first popularized in the early 2000s by Eiffel 65 with their 1998 hit song "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", which came to global prominence in 2000. It was also used in certain tracks off critically acclaimed 2001 albums from Daft Punk (with Discovery) and Radiohead (with Amnesiac).[327] By 2008, auto-tune was part of the music mainstream with artists such as Lil Wayne, T-Pain and Kanye West utilizing it in their hit albums Tha Carter III, Three Ringz and 808s & Heartbreak respectively. Towards the end of the decade, electronic dance music began to dominate western charts (as it would proceed to in the following decade), and in turn helped contribute to a diminishing amount of rock music in the mainstream.[345][346] Hip hop music also saw a decline in the mainstream in the late 2000s because of electronic music's rising popularity.[347]

According to The Guardian, music styles during the 2000s changed very little from how they were in the latter half of the 1990s.[348] The 2000s had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution. Recent advents in digital technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in unusual rapidity.[349][350][351] According to Nielsen Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.[352]

Grime is a style of music that emerged from Bow, East London, England in the early 2000s, primarily as a development of UK garage, drum & bass, hip hop and dancehall. Pioneers of the style include English rappers Dizzee Rascal, Wiley, Roll Deep and Skepta.

Michael Jackson's final album, Invincible, released on October 30, 2001, and costing $30m to record, was the most expensive record ever made.[353]

The end of the 2000s decade also saw the dramatic rise of new pop stars such as Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj and Lady Gaga, all of whom would go on to become some of the best-selling musicians in history.[354]

The general socio-political fallout of Iraq War also extended to popular music. In July 2002, the release of English musician George Michael's song "Shoot the Dog" proved to be controversial. It was critical of George W. Bush and Tony Blair in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The video showed a cartoon version of Michael astride a nuclear missile in the Middle East and Tony and Cherie Blair in bed with President Bush. The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band. During a London concert ten days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead vocalist Maines said, "we don't want this war, this violence, and we're ashamed that the President of the United States [George W. Bush] is from Texas".[355] The positive reaction to this statement from the British audience contrasted with the boycotts that ensued in the U.S., where "the band was assaulted by talk-show conservatives",[356] while their albums were discarded in public protest.[356] The original music video for the title song from American pop singer Madonna's American Life album was banned as music television stations thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. She also made her widely considered "comeback" album with her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor which topped the charts worldwide in a record 40 countries. As of 2016 the album has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide. Madonna also made history by completing her Sticky & Sweet Tour which became the highest-grossing tour by a female artist and the tenth highest-grossing tour by an artist during 2008–2009.[357]

Live 8 concert in Rome, Italy, 2005

Live 8 was a string of benefit concerts that took place on July 2, 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from July 6 to 8, 2005; they also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on July 2 and one on July 6. On July 7, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by the year 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.[358]

In November 2006, the Rolling Stones' 'A Bigger Bang' tour was declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.

In December 2009, a campaign was launched on Facebook by Jon and Tracy Morter, from South Woodham Ferrers, which generated publicity in the UK and took the 1992 Rage Against the Machine track "Killing in the Name" to the Christmas Number One slot in the UK Singles Chart, which had been occupied the four consecutive years from 2005 by winners from the TV show The X Factor. Rage's Zack de la Rocha spoke to BBC One upon hearing the news, stating that:

"...We want to thank everyone that participated in this incredible, organic, grass-roots campaign. It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly."

During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware.[359] Much of 2000s hip hop was characterized as the "bling era", following the success of B.G.'s 1999 single Bling Bling, referring to forms of opulence and the material commodities that were popular from the early-to-mid part of the decade in hip-hop culture.[360][361][362] However, by the end of the decade, an antecedent emotional rap subgenre gained prominence, with musical projects like Kanye West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak (2008), Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009), and Drake's career catalyzing mixtape So Far Gone (2009) garnering significant popularity and ushering in a new era of hip hop.[363]

Reunions

The original five members of the English new wave band Duran Duran reunited in the early 2000s.

On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards.[364]

On May 9, 2006, British five-piece vocal pop Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK album chart at no. 1.[365]

On December 10, 2007, English rock band Led Zeppelin reunited for the one-off Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. According to Guinness World Records 2009, Led Zeppelin set the world record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests for the reunion show were rendered online.[366]

Internet

In early 2001, Wikipedia was launched, which quickly became the largest and most popular online encyclopedia, and one of the most viewed sites on the web. In 2003, the first beta version of the Skype telephony software was launched. By the end of the decade, Skype will have over 600 million users. In 2004, the social network Facebook was launched. By the end of the decade, the site will be ranked 7th in its popularity on the web, and will have over 350 million active users worldwide. Co-founder Mark Zuckerberg pictured above in the site's infancy. YouTube was launched in 2005 and it quickly became the main site for video sharing,MySpace was one of the most popular social media sites in the 2000s but declined after the popularity of Facebook in 2008. Facebook launched in 2004. In 2008, Facebook surpassed MySpace as the most used social network. Facebook was mostly used by college students. Twitter was founded in 2006, and by 2009, moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site. WhatsApp, founded in 2009, rose to success and was eventually purchased by Facebook in the next decade.

Fashion

Paris Hilton was a fashion icon of the 2000s.
Mountain Dew bottles and cans from the 2000s decade, c. 2007

Fashion trends of the decade drew much inspiration from 1960s, 1970s and 1980s styles. Hair styles included the bleached and spiked hair for boys and men and long and straight hair for girls and women continued, as well as many other hairstyles from the mid-late 1990s. Kelly Clarkson made chunky highlights fashionable in 2002 on American Idol and lasted until about 2007.[368] Both women and men highlighted their hair until the late 2000s.[369]

The decade started with the futuristic Y2K fashion which was built on hype surrounding the new millennium. This dark, slinky style remained popular until 9/11 occurred and casual fashions had made a comeback once again.[370] Low rise pants were the go-to for women in the early to mid 2000s. Baggy cargo pants were extremely popular among both sexes[371] throughout the early and mid 2000s until about late 2007. Bell-bottoms were the dominant pant style for women until about 2006 when fitted pants began rising in popularity.[372] The late 1990s-style baggy pants remained popular throughout the early 2000s, but by 2003 boot-cut pants and jeans became the standard among men[373] until about 2008.

The 2000s saw a revival of 1980s fashion trends such as velour tracksuits in the early 2000s (an early 1980s fashion), and tapered pants in the later years (a late 1980s fashion). Skinny jeans became a staple clothing for young women and men. By 2009 with the Jerkin' movement playing a large part in the popularization of skinny jeans. Mass brands Gap and Levi launched their own lines for skinny jeans.[374][375]

Throughout the early and mid 2000s, adults and children wore Skechers shoes.[376] The company used many celebrities to their advantage, including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, and Ashlee Simpson.[376] By the late 2000s, flatter and more compact shoes came into style as chunky sneakers were no longer the mode.

"Geek chic" refers to a minor fashion trend that arose in the mid-2000s in which young individuals adopted stereotypically "geeky" fashions, such as oversized black Horn-rimmed glasses, suspenders/braces, and highwater trousers. The glasses—worn with non-prescription lenses or without lenses—quickly became the defining aspect of the trend, with the media identifying various celebrities as "trying geek" or "going geek" for their wearing such glasses, such as David Beckham,[377] Justin Timberlake[378] and Myleene Klass.[379] Meanwhile, in the sports world, many NBA players wore "geek glasses" during post-game interviews, drawing comparisons to Steve Urkel.[380][381]

Emo fashion became popular amongst teenagers for most of the 2000s, associated with the success of bands tied to the subculture (many of whom started at the beginning of the 2000s and rose to fame during the middle part of the decade, such as Brand New, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Paramore, Panic! at the Disco and more). The style is commonly identified with wearing black/dark coloured skinny jeans, T-shirts bearing the name of emo music groups and long side-swept bangs, often covering one or both eyes.[382] The Scene subculture that emerged in the mid-late 2000s drew much inspiration from Emo style.[383]

Hip hop fashion was popular throughout the 2000s with clothing and shoe brands such as Rocawear, Phat Farm, G-Unit clothing, Billionaire Boys Club, Dipset clothing, Pelle Pelle, BAPE, Nike, Fubu, and Air Jordan. Followers of Hip Hop wore oversized shorts, jewelry, NFL and NBA jerseys, pants, and T-shirts. By the late 2000s this gave way more to fitted and vibrantly colored clothing, with men wearing skinny jeans as influenced by the Hyphy and Jerkin' movements.[384][better source needed]

In cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of Botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles.[385] As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Journalism

Print media

Radio

The 2000s saw a decrease in the popularity of radio as more listeners starting using MP3 players in their cars to customize driving music. Satellite radio receivers started selling at a much higher rate, which allowed listeners to pay a subscription fee for thousands of ad-free stations. Clear Channel Communications was the largest provider of radio entertainment in the United States with over 900 stations nationwide. Many radio stations began streaming their content over the Internet, allowing a market expansion far beyond the reaches of a radio transmitter.

During the 2000s, FM radio faced its toughest competition ever for in-car entertainment. iPod, satellite radio, and HD radio were all new options for commuters. CD players had a steady decline in popularity throughout the 2000s but stayed prevalent in most vehicles, while cassette tapes became virtually obsolete.

Television

Live-action television

The television genre Reality TV gained massive popularity in America over the decade with reality TV programs such as Survivor,The Simple Life, Jersey Shore, American Idol (pictured) and Big Brother, for which local adaptations were produced in many countries

American television in the 2000s saw the sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with numerous competition shows such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars, Survivor and The Apprentice attracting large audiences, as well as documentary or narrative style shows such as Big Brother, The Hills, The Real Housewives, Cheaters, among many others. Keeping Up with the Kardashians also aired during the decade, in 2007, and would run for 14 years and 20 seasons, thrusting the Kardashian family into the global pop-culture spotlight. Chappelle's Show was one of the most popular comedy shows of the decade. Upon its release in 2004, the first-season DVD set became the best-selling TV series set of all time.[410]

Australian television in the 2000s also saw a sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with their own version of shows such as Big Brother and Dancing With The Stars, other shows in the country also saw an increase with comedy such as Spicks and Specks and game show Bert's Family Feud.

The decade has since seen a steady decline in the number of sitcoms and an increase in reality shows, crime and medical dramas, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015), it's spinoffs CSI: Miami (2002–2012) and CSI: NY (2004–2013), NCIS (2003–present), Without a Trace (2002–2009), House M.D. (2004–2012), and Grey's Anatomy (2005–present), paranormal/crime shows like Medium (2005–2011) and Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010), and action/drama shows, including 24 (2001–2010) and Lost (2004–2009). Comedy-dramas became more serious, dealing with such hot button issues, such as drugs, teenage pregnancy, and gay rights. Popular comedy-drama programs include Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), Ugly Betty (2006–2010), and Glee (2009–2015).

Disney Channel had seen a rise in views and popularity from kids as young as 6 years old. In 2001, Disney Channel premiered one of their original television series Lizzie McGuire. That's So Raven premiered in 2003, which was Disney Channel's first TV series starring a black female character. Shows that were also popularly known including Hannah Montana, Even Stevens, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Wizards of Waverly Place.

Nickelodeon premiered Drake & Josh and Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide in 2004. iCarly was Nickelodeon's most watched TV series from its premiere in 2007–2012, then was rebooted in 2021 and cancelled in 2023.[411] Other shows that were also popular hits on the network were Victorious, Zoey 101, and Big Time Rush.

Although there were less in this decade than there were in the 1990s, the 2000s still saw many popular and notable sitcoms, including 3rd Rock from the Sun, Two Guys and a Girl, Just Shoot Me!, The Drew Carey Show, Frasier, Friends, That '70s Show, Becker, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, Will & Grace, Yes, Dear, According to Jim, 8 Simple Rules, Less than Perfect, Still Standing, George Lopez, Grounded for Life, Hope & Faith, My Wife and Kids, Sex and the City, Everybody Loves Raymond, Malcolm in the Middle, Girlfriends, The King of Queens, Arrested Development, How I Met Your Mother, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, What I Like About You, Reba, The Office, Entourage, My Name Is Earl, Everybody Hates Chris, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Rules of Engagement, Two and a Half Men, 'Til Death, The Big Bang Theory, Samantha Who?, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and 30 Rock, among many others. A trend seen in several sitcoms of the late 2000s was the absence of a laugh track.[412]

The decade also saw the rise of premium cable dramas such as The Sopranos, The Wire, Battlestar Galactica, Deadwood, The Shield, Nip/Tuck, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, and Breaking Bad. The critic Daniel Mendelsohn wrote a critique of Mad Men[413] in which he also claimed this last decade was a golden age for episodic television, citing Battlestar Galactica, The Wire, and the network series Friday Night Lights as especially deserving of critical and popular attention.

The decade also saw the return of prime time soap operas, a genre that had been popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), The O.C. (2003–2007) and One Tree Hill (2003–2012). Desperate Housewives (2004–2012) was perhaps the most popular television series of this genre since Dallas and Dynasty in the 1980s. The medical soap opera Grey's Anatomy was another prime time serial that found immense success, helped by its original time slot following Desperate Housewives during its first two seasons, ER started in 1994 and ended its run on NBC in 2009, after 15 years, with its ratings sharply declining after Grey's Anatomy's premiere in 2005.

Animated shows

Adult-oriented animated programming also continued a sharp upturn in popularity with controversial cartoons like South Park (1997–present), Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present) along with the longtime running cartoon The Simpsons (1989–present), while new animated adult series were also produced in that decade such as American Dad!, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Robot Chicken, Archer, Drawn Together, The Cleveland Show, and Sealab 2021. Adult Swim was launched on Cartoon Network in September 2001 and was an immediate success, becoming one of the cornerstone brands of adult animation.

Anime series that achieved popularity during the decade included Naruto, Bleach, Code Geass, Death Note, Fullmetal Alchemist, Inuyasha, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Hellsing Ultimate, Black Lagoon, Monster, Beyblade, Samurai Champloo, Bakugan, Gintama and Gurren Lagann.

Other animated programs debuting and achieving popularity in that decade included Avatar: The Last Airbender, SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–present), Teen Titans, Phineas and Ferb, Kim Possible, The Fairly OddParents, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Ben 10, Camp Lazlo, Megas XLR, Samurai Jack, Invader Zim, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Chowder, The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, Codename: Kids Next Door, Iron Kid and Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

Sports channels

The WWE made a split in 2002 for the brands Raw and Smackdown!, also known as the WWE Brand Extension. This resulted in the WWE's purchase of their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension would last until 2011. It also saw the rise of popular wrestlers like John Cena, Randy Orton, Dave Bautista, Jeff Hardy, CM Punk, Chris Jericho, Edge and Brock Lesnar. The match between veteran wrestlers Ric Flair and Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 24 in 2008 was named as the "match of the decade" by popular professional wrestling magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated.[414] Pro Wrestling Illustrated would also name veteran wrestler Triple H as the wrestler of the decade.[415]

The 2001 World Series between the New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks became the first World Series to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Super Bowl XXXVI between the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams became the first Super Bowl to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

Criticism and controversy

Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy: Super Bowl XXXVIII, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network in the United States, was noted for a controversial halftime show in which singer Janet Jackson's breast, adorned with a nipple shield, was exposed by singer Justin Timberlake for about half a second, in what was later referred to as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate, was widely discussed. Along with the rest of the halftime show, it led to an immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting.[416]

The X Factor in the UK has been subject to much controversy and criticism since its launch in September 2004.[417] The Jeremy Kyle Show, which launched a year later on the same network, ITV, was met with similar controversy. Both shows were cancelled in 2019, The X Factor due to low ratings, and in the case of The Jeremy Kyle Show due to the suicide of a recent participant on the programme.[418]

January 2005 – Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints. It was, at the time, the most complained about television event in the country ever, a record that is now held by ITV's Good Morning Britain.[419]

In May 2005, UK viewers inundated the Advertising Standards Authority with complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements. The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history. According to The Guardian, Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone — an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily — at a cost of about £8 million, just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87% of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times, 15% of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66% were in consecutive ad breaks. An estimated 10% of the population saw the advert more than 60 times. This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog, as its original name suggests, immensely irritating.[420][421]

Blue Peter (the world's longest-running children's television programme) rigged a phone-in competition supporting the UNICEF "Shoe Biz Appeal" on November 27, 2006. The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day. The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone-in and the chance to select a prize. The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls.[422] In July 2007, Blue Peter was given a £50,000 fine, by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) as a result of rigging the competition.[423]

I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television game show series, originally created in the United Kingdom, and licensed globally to other countries. In its 2009 series, celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The Australian RSPCA investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offense by the New South Wales Police.

Ended series

The PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood aired its final episode on August 31, 2001. Two years later, its host and creator, Fred Rogers, died from stomach cancer.

Law & Order was a police procedural drama that premiered on NBC on September 13, 1990, and ran for 20 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("Rubber Room") on May 24, 2010, but later returned on February 24, 2022.

Tomorrow's World was a long-running BBC television series, showcasing new developments in the world of science and technology. First aired on July 7, 1965, on BBC1, it ran for 38 years until it was cancelled in early 2003.

That '70s Show was an American television period sitcom based on the 1970s decade. The 1970s retro style permeated the 2000s decade. The show ended on May 18, 2006.

Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool, England, particularly well known for showcasing many topics that were considered taboo in English culture at the time, such as being the first television programme in the UK to show a lesbian kiss before the 9pm watershed. The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on November 2, 1982, and ran for 21 years until November 4, 2003.

In January 2004, the BBC cancelled the Kilroy show (which had run for 18 years), after an article entitled 'We owe Arabs nothing' written by its host Robert Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express tabloid newspaper.

Friends is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and its series finale ("The Last One") ranked as the fifth most watched overall television series finale as well as the most watched single television episode of the 2000s on U.S. television.

The X-Files was a science fiction television series which aired for nine seasons on Fox that premiered on September 10, 1993. The show aired its series finale ("The Truth") on May 19, 2002.

Frasier, a spin-off TV series of Cheers (that ended in 1993), is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004, (only a week after the broadcast of the final episode of Friends). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series.

On June 20, 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show Top of the Pops was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on July 30, 2006.

Grandstand is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows.

After 30 years, British television drama series Grange Hill (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last episode was shown on September 15, 2008.

ER is a medical drama that premiered on NBC on September 19, 1994, and ran for 15 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("And in the End...") on April 2, 2009.

Series returns

The Flower Pot Men is a British children's programme, produced by BBC television, first transmitted in 1952, and repeated regularly for more than twenty years, which was produced in a new version in 2000.

Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a British sitcom. The show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a two-part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Its creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001.

Gadget and the Gadgetinis is a spinoff of the classic series Inspector Gadget (1983–1986), developed by DiC in cooperation with Haim Saban's SIP Animation and produced from 2001 to 2003. There are 52 episodes.

Basil Brush from 1962 to 1984, The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007.Basil Brush is a fictional anthropomorphic red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet.

Shooting Stars is a British television comedy panel game broadcast on BBC Two as a pilot in 1993, then as 3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011.

Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005.

Family Fortunes is a British game show, based on the American game show Family Feud. The programme ran on ITV from January 6, 1980, to December 6, 2002, before being revived by the same channel in 2006 under the title of All Star Family Fortunes. Revived episodes are currently being shown on ITV on Sunday evenings and have been presented by Vernon Kay since 2006.

Gladiators is a British television entertainment series, produced by LWT for ITV, and broadcast between October 10, 1992, and January 1, 2000. It is an adaptation of the American format American Gladiators. The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009.

Rab C. Nesbitt is a British sitcom which began in 1988. The first series began on September 27, 1990, and continued for seven more, ending on June 18, 1999, and returning with a one-off special on December 23, 2008.[424]

Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named Back To Earth) of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on Dave in 2009.

Primetime Emmy Award for Best Drama

Video games

Video-game hardware and software

PlayStation 2 was released in 2000 and became the best-selling gaming console of the decade and of all time.
First Xbox released in 2001
GameCube released in 2001 and is the successor to the Nintendo 64

The world of video games reached the 6th generation of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, and the GameCube, which started technically in 1998 with the release of Sega's Dreamcast, although some consider the true start in 2000 with the release of Sony's PlayStation 2. The 6th gen remained popular throughout the decade, but decreased somewhat in popularity after its 7th gen successors released technically starting in November 2005 with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360, however, most people agree that 2006 is a 6th gen year since most games being released still released on 6th gen including the Xbox even though the 360 was already released, and the PlayStation 3 and the Wii didn't release until late 2006 which most people consider to be the true start of the 7th gen. It reached 7th Generation in the form of consoles like the Wii, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by the mid-2000s. The number-one-selling game console of the decade, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000 and remained popular up to the end of the decade, even after the PlayStation 3 was released. The PlayStation 2 was discontinued in January 2013. The Nintendo DS launched in Japan in 2004 and by 2005 was available globally. All Nintendo DS models combined have sold over 154.02 million units, thus making it the best selling handheld of all time and the second best selling video game console of all time behind the PlayStation 2.[425][426]

Neo Geo is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK. The brand originated in 1990 with the release of an arcade system, the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart, the Neo Geo AES. The Neo Geo brand was officially discontinued in 2004.

MMORPGs, originating in the mid-to-late 1990s, become a popular PC trend and virtual online worlds become a reality as games such as RuneScape (2001), Final Fantasy XI (2002), Eve Online (2003), Tony Hawk's Underground (2003), World of Warcraft (2004), and EverQuest II (2004), The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007) and Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (2008) are released. These worlds come complete with their own economies and social organization as directed by the players as a whole. The persistent online worlds allow the games to remain popular for many years. World of Warcraft, premiered in 2004, remains one of the most popular games in PC gaming and is still being developed into the 2010s.

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[427] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[428] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[429] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[430]

Cross-platform Game engines originating in the very late-1990s, became extremely popular in the 2000s, as they allowed development for indie games for digital distribution. Noteworthy software include GameMaker and Unity. Well-known indie games made in that decade include I Wanna Be the Guy, Spelunky, Braid, Clean Asia!, Castle Crashers, World of Goo, Dino Run, The Impossible Game and Alien Hominid.

In the late 2000s, motion controlled video games grew in popularity, from the PlayStation 2's EyeToy to Nintendo's successful Wii console. During the decade 3D video games become the staple of the video-game industry, with 2D games nearly fading from the market. Partially 3D and fully 2D games were still common in the industry early in the decade, but these have now become rare as developers look almost exclusively for fully 3D games to satisfy the increasing demand for them in the market. An exception to this trend is the indie gaming community, which often produces games featuring 'old-school' or retro gaming elements, such as Minecraft and Shadow Complex. These games, which are not developed by the industry giants, are often available in the form of downloadable content from services such as Microsoft's Xbox Live or Apple's App Store and usually cost much less than more major releases.

Prominent video-games

Game Boy Advance SP is upgraded version of the original Game Boy Advance system and it is the second last Game Boy handheld

The Grand Theft Auto series sparked a fad of Mature-rated video games based on including gang warfare, drug use, and perceived "senseless violence" into gameplay. Though violent video games date back to the early 1990s, they became much more common after 2000. Despite the controversy, the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the best selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone, from a total of 21.5 million in all formats by 2009;[431] as of 2011, 27.5 million copies of San Andreas were sold worldwide.[432]

The Nintendo DS awakened an interest in casual play that had never really existed before.[433]
PlayStation Portable (PSP-1000) Sony handheld games console

The Call of Duty series was extremely popular during the 2000s, the diverse shooter franchise released multiple games throughout the 2000s that were positively critically reviewed and commercially successful.

The Sims series developed by Maxis became one of the most popular life simulation games series with over 200 million copies sold worldwide since the series' first game was released in 2000.[434]

Gears of War was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful third-person shooter franchise that released two games during the mid-late 2000s. Gears of War 1 was released in 2006 and was the first installment to the franchise, it was universally critically acclaimed and went on to sell over 5 million copies. The second installment to the franchise Gears of War 2 was released in 2008 and received widespread critical acclaim and also went on to sell over 5 million copies.

Manhunt 2, a controversial stealth-based psychological horror video game published by Rockstar Games, was suspended by Take-Two Interactive (Rockstar's parent company) when it was refused classification in the United Kingdom, Italy and Ireland, and given an Adults Only (AO) rating in the United States. As neither Sony, Microsoft or Nintendo allow AO titles on their systems, it made Rockstar bring the game down to a Mature (M) game and release in October 2007.

The sixth generation sparked a rise in first person shooter games led by Halo: Combat Evolved, which changed the formula of the first person shooter. Halo 2 started online console gaming and was on top of the Xbox Live charts until its successor, Halo 3 (for Xbox 360), took over. Some other popular first-person shooters during the 2000s include the Medal of Honor series, with Medal of Honor: Frontline's release in 2002 bringing the first game in the series to 6th generation consoles.

Dance Dance Revolution was released in Japan and later the United States, where it became immensely popular among teenagers. Other dance games like Just Dance was released in 2009 and went on to be the most popular game from Nintendo all over the world. Another music game, Guitar Hero, was released in North America in late 2005 and had a huge cultural impact on both the music and video games industries. It became a worldwide billion-dollar franchise within three years, spawning several sequels and leading to the creation of a competing franchise, Rock Band.

Gaming industry

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[435] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[436] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[437]

Japanese media giant Nintendo released 9 out of the 10 top selling games of the 2000s, further establishing the company's dominance over the market.[438]

Sega Corporation, usually styled as SEGA, is a Japanese multinational video game software developer and an arcade software and hardware development company headquartered in Japan, with various offices around the world. Sega previously developed and manufactured its own brand of home video game consoles from 1983 to 2001, but a restructure was announced on January 31, 2001, that ceased continued production of its existing home console (Dreamcast), effectively exiting the company from the home console business.[439] In spite of that, SEGA would go on to produce several videogames such as Super Monkey Ball franchise, the Sega Ages 2500 PlayStation 2 games,[440] Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA, Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Heroes, Rez, Shadow the Hedgehog, Virtua Fighter 4, After Burner Climax, Valkyria Chronicles, Sonic Pinball Party, Bayonetta, Jet Set Radio, Puyo Pop Fever, Thunder Force VI, Shenmue II, Phantasy Star Online, Yakuza 2, Gunstar Super Heroes, Astro Boy: Omega Factor, OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games.[441]

Game of the Year

from the Game Developers Choice Awards starting in 2001 (awards are given to games of the previous calendar year).

Best selling games of every year

In some years, sources disagree on the best-selling game.

Writing

Sports

Major sporting events

Michael Phelps holds his gold medal on the podium during the 2008 Olympics. Pictured with Ryan Lochte (left) and László Cseh (right)

The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, followed the centennial anniversary of the modern era Olympic Games, held in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, were a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though slightly less popular.

Association football's important events included two World Cups, one organized in South Korea and Japan, which saw Brazil win a record fifth title, and the other in Germany, which saw Italy win its fourth title. The regional competitions, the Copa América and UEFA European Championship, saw five nations rising the cup: Colombia (2001) and Brazil (2004, 2007) won the Copa América, while France (2000), Greece (2004) and Spain (2008) won the European Championship.

In 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, both the National Football League and Major League Baseball canceled their upcoming games for a week. As a result, the World Series would be played in November for the first time and the Super Bowl would be played in February for the first time.

The expansion and rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) occurred after the airing of The Ultimate Fighter in 2005.

Rugby increased in size and audience, as the Rugby World Cup became the third most watched sporting event in the world with the 2007 Rugby World Cup organized in France.

Bloodgate is the nickname for a rugby union scandal involving the English team Harlequins in their Heineken Cup match against the Irish side Leinster on April 12, 2009. It was so called because of the use of fake blood capsules, and has been seen by some as one of the biggest scandals in rugby since professionalization in the mid-1990s, indeed even as an argument against the professional ethos. The name is a pun on Watergate.

The New York Yankees won the first Major League Baseball World Series of the decade in 2000, as well as the last World Series of the decade in 2009. The Boston Red Sox won their first World Series since 1918 in 2004 and then again in 2007.

The Pittsburgh Steelers won a record sixth Super Bowl on February 1, 2009, against the Arizona Cardinals. Pittsburgh's Super Bowl win would remain the championship record for an NFL franchise until a decade later when the New England Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams to tie the Super Bowl championship record.

Athletes

One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time.[447][448][449] He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972.

Kobe Bryant (left) and Shaquille O'Neal both helped the Lakers 3 peat during the early 2000s.

Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, allowing him to be the first man to ever accomplish this at a single Olympic game. He holds the world record for the 100 metres (despite slowing down before the finish line to celebrate), the 200 metres and, along with his teammates, the 4 × 100 metres relay.

The Los Angeles Lakers won 3 NBA championships in a row from 2000 to 2002, also known as a Three-peat, led by Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal.

In 2003, Michael Jordan retired from the NBA after 2 season with the Washington Wizards, the official NBA website reading in 2006: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time."[450]

Popular extreme sports athletes of the decade included Tony Hawk, Shaun White, Kelly Slater, Travis Pastrana, Matt Hoffman, Shaun Murray, Sarah Burke, and more.

Michelle Kwan performing in the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

Towards the middle of the decade, Michelle Kwan became the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history.[451]

Michael Schumacher, the most titled F1 driver, won five F1 World Championships during the decade and finally retired in 2006, yet eventually confirming his come-back to F1 for 2010. Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record, but was later stripped of all his titles when evidence emerged of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. Swiss tennis player Roger Federer won 16 Grand Slam titles to become the most titled player.

The decade saw the continued rise of several of the most notable and popular quarterbacks in NFL history, including Peyton Manning, Tom Brady, Brett Favre, Drew Brees, Ben Roethlisberger, Donovan McNabb, Kurt Warner, Eli Manning, Steve McNair, Tony Romo and others.

Timeline of sporting events

In May 2004, Arsenal became the only top-tier team to go through an entire league season (2003/4) unbeaten when they won the English Premier League and became 'The Invincibles'. This feat had also been achieved in the 19th century, when the league was in its infancy and there were far fewer matches in a season, but not in the modern era. Arsenal's unbeaten run extended to 49 matches in total, and into the subsequent season.

In September 2004, Chelsea footballer Adrian Mutu failed a drugs test for cocaine and was released on October 29, 2004. He also received a seven-month ban and a £20,000 fine from The Football Association.

The 2006 Italian football scandal, also known as "Calciopoli", involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B. The scandal was uncovered in May 2006 by Italian police, implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including A.C. Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina when a number of telephone interceptions showed a thick network of relations between team managers and referee organisations. Juventus were the champions of Serie A at the time. The teams have been accused of rigging games by selecting favourable referees.

The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final in Berlin, Zinedine Zidane widely considered by experts and fans as one of the greatest football players of all time, was sent off in the 110th minute of the game, which was to be the last match of his career. After headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest, Zidane did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Italy won 5–3. It was later discovered through interviews that Materazzi had insulted Zidane's mother and sister that last moment which is what led to Zidane's heightened anger and reaction.

January 11, 2007 – When English footballer David Beckham joined the Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy, he was given the highest player salary in the league's history; with his playing contract with the Galaxy over the next three years being worth US$6.5 million per year.[452][453][454][455]

October 2007 – US world champion track and field athlete Marion Jones admitted that she took performance-enhancing drugs as far back as the 2000 Summer Olympics, and that she had lied about it to a grand jury investigating performance-enhancer creations.

November 29, 2007 – Portsmouth football manager Harry Redknapp angrily denied any wrongdoing after being arrested by police investigating alleged corruption in football: "If you are telling me this is how you treat anyone, it is not the society I grew up in."[456]

The 2008 Wimbledon final between Roger Federer of Switzerland and Rafael Nadal of Spain, has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts.[457][458][459][460]

British Formula One racing driver Lewis Hamilton, was disqualified from the 2009 Australian Grand Prix for providing "misleading evidence" during the stewards' hearing. He later privately apologised to FIA race director Charlie Whiting for having lied to the stewards.

In 2009, the World football transfer record was set by Spanish football club Real Madrid when it purchased Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo for £80 million (€93 million). Manchester United veteran Sir Bobby Charlton said the world-record offer shocked him:

"It's a lot of money, it's crazy really. If you want to be in the race, you have to pay the price, it seems sometimes a little bit vulgar."[461]

Controversies in sports

A number of concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage. Leading up to the Olympics, there were concerns about human rights in China, such that many high-profile individuals, such as politicians and celebrities, announced intentions to boycott the games to protest China's role in the Darfur conflict, and Myanmar, its stance towards Tibet, or other aspects of its human rights record. In a 2008 Time article entitled "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing", Vivienne Walt wrote: 'Leaders in power are more mindful of China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.'[462]

Ron Atkinson, is an English former football player and manager. In recent years he has become one of Britain's best-known football pundits. Ron Atkinson's media work came to an abrupt halt on April 21, 2004, when he was urged to resign from ITV by Brian Barwick after he broadcast a racial remark live on air about the black Chelsea player Marcel Desailly; believing the microphone to be switched off, he said, "...he [Desailly] is what is known in some schools as a lazy nigger".[463]

Steroids also spread the sports world throughout the decade, mainly used in Major League Baseball. Players involved included Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Alex Rodriguez.[464]

The sport of fox hunting is controversial, particularly in the UK, where it was banned in Scotland in 2002, and in England and Wales in November 2004 (law enforced from February 2005), though shooting foxes as vermin remained legal around the world.

See also

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

2000s

Footnotes

  1. ^ Pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are typically classified in their own category whilst natural disasters include earthquakes, storms, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.
  1. ^ As of October 30, 2009:
    Total EUR currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 771.5 (banknotes) + 21.032 (coins) =792.53 billion EUR *1.48 (exchange rate) = 1,080 billion USD
    Total USD currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 859 billion USD
    • "Table 2: Euro banknotes, values (EUR billions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)" (PDF). ECB. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total banknotes: 771.5 (billion EUR)
    • "Table 4: Euro coins, values (EUR millions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)" (PDF). ECB. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total coins: 21,032 (million EUR)
    • "Money Stock Measures". Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Table 5: Not Seasonally Adjusted Components of M1 (Billions of dollars), not seasonally adjusted, October 2009: Currency: 859.3 (billion USD)
    • "Euro foreign exchange reference rates". ECB. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Exchange rate October 30, 2009: 1 EUR = 1.48 USD
  2. ^ Billboard awards are based on album and digital songs sales, radio airplay, streaming, touring and social engagement.[338]

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Further reading

External links